History of the hippie movement
The
Its origins may be traced to European social movements in the 19th and early 20th century such as
Precursors
Classical culture
The hippie movement has found historical precedents as far back as the
19th- and early 20th-century Europe
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the German
Nature Boys of Southern California
During the first several decades of the 20th century, these beliefs were introduced to the United States as
Beat Generation
The Beat Generation, especially those associated with the San Francisco Renaissance, gradually gave way to the 1960s era counterculture, accompanied by a shift in terminology from "beatnik" to "freak" and "hippie". Many of the original Beats remained active participants, notably Allen Ginsberg, who became a fixture of the anti-war movement. On the other hand, Jack Kerouac broke with Ginsberg and criticized the 1960s protest movements as an "excuse for spitefulness". Bob Dylan became close friends with Allen Ginsberg, and Ginsberg became close friends with Timothy Leary. Both Leary and Ginsberg were introduced to LSD by Michael Hollingshead in the early 1960s, and both became instrumental in popularizing psychedelic substances to the hippie movement.
In 1963, Ginsberg was living in San Francisco with
According to Ed Sanders, the change in the public label from "beatnik" to "hippie" occurred after the 1967 Human Be-In in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, where Ginsberg, Gary Snyder, and Michael McClure led the crowd in chanting "Om". Ginsberg was also at the infamous 1968 Democratic National Convention, and was friends with Abbie Hoffman and other members of the Chicago Seven. Stylistic differences between beatniks, marked by somber colors, dark shades and goatees, gave way to colorful psychedelic clothing and long hair worn by hippies. While the beats were known for "playing it cool" and keeping a low profile, hippies became known for displaying their individuality.
One early book hailed as evidencing the transition from "beatnik" to "hippie" culture was Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me by Richard Fariña, brother-in-law of Joan Baez. Written in 1963, it was published April 28, 1966, two days before its author was killed in a motorcycle crash.
1960 to 1966
Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters
The Merry Pranksters were a group who originally formed around American novelist Ken Kesey, considered one of the most prominent figures in the psychedelic movement, and sometimes lived communally at his homes in California and Oregon. Notable members include Kesey's best friend Ken Babbs, Neal Cassady, Mountain Girl (born Carolyn Adams but best known as Mrs. Jerry Garcia), Wavy Gravy, Paul Krassner, Stewart Brand, Del Close, Paul Foster, George Walker, and others. Their early escapades were chronicled by Tom Wolfe in The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test.
Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters are remembered chiefly for the sociological significance of a lengthy roadtrip they took in 1964, traveling across the
Red Dog Experience
The Red Dog Saloon was a bar and music venue located in the isolated, old-time mining town of Virginia City, Nevada. In April 1963, Chandler A. Laughlin III established a kind of tribal, family identity among approximately 50 people who attended a traditional, all-night peyote ceremony which combined a psychedelic experience with traditional Native American spiritual values.[19]
During the summer of 1965, Laughlin recruited much of the original talent that led to a unique amalgam of traditional folk music and the developing psychedelic rock scene.
Anti-war protests
Although there were many diverse groups and elements protesting the US military involvement in Vietnam as it began to escalate, many of the protesters, rightly or wrongly, came to be associated with aspects of the "hippie" movement in the popular view. A number of them had been highly active in the
Generation
The new "hippie" values, e.g. natural childbirth, made an early Broadway appearance October 6, 1965, with the opening of a popular new play, Generation by US playwright William Goodhart, starring Henry Fonda (as Jim Bolton), which, according to one of its reviews in Time,[21] "converts a Greenwich Village loft into a sparring ground for the Establishment and the hippie, the parent and the child." Owing to the success of this play, it was made into the 1969 film Generation (also released under the title A Time for Giving and A Time for Caring) with David Janssen in the role of Jim Bolton (also featuring Kim Darby, Carl Reiner, James Coco and Sam Waterston).
Underground press
Another signal of the rising movement was the sudden appearance of an
Psychedelic rock
A Tribute to Dr. Strange
When they returned to San Francisco at the end of Summer 1965, Red Dog participants Luria Castell, Ellen Harman and Alton Kelley created a collective called "The Family Dog".[19] Modeled on their Red Dog experiences, on October 16, 1965, The Family Dog hosted "A Tribute to Dr. Strange" at Longshoreman's Hall.[29][30] Attended by approximately 1,000 of the Bay Area's original "hippies", this was San Francisco's first psychedelic rock performance, a costumed dance and light show featuring Jefferson Airplane, The Great Society, and The Marbles. Two other events followed before year's end, one at California Hall and one at the Matrix.[19]
Trips Festival
A much larger psychedelic event, "The
Fillmore Auditorium and Avalon Ballroom
By February 1966, the Family Dog became Family Dog Productions under organizer Chet Helms, promoting happenings at the Avalon Ballroom and the Fillmore Auditorium in initial cooperation with Bill Graham. These and other venues provided settings where participants could partake in the full psychedelic music experience. Bill Ham perfected his liquid light projection shows which, combined with film projection, and became synonymous with the San Francisco ballroom experience.[19][20][33]
When San Francisco's Fox Theater went out of business, hippies bought up its costume stock, reveling in the freedom to dress up for weekly musical performances at their favorite ballrooms. As San Francisco Chronicle music columnist Ralph J. Gleason put it, "They danced all night long, orgiastic, spontaneous and completely free form."[19]
Haight-Ashbury
Some of the early San Francisco hippies were former students at
Love Pageant Rally
On October 6, 1966, the state of California made LSD a controlled substance, making the drug illegal.[36] In response to the criminalization of psychedelics, San Francisco hippies staged a gathering in the Golden Gate Park panhandle, called "The Love Pageant Rally",[36] attracting an estimated 700-800 people.[37] As explained by Allan Cohen, co-founder of the San Francisco Oracle, the purpose of the rally was twofold — to draw attention to the fact that LSD had just been made illegal, and to demonstrate that people who used LSD were not criminals, nor were they mentally ill. According to Cohen, those who took LSD were mostly idealistic people who wanted to learn more about themselves and their place in the universe, and they used LSD as an aid to meditation and to creative, artistic expression.[citation needed] The Grateful Dead played, and some sources claim that LSD was consumed at the rally.[38]
Mantra-Rock Dance
One frequently encountered theme was Asian spirituality, and Zen, dharma, "nirvana", karma and yoga were "buzzwords" of the counterculture. For most this infatuation with Asia was somewhat superficial, limited to their wearing colourful and inexpensive clothing from India and burning Indian made incense. One more substantive event in this connection was The Mantra-Rock Dance, January 29, 1967. An audience of nearly 3,000 gathered at the Avalon Ballroom in San Francisco, filling the hall to its capacity for a fundraising effort for the first Hare Krishna center on the West Coast of the United States. The Mantra-Rock Dance featured some of the most prominent Californian rock groups of the time, such as the Grateful Dead and Big Brother and the Holding Company. The bands performed for free and countercultural leaders boosted the event's popularity; among them were LSD promoters Timothy Leary and Augustus Owsley Stanley III. Poet Allen Ginsberg led the singing of the Hare Krishna mantra onstage along with the founder acarya of the Krishna Consciousness movement, A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Strobe lights and a psychedelic liquid light show along with pictures of Krishna and the words of the Hare Krishna mantra were projected onto the walls of the venue. Later Ginsberg called the Mantra-Rock Dance "the height of Haight-Ashbury spiritual enthusiasm ..."
Diggers
It is nothing new. We have a private revolution going on. A revolution of individuality and diversity that can only be private. Upon becoming a group movement, such a revolution ends up with imitators rather than participants ... It is essentially a striving for realization of one's relationship to life and other people ...
— Bob Stubbs, "Unicorn Philosophy"[39]
Hippie action in the Haight centered on the Diggers, a guerrilla street theatre group that combined spontaneous street theatre, anarchistic action, and art happenings in their agenda to create a "free city". By late 1966, the Diggers opened stores which simply gave away their stock; provided free food, medical care, transport and temporary housing; they also organized free music concerts and works of political art.[citation needed] The Diggers criticized the term 'hippie' with their October 1967, 'Death of Hippie' event.[40]
Celebrating both that and the end of the Summer of Love the Death of Hippie event was intended to signal to the rest of the country that it was over in San Francisco and that people needed to bring the revolution to their own locales from now on.
In late September 1967, many of the shops in the district began to display a stack of 4x5 cards on their counters proclaiming "Funeral Notice for Hippie". "Friends are invited to attend services beginning at sunrise, October 6, 1967, at Buena Vista Park". An organization known as the
By mid-1968, it was widely noted that most of the original "Flower Children" had long since departed the Haight Ashbury district, having gone on to agrarian/back to the earth movements, returned to their studies or embarking on their careers. These were subsequently replaced by a more cynical and exploitative crowd.[41]
Los Angeles
Los Angeles also had a vibrant hippie scene during the mid-1960s. The
Millbrook
Before the Summer of Love,
Drop City
In 1965, four art students and filmmakers, Gene Bernofsky, JoAnn Bernofsky, Richard Kallweit and Clark Richert, moved to a 7-acre (28,000 m2) tract of land near Trinidad, Colorado. Their intention was to create a live-in work of Drop Art, continuing an art concept they had developed earlier, and informed by "
1967
Summer of Love
On January 14, 1967, the outdoor
Bands like the Grateful Dead, Big Brother and the Holding Company (with Janis Joplin), and Jefferson Airplane continued to live in the Haight, but by the end of the summer, the incessant media coverage led the Diggers to declare the "death" of the hippie with a parade. According to the late poet Stormi Chambless, the hippies buried an effigy of a hippie in the Panhandle to demonstrate the end of his/her reign. Regarding this period of history, the July 7, 1967, Time magazine featured a cover story entitled, "The Hippies: The Philosophy of a Subculture". The article described the guidelines of the hippie code: "Do your own thing, wherever you have to do it and whenever you want. Drop out. Leave society as you have known it. Leave it utterly. Blow the mind of every straight person you can reach. Turn them on, if not to drugs, then to beauty, love, honesty, fun."[44]
It is estimated that around 100,000 people traveled to San Francisco in the summer of 1967. The media was right behind them, casting a spotlight on the Haight-Ashbury district and popularizing the "hippie" label. With this increased attention, hippies found support for their ideals of love and peace but were also criticized for their anti-work, pro-drug, and permissive ethos. Misgivings about the hippie culture, particularly with regard to
New Communalism
When the Summer of Love finally ended, thousands of hippies left San Francisco, a large minority of them heading "back to the land". These hippies created the largest number of
- The Farm
In 1967,
- Strawberry Fields
The second commune on the west coast
Started by former Boston stockbroker and later probation officer Gridley Wright, Strawberry Fields, named after the song by the Beatles, occupied forty four acres of land in Decker Canyon, in the arid hills above Malibu, California. Nine adults and six children made up the original community, housed in two old houses and a barn. Over fifty people ended up there during its five months of existence. It was a stopping off place for Timothy Leary as well as other well known figures in the psychedelic movement. Annie and the Family were one of the original families to take up residence there; they later went on to take part in the magical mystery tour and to live in a number of other communes in Europe.[48]
1968
By 1968, hippie-influenced fashions were beginning to take off in the mainstream, especially for youths and younger adults of the populous "
The year 1968 also saw the development of two new, but dissimilar, genres of music that each exerted some influence on, and were influenced by, the hippie movements: Heavy metal,[49] and reggae.[50]
Yippies
The Yippies, who were seen as an offshoot of the hippie movements parodying as a political party, came to national attention during their celebration of the 1968 spring equinox, when some 3,000 of them took over Grand Central Station in New York — eventually resulting in 61 arrests. The Yippies, especially their leaders Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, became notorious for their theatrics, such as trying to levitate the Pentagon at the October 1967 war protest, and such slogans as "Rise up and abandon the creeping meatball!" Their stated intention to protest the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago in August, including nominating their own candidate, "Lyndon Pigasus Pig" (an actual pig), was also widely publicized in the media at this time.[51]
By the time of the convention, city officials were prepared for the worst, with 23,000 police, National Guard, and Federal troops. Following the pig's nomination on the first day, Rubin and 6 others were arrested, but protests and music concerts were allowed to continue in Lincoln Park for two days, albeit an 11:00 PM curfew was enforced. On the convention's second night, poet Allan Ginsberg led protesters out of the park, thus avoiding confrontation, by chanting "Om". On the third night, riots erupted in response to the curfew, causing police to indiscriminately attack protesters and innocent bystanders alike, including journalists from around the world and even visiting dignitaries, throughout the streets of Chicago. The violence suffered by the journalists present, even including Mike Wallace, Dan Rather and Hugh Hefner, resulted in a mainstream media that was more sympathetic to certain hippie ideals, and less so to politicians, for several years. However, this galvanized the protest movement, and the following year, the trial of Hoffman, Rubin, and others as the "Chicago Seven" (originally Eight) generated significant interest.
Resurrection City
Beginning May 12, 1968, the newly formed
1969
People's Park
In April 1969, the building of People's Park in Berkeley, California received international attention. The
Woodstock
In August 1969, the Woodstock Music and Art Festival took place in
Altamont
In December 1969, a similar event took place in
1970 to present
By 1970, the 1960s
Nevertheless, the oppressive political atmosphere that featured the bombing of
Meanwhile, in England, the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 (August) drew an even bigger attendance than Woodstock, and was a major gathering of the hippie movement (as well as one of the last major concert appearances for a few prominent musicians of the time, such as Jimi Hendrix).
Also in 1970, coverage of the
Charles Manson
Charles Manson was a lifelong criminal who had been released from prison just in time for San Francisco's Summer of Love. With his long hair,
John Lennon
Also around this time, John Lennon of the Beatles and his wife
Mainstream
Much of hippie style had been integrated into mainstream American society by the early 1970s.
Starting in the late 1960s, some working class
In the mid-1970s, with the end of the draft and the Vietnam War, and a renewal of patriotic sentiment associated with the approach of the United States Bicentennial, the mainstream media lost interest in the hippie counterculture, and hippies became targets for ridicule, coinciding with the advent of punk rock and disco.[citation needed] Although not as visible as it once was, hippie culture has never died out completely: hippies and neo-hippies can still be found on college campuses, on communes and at festivals; while many still embrace the hippie values of peace, love and community. Although many of the original hippies and those who were core to the movement remained (or remain) dedicated to the values they originally espoused, many of those who played more peripheral roles are often seen as having "sold out" during the 1980s by becoming a part of the corporate, materialist culture they initially rejected.[61][62]
Mainstream popularity of psychedelic music
Psychedelic hard rock was the first of the psychedelic subgenres to reach the top of the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 songs in June 1966 with "
For the next several years, as new psychedelic subgenres began to mushroom, combining with other styles, the charts saw numerous #1 hits reflecting their level of popularity with young music listeners. These subgenres included:
- Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves" (Cher); 1972 - "American Pie" (Don McLean), "A Horse with No Name" (America).
- Hey, Jude" (The Beatles); 1969 - "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" (The 5th Dimension, psychedelic sunshine pop) 1971 - "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" (Paul McCartney).
- Just My Imagination" (The Temptations), "Family Affair" (Sly and the Family Stone); 1972 - "Lean on Me" (Bill Withers), "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" (The Temptations); 1973 - "Killing Me Softly with His Song" (Roberta Flack).
- Psychedelic Lemon Pipers). Psychedelic bubblegum pop included #1 hits such as: 1969 - "Dizzy" (Tommy Roe). Bubblegum pop then became a genre in its own right, and drifted away from psychedelia with #1 hits by artists including The Archies, The Jackson 5, The Partridge Family, The Osmonds, and the Honey Cone.
- Psychedelic blues rock - hit No. 1 in November 1969 with "Come Together" (The Beatles). Other psychedelic blues #1 hits include: 1970 - "American Woman" (The Guess Who); 1971 - "Me and Bobby McGee" (Janis Joplin).
- Heavy psych - Bands like Iron Butterfly, Steppenwolf, Blue Cheer, Sir Lord Baltimore, Mount Rushmore, Morgen, Blue Öyster Cult, Yesterday's Children, Andromeda, Edgar Broughton Band, High Tide, Josefus, Captain Beyond, Frijid Pink, Third Power, Morly Grey, The Illusion, Attila, May Blitz, Pink Fairies, The Open Mind, Crow, The Litter, Mason, Toe Fat, Stack Waddy, Leaf Hound, Buffalo, Kahvas Jute, Baumstam, Flower Travellin' Band, Blues Creation, Speed, Glue & Shinki, JPT Scare Band, Truth and Janey and also some early material by Grand Funk Railroad, Mountain, MC5 and The Stooges mixed psychedelic/acid blues rock with some heavier sounds between the late 1960s and early 1970s. Even if some of them have gained some mainstream attention, most of them were underground bands and they were re-discovered by collectionists and stoner rock fans.
Many genres that first appeared in the 1970s also incorporated psychedelic influences in the beginning, such as soft rock and disco, though they soon developed their own sounds that were distinct from psychedelic music.
Legacy
Since the 1960s, many aspects of the hippie counterculture have been assimilated by the mainstream.[63][64]
Religious and cultural diversity has gained greater acceptance. Eastern religions and spiritual concepts, karma and reincarnation in particular, have reached a wider audience with around 20% of Americans espousing some New Age belief.[65] A wide range of personal appearance options and clothing styles have become acceptable, all of which were uncommon before the hippie era.[66][67] Co-operative business enterprises and creative community living arrangements are widely accepted. Interest in natural food, herbal remedies and vitamins is widespread, and the little hippie "health food stores" of the 1960s and 1970s are now large-scale, profitable businesses.
The immediate legacy of the hippies included: in fashion, the decline in popularity of the
While many hippies made a long-term commitment to the lifestyle, some younger people argue that hippies "sold out" during the 1980s and became part of the materialist, consumer culture.[62]
Hippies who did not "sell out" have been featured in the press as recently as April 2014. Forty years after founding the "Hippie Kitchen" in Los Angeles' Skid Row in the back of a van, Catholic Workers Jeff Dietrich, a draft resister, and Catherine Morris, a former nun, remained active in their work feeding Skid Row residents and protesting wars, especially in front of the local Federal Building.[71]
Hippies may still be found in bohemian enclaves around the world.[72]
Contemporary hippies have made use of the
Neo-hippies
Neo-hippies, some of whom are children and grandchildren of the original hippies, advocate many of the same beliefs of their 1960s counterparts. Drug use is just as accepted as in the "original" hippie days, although some neo-hippies do not consider it necessary to take drugs in order to be part of the lifestyle, and others reject drug use in favor of alternative methods of reaching higher or altered consciousness such as drumming circles, community singing, meditation, yoga and dance. On April 20 (4/20) many neo-hippies gather at "Hippie Hill" in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.
In the United States, some hippies refer to themselves as "Rainbows", a name derived from their tie-dyed T-shirts, and for some, from their participation in the hippie group, "Rainbow Family of Living Light". Since the early 1970s, the Rainbows meet informally at Rainbow Gatherings on U.S. National Forest Land as well as internationally. "Peace, love, harmony, freedom, and community" is their motto.
Festivals
This article possibly contains original research. (October 2007) |
The tradition of hippie festivals began in the United States in 1965 with Ken Kesey's
The Oregon Country Fair began in 1969 as a benefit for an alternative school. Currently, the three-day festival features handmade crafts, educational displays and costumed entertainment in a wooded setting near Veneta, Oregon, just west of Eugene. Each year the festival becomes the third largest city in Lane County.
The annual Starwood Festival, founded in 1981, is a six-day event held in Pomeroy, Ohio[73] indicative of the spiritual quest of hippies through an exploration of non-mainstream religions and world-views. It has offered performances and classes by a variety of hippie and counter-culture icons, from musical guests like Big Brother and the Holding Company, Merl Saunders and Babatunde Olatunji to speakers such as Timothy Leary, Terence McKenna, Paul Krassner, Stephen Gaskin, Robert Anton Wilson, Harvey Wasserman and Ralph Metzner.
The
Held annually in Manchester, Tennessee, the Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival has become a tradition for many music fans, since its sold-out premiere in 2002. Approximately 70–80,000 attend Bonnaroo yearly. The festival producers have made investments in their property, constructing vast telecommunications networks, potable water supplies, sanitation facilities, and safety features such as first aid shelters for every 200-300 fans.
The 10,000 Lakes Festival is an annual three-day music festival in Detroit Lakes, Minnesota. Also referred to as '10KLF' (K for thousand, LF for Lakes Festival), the festival began in 2003. Attendance in 2006 was around 18,000.[74]
In the UK, there are many
In Australia, the hippie movement began to emerge in the mid to late 60's with the subculture being showcased at the
Between 1976 and 1981, hippie music festivals were held on large farms around
Many of the bands performing at hippie festivals, and their derivatives, are called
See also
- Counterculture of the 1960s
- Hippie trail
- Indomania
- Psychedelic music
- Psychedelic rock
- Raga rock
- Timeline of 1960s counterculture
Notes
- ^ Pruitt, Sarah. "How the Vietnam War Empowered the Hippie Movement". History. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
- ^ Crone, Patrician, "Kavad's Heresy and Mazdak's Revolt", in: Iran 29 (1991), S. 21–40.
- ^ a b "The Hippies". Time. 1968-07-07. Archived from the original on May 3, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
- ISBN 978-1-317-26090-5. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
- ISBN 9780804700153.
- ISBN 9781317548133.
- ISBN 978-1-60598-560-2.
- PMID 10885127.
- ISBN 0-415-94364-7.
- ^ Kennedy, Gordon; Kody Ryan. "Hippie Roots & The Perennial Subculture". Archived from the original on 2007-10-21. Retrieved 2007-08-31. See also: Kennedy 1998.
- ^ "Straight-Edge Sexauer: A radical non-conformist".
- ^ The psychedelic posters that announced concerts at the Fillmore Auditorium and other San Francisco venues were heavily influenced by the artist Fidus, one of the original German hippies. For more about the influence of the Germans on America's hippies, see Kennedy and Ryan above.
- ^ Ginsberg, Cassady, and Plymell were at 1403 Gough St in 1963. A few years later, Charles Plymell helped publish the first issue of R. Crumb's Zap Comix, then moved to Ginsberg's commune in Cherry Valley, NY, in the early 1970s.
- ^ VA Palo Alto Health Care System. "Menlo Park Division – VA Palo Alto Health Care System". va.gov. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
- ^ Reilly, Edward C. "Ken Kesey". Critical Survey of Long Fiction, Second Revised Edition (2000): EBSCO. Web. Nov 10. 2010.
- ^ "Cloak and Dropper—The Twisted History of the CIA and LSD - The Fix". 18 September 2015.
- ^ Szalavitz, Maia (23 March 2012). "The Legacy of the CIA's Secret LSD Experiments on America". Time.
- ISBN 9781610698986– via Google Books.
- ^ a b c d e f g Works, Mary (2005). Rockin' At the Red Dog: The Dawn of Psychedelic Rock (DVD). Monterey Video.
- ^ a b "Bill Ham Lights". History. 2001.
- ^ "Television: Nov. 12, 1965". Time. November 12, 1965. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008.
- ^ Plotz, John. "Zounds, Milady! At the Renaissance Faire, all the world’s a stage," Slate (Feb. 1, 2013).
- ^ UPI. "Max Scherr, Radical Founder Of The Berkeley Barb in 60's". The New York Times (Nov. 4, 1981).
- ^ Fox, Margalit (January 14, 2008). "Walter Bowart, Alternative Journalist, Dies at 68". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- ^ Friess, Steve. "The Founder and Editor of ‘The Fifth Estate’ on the Paper’s Original Purpose: Peter Werbe and Harvey Ovshinsky, who both recently released their first books, spar amiably," Hour Detroit (May 3, 2021).
- ^ Kindman, Michael. in "My Odyssey Through the Underground Press, Voices from the Underground: Insider Histories of the Vietnam Era Underground Press, ed. Ken Wachsberger (Tempe, AZ: Mica's Press, 1993), pp. 369-479.
- ^ Reed, John. "The Underground Press and Its Extraordinary Moment in US History," Hyperallergic (July 26, 2016).
- ISBN 0-19-531992-3.
- ISBN 0-671-03403-0
- ^ Grunenberg & Harris 2005, p. 325.
- ^ Tamony, 1981, p. 98.
- ^ "Welcome to the Trips Festival Page – Prankster History Project". www.pranksterweb.org. Archived from the original on April 9, 2001.
- ^ Grunenberg & Harris 2005, p. 156.
- ^ Perry 2005, pp. 5–7. Perry writes that SFSC students rented cheap, Edwardian-Victorians in the Haight.
- ^ Tompkins 2001b
- ^ ISBN 0-231-11373-0
- ISBN 0-14-200194-5
- ISBN 0-8021-3062-3
- ^ Perry 2005, p. 18.
- ^ "October Sixth Nineteen Hundred and Sixty Seven" (Press release). San Francisco Diggers. 1967-10-06. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
- ^ "San Francisco: Wilting Flowers". Time. May 10, 1968. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008.
- ^ Miller, Timothy. (December 11, 2004). California Communes in Historical Context Archived 2007-11-02 at the Wayback Machine. Keynote address at "The Commune: Histories, Legacies, and Prospects in Northern California". Hippie Museum.
- ^ Dudley 2000, p. 254.
- ^ Marty 1997, p. 125.
- ISBN 0-7619-4464-8, archived from the originalon 2007-09-27
- ^ Turner 2006, pp. 32–39. Turner (2006) cites Timothy Miller's 1999 book, The 60s Communes: Hippies and Beyond. See also Kruger, Mark. (2006). "The Concept of Individualism at East Wind Community". Vol 17:2. pp. 371–376.
- ^ Bates, Albert. (1995). J. Edgar Hoover and The Farm Archived 2013-08-19 at the Wayback Machine. The Farm. Retrieved on 2006-10-06.
- ^ Lorenz, Chris. (2002). "Gridley Wright figure of the 1960s counterculture". Archived from the original on 2014-05-17. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
- ^ David Muggleton, The post subcultures reader, pp. 218–219.
- ^ Timothy White, Catch a Fire, pp. 259–260.
- ^ "Youth: The Politics of YIP". Time. April 5, 1968. Archived from the original on April 7, 2008.
- ^ a b Bugliosi & Gentry 1994, pp. 638–640.
- ^ Bugliosi (1994) describes the popular view that the Manson case "sounded the death knell for hippies and all they symbolically represented", citing Joan Didion, Diane Sawyer, and Time. Bugliosi admits that although the Manson murders "may have hastened" the end of the hippie era, the era was already in decline.
- ^ Tompkins 2001a.
- SF Gate, retrieved 2007-05-25
- ^ Sieghart, Mary Ann (2007-05-25), "Hey man, we're all kind of hippies now. Far out", The Times, London, retrieved 2007-05-25[dead link]
- ISBN 978-0-415-14726-2.
- ^ "Eel Pie Dharma - Skinheads - Chapter 19". Eelpie.org. 2005-12-13. Retrieved 2014-06-07.
- ^ "Britain: The Skinheads". Time. June 8, 1970. Archived from the original on June 30, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ "God Save The Sex Pistols - Chalet Du Lac. The True Story". plus.com.
- ^ Lattin, Don (2004). following our bliss : How the Spiritual Ideals of the Sixties Shape Our Lives Today. San Francisco: HarperCollins. p. 74.
- ^ a b Heath & Potter 2004
- ^ Morford, Mark (2007-05-02). "The Hippies Were right!". SF Gate. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
- ^ Mary Ann Sieghart (May 25, 2007). "Hey man, we're all kind of hippies now. Far out". The Times. London. Retrieved 2007-05-25.[dead link]
- ^ Barnia, George (1996), The Index of Leading Spiritual Indicators, Dallas TX: Word Publishing
- ISBN 0-8160-2469-3.
- ISBN 0-7876-5417-5.
- ^ Bryan (1968-08-18). "'The Pump House Gang' and 'The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test'". Books. The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
- ^ Weird Like Us: My Bohemian America by Ann Powers, p. 213.
- ^ Canaries in the Mineshaft: Essays on Politics and Media, p. 272.
- ^ Streeter, Kurt (2014-04-09). "A couple's commitment to skid row doesn't waver". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
- ^ Stone 1994, Hippy Havens
- ^ "The Starwood Festival". The Starwood Festival.
- ^ 10KLF :: music | nature | euphoria Archived 2007-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "From the Archives 1970: Ourimbah pop festival's gentle chaos". 23 January 2020.
- Fairfax Digital. March 14, 2008. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
- ISBN 0589012169.
References
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- ISBN 0-312-32220-8.
- Brand, Stewart. (Spring, 1995). We Owe it All to the Hippies Archived 2011-01-06 at the Wayback Machine. Time.
- ISBN 0-393-32223-8.
- Dudley, William, ed. (2000), The 1960s (America's decades), San Diego: Greenhaven Press..
- Gaskin, Stephen. (1970). Monday Night Class. The Book Farm. ISBN 1-57067-181-8.
- Heath, Joseph; Potter, Andrew (2004), ISBN 0-06-074586-X.
- Grunenberg, Christoph; Harris, Jonathan (2005), Summer of Love: Psychedelic Art, Social Crisis and Counterculture in the 1960s, Liverpool University Press, ISBN 0-85323-929-0.
- ISBN 0-395-65597-8.
- Katz, Jack (1988), Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-07616-5.
- Krassner, Paul Life Among the Neo-Pagans - Paul Krassner (The Nation August 24, 2005) [1]
- ISBN 0-8156-2923-0
- Kennedy, Gordon (1998), Children of the Sun: A Pictorial Anthology From Germany To California, 1883-1949, Nivaria Press, ISBN 0-9668898-0-0.
- ISBN 0-14-303676-9
- Marty, Myron A. (1997). Daily life in the United States, 1960–1990. Westport, CT: The Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29554-9.
- McCleary, John (2004), The Hippie Dictionary, Ten Speed Press, ISBN 1-58008-547-4.
- Mecchi, Irene. (1991). The Best of Herb Caen, 1960-75. Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-0020-2
- Pendergast, Tom; Pendergast, Sara, eds. (2005), "Sixties Counterculture: The Hippies and Beyond", The Sixties in America Reference Library, vol. 1: Almanac, Detroit: Thomson Gale, pp. 151–171.
- Perry, Charles (2005), The Haight-Ashbury: A History (Reprint ed.), Wenner Books, ISBN 1-932958-55-X.
- ISBN 0-8021-3587-0.
- Stone, Skip (1994), Hippies From A to Z: Their Sex, Drugs, Music and Impact on Society From the Sixties to the Present, V. W. Norton & Company, Inc., ISBN 1-930258-01-1.
- PMID 11623430.
- Stolley, Richard B. (1998), Turbulent Years: The 60s (Our American Century), Time-Life Books, ISBN 0-7835-5503-2.
- Tompkins, Vincent, ed. (2001a), "Assimilation of the Counterculture", American Decades, vol. 8: 1970-1979, Detroit: Thomson Gale.
- Tompkins, Vincent, ed. (2001b), "Hippies", American Decades, vol. 7: 1960-1969, Detroit: Thomson Gale.
- ISBN 0-226-81741-5.
- Yablonsky, Lewis (1968), The Hippie Trip, Pegasus, ISBN 0-595-00116-5.
External links
- What Did The Hippies Want? by Alicia Bay Laurel, November 19, 2001.