History of tropical cyclone naming
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The practice of using names to identify
However, there has been controversy over the names used at various times, with names being dropped for religious and political reasons. Female names were exclusively used in the basins at various times between 1945 and 2000 and were the subject of several protests. At present tropical cyclones are officially named by one of eleven meteorological services and retain their names throughout their lifetimes. Due to the potential for longevity and multiple concurrent storms, the names reduce the confusion about what storm is being described in forecasts, watches and warnings. Names are assigned in order from predetermined lists once storms have one, three, or ten-minute sustained wind speeds of more than 65 km/h (40 mph), depending on which basin it originates in. Standards vary from basin to basin, with some tropical depressions named in the Western Pacific, while a significant amount of gale-force winds are required in the Southern Hemisphere. The names of significant tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Australian region are retired from the naming lists and replaced with another name, at meetings of the World Meteorological Organization's various tropical cyclone committees.
Formal start of naming
The practice of using names to identify
After reading about Clement Wragge,
During August and September 1950, three tropical cyclones (Hurricanes
Forecasters subsequently decided to continue with the current practice of naming hurricanes after women but developed a new set of names ahead of the
1960–1990s
In January 1960, a formal naming scheme was introduced for the South-West Indian Ocean by the Mauritius and Madagascan Weather Services. with the first cyclone being named Alix.
At its 1969 national conference, the
In 1977 the
As the dual-sex naming of tropical cyclones started in the Northern Hemisphere, the NZMS considered adding ethnic Pacific names to the naming lists rather than the European names that were currently used.[6] As a result of the many languages and cultures in the Pacific there was a lot of discussion surrounding this matter, with one name, "Oni", being dropped as it meant "the end of the world" in one language.[6] One proposal suggested that cyclones be named from the country nearest to which they formed; however, this was dropped when it was realized that a cyclone might be less destructive in its formative stage than later in its development.[6] Eventually it was decided to combine names from all over the South Pacific into a single list at a training course, where each course member provided a list of names that were short, easily pronounced, culturally acceptable throughout the Pacific and did not contain any idiosyncrasies.[6] These names were then collated, edited for suitability, and cross-checked with the group for acceptability.[6] It was intended that the four lists of names should be alphabetical with alternating male and female names while using only ethnic names. However, it was not possible to complete the lists using only ethnic names.[6] As a result, there was a scattering of European names in the final lists, which have been used by the Fiji Meteorological Service and NZMS since the 1980–81 season.[6] During October 1985 the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center had to request an additional list after the names preselected for that season were used up.[43] As a result, the names Xina, York, Zelda, Xavier, Yolanda, Zeke were subsequently added to the naming lists, while a contingency plan of using the Greek alphabet if all of the names were used up was introduced.[44][45]
New millennium
During the 30th session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee in November 1997, a proposal was put forward by Hong Kong to give Asian typhoons local names and to stop using the European and American names that had been used since 1945.[46][47] The committee's Training and Research Coordination Group was subsequently tasked to consult with members and work out the details of the scheme in order to present a list of names for approval at the 31st session.[46][47] During August 1998, the group met and decided that each member of the committee would be invited to contribute ten names to the list and that five principles would be followed for the selection of names.[47] It was also agreed that each name would have to be approved by each member and that a single objection would be enough to veto a name.[47] A list of 140 names was subsequently drawn up and submitted to the Typhoon Committee's 32nd session, who after a lengthy discussion approved the list and decided to implement it on January 1, 2000.[47][48][49] It was also decided that the Japan Meteorological Agency would name the systems rather than the Joint Typhoon Warning Center.[47][50]
In 1998, PAGASA conducted "Name a Bagyo Contest", a contest designed to revise the naming scheme for typhoons within the Philippine Area of Responsibility with 140 names submitted in 1999 and the contest prompted PAGASA to begin using the revised naming system with four sets of 25 names and 10 auxiliary names, (replacing its list of female names that used since 1963) rotating every four years, in 2001 and later revised in 2005.[51][52][53][54]
During its annual session in 2000, the WMO/ESCAP Panel on North Indian Tropical Cyclones agreed in principle to start assigning names to
At the 22nd hurricane committee in 2000, it was decided that any tropical cyclone that moved from the Atlantic to the Eastern Pacific basin and vice versa would no longer be renamed,[58] provided it remained a tropical cyclone (depression, storm, or hurricane) for its entire crossing of the land mass between the basins. In that case, the National Hurricane Center would be continuously issuing advisories on a regular 6-hour interval without interruption. According to a spokesman for the NHC, "If there is a gap in the advisories, it gets a new name" instead.[59]
Ahead of the 2000–01 season, it was decided to start using male names, as well as female names for tropical cyclones developing in the South-West Indian Ocean.[60] During September 2001, RSMC La Réunion proposed that the basin adopt a single circular list of names and that a tropical cyclone have only one name during its lifetime.[61] However, both of these proposals were rejected at the fifteenth session of the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean during September 2001.[61] During the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season the naming of subtropical cyclones restarted, with names assigned to systems from the main list of names drawn up for that year.[62]
During March 2004, a rare tropical cyclone developed within the Southern Atlantic, about 1,010 km (630 mi) to the east-southeast of Florianópolis in southern Brazil.[63] As the system was threatening the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina, a newspaper used the headline "Furacão Catarina", which was presumed to mean "furacão (hurricane) threatening (Santa) Catarina (the state)".[63] However, when the international press started monitoring the system, it was assumed that "Furacão Catarina" meant "Cyclone Catarina" and that it had been formally named in the usual way.[63] During the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season the names pre-assigned for the North Atlantic basin were exhausted and as a result letters of the Greek alphabet were used.[64] There were subsequently a couple of attempts to get rid of the Greek names, as they are seen to be inconsistent with the standard naming convention used for tropical cyclones, generally unknown and confusing to the public.[65] However, none of the attempts succeeded and the Greek alphabet was used again in 2020, when the list of names for the Atlantic Ocean was used up.[65][66][67] After multiple highly catastrophic and damaging Greek-named storms in 2020, however (examples being Zeta, Eta, and Iota) along with the overarching concerns about the confusing and inconsistent nature of the system, the WMO officially discontinued the use of the Greek alphabet to name storms in 2021, instead implementing a supplemental list of regular, replaceable names in both the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific basins in the event either basin experiences a season that exhausts the pre-designated names in the original lists.[68]
Ahead of the
On April 22, 2008, the newly established tropical cyclone warning centre in
At its twenty-first session in 2015, the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee reviewed the arrangements for naming tropical storms and decided that the procedure was in need of a "very urgent change".[83] In particular, it was noted that the procedure did not take into account any of the significant improvements in the science surrounding tropical cyclones and that it was biased due to inappropriate links with some national warning systems.[83] The committee subsequently decided that three lists of names would rotate from year to year, with any names used being automatically replaced at the next RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee.[83] During its twenty-third session in 2019, the committee noticed some inconsistency between the operational plan and the WMO technical regulations which defined the roles and responsibilities of tropical cyclone RSMC's.[84] As a result, the committee decided to acknowledge the authority of RSMC La Réunion and gave them the right to name tropical cyclones.[84] During 2020, a new list of names was issued by the panel for tropical cyclones,[85] as the majority of the names in the existing list had been used.[86]
Modern day
Tropical cyclone naming institutions | |||
---|---|---|---|
Basin | Institution | Area of responsibility | |
Northern Hemisphere | |||
North Atlantic Eastern Pacific |
United States National Hurricane Center | Equator northward, European and African Atlantic Coasts – 140°W | [87] |
Central Pacific | United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center | Equator northward, 140°W – 180° | [87] |
Western Pacific |
Japan Meteorological Agency PAGASA |
Equator – 60°N, 180–100°E 5°N – 21°N, 115°E – 135°E |
[88] [89] |
North Indian Ocean | India Meteorological Department | Equator northward, 100°E – 40°E | [90] |
Southern Hemisphere | |||
South-West Indian Ocean |
Mauritius Meteorological Services Météo Madagascar Météo France Reunion |
Equator – 40°S, 55°E – 90°E Equator – 40°S, African Coast – 55°E Equator – 40°S, African Coast – 90°E |
[91] |
Australian region | Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Papua New Guinea National Weather Service Australian Bureau of Meteorology |
Equator – 10°S, 90°E – 141°E Equator – 10°S, 141°E – 160°E 10°S – 40°S, 90°E – 160°E |
[75] |
Southern Pacific | Meteorological Service of New Zealand |
Equator – 25°S, 160°E – 120°W 25°S – 40°S, 160°E – 120°W |
[75] |
South Atlantic | Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center (Unofficial) | Equator – 35°S, Brazilian Coast – 20°W | [81] |
At present tropical cyclones are officially named by one of eleven warning centres and retain their names throughout their lifetimes to provide ease of communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts, watches, and warnings.[7] Due to the potential for longevity and multiple concurrent storms, the names are thought to reduce the confusion about what storm is being described.[7] Names are assigned in order from predetermined lists once storms have one, three, or ten-minute sustained wind speeds of more than 65 km/h (40 mph) depending on which basin it originates in.[87][91][90] However, standards vary from basin to basin, with some tropical depressions named in the Western Pacific, while tropical cyclones have to have gale-force winds occurring near the center before they are named within the Southern Hemisphere.[75][91]
Any member of the
See also
- European windstorm
- List of historical tropical cyclone names
- Tropical cyclone naming
- Winter storm naming in the United States
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External links
- AskBOM: How do tropical cyclones get their names? on YouTube
- Australian Bureau of Meteorology Archived 2009-11-12 at the Wayback Machine
- Fiji Meteorological Service
- India Meteorological Department
- Indonesian Meteorological Department
- Japan Meteorological Agency
- Mauritius Meteorological Services
- Météo-France –La Reunion
- Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited
- United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center
- United States National Hurricane Center