Hokkien culture
Minnan culture or Hokkien/Hoklo culture (
This culture has been influenced by the cultures from
The province of Fujian itself shows considerable linguistic and cultural diversity –
Native language
Southern Min (
and intermixed with Minyue people. The intermixing is reflected by the fact that:- Modern-day Hoklo people are, genetically, the hybrid descendants of Minyue and Ancient Han Chinese;[6]
- And that the modern Hokkien language shows traits of both the
Due to the historic migration of Hoklo people to Taiwan and Southeast Asia, the Hokkien language has spread far beyond its
Writing system
In terms of
Japan, while colonizing Taiwan, also developed the Taiwanese kana writing system.[11]
Architecture
The traditional architectural style of Hoklo people is largely similar to those of surrounding Han Chinese groups. There are, however, several features that are unique or mostly unique to Hoklo-made buildings, making many traditional buildings in Hokkien and Taiwan visually distinctive from those outside the region. Traditional Hokkien architecture has been noted for: (1) Swallowtail roof (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ìnn-bé-tsiah; Traditional Chinese: 燕尾脊, literally "swallowtail ridge"), which refers to a roof that has an upward-curving ridge shaped like the tail of a swallow. The degree of curving may vary. The "swallowtail" in question can be single- or double-layered and is typically decorated with a large amount of colorful carvings;[12][13] (2) Cut porcelain carving (Chinese: 剪瓷雕; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tsián-huî-tiau), which is seen also in Vietnamese architecture[14][15]—Traditionally, Hoklo porcelain artists gather small, colored porcelain artifacts, cut and grind them into small fragments, and then paste these fragments onto sculptures attached to buildings. This art is frequently used on the ridges, window frames, and doors of temples and larger residence, often together with swallowtail roof.
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Typical Hoklo architecture styled Lukang Longshan Temple in Lukang city.
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Front entrance ofThian Hock Keng Temple, Singapore.
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A Chinese dragon sculpture on the roof of Amoy Memorial Temple of Lord Guan, Amoy, Hokkien; It is an example of cut porcelain carvings.
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Cut porcelain carving decorations above the main door of Nanfeng Ancestral Temple.
Têng-á-kha
Têng-á-kha (
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Zhongshan Road, Amoy, is filled with têng-á-khas.
-
The Hayasi Department Store in Tainan, Taiwan, is also considered a good example of têng-á-kha.
Visual arts
Hua'an jade
Hua'an jade (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hua-an gi̍k; Traditional Chinese: 華安玉) is a type of
Tek-hòe porcelain
Tek-hòe porcelain (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tek-hòe hûi; Traditional Chinese: 德化陶瓷) is a type of white
Gallery
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A Tek-hòe porcelain sculpture of a sitting Guanyin (17th century)
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A Tek-hòe porcelain brush holder (late 17th-18th century)
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A Tek-hòe porcelain teapot (17th to 18th century)
Minnan style of calligraphy
Hoklo people have also used a considerable amount of calligraphy as decorations for their traditional buildings.[21] The potential of Minnan style of calligraphy (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bân-lâm su-hong; Traditional Chinese: 閩南書風) has come under the attention of Chinese cultural scholars in late 2000s. Deeper studies are being conducted on the traditional calligraphy of Hokkien.[22]
Lacquer thread sculpture
Lacquer thread sculpture (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tshat-suànn tiau; Traditional Chinese: 漆線雕, literally "painted wire carving"), sometimes translated as "paint line carving" in English, is a traditional folk art in Hokkien, having originated in Amoy before 18th century. This folk art involves wrapping fine, usually golden filigree-like threads around other artifacts to form images of characters and animals. It is most typically used on Buddhist statues and vases for the purpose of decoration.[23] It was traditionally passed only to male heirs but is now passed to Hoklo of either gender. As of 2006, it has formally been declared an intangible cultural heritage by China.
A video of the process of making lacquer thread sculpture (in Mandarin) is available on YouTube.
Minnan school of painting
Minnan school of painting (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bân-lâm uē-phài; Traditional Chinese: 閩南畫派) is a school of painting invented by Hoklo people in Hokkien.[24] It was invented in mid-20th century by a group of Hoklo painters in Chinchew, Hokkien. This style was characterized by a strong urge to break conventions in traditional Han Chinese paintings and adoption of modern European artistic ideals. It has been influenced by impressionism, fauvism, and cubism, but retained many techniques used in traditional Han Chinese paintings.[25] Despite being rather obscure outside Hokkien, it has seen an increase in popularity among Hoklo in early 21st century.[26]
Others
Performing arts
Hoklo have historically been prolific producers of music and operas, most of which are sung and expressed using the Hokkien language. Music and opera types that originated in or are associated with the Hokkien-speaking region include:
- Lâm-kóan music (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lâm-kóan; Traditional Chinese: 南管, literally "southern pipes");
- Pak-kóan music (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pak-kóan; Traditional Chinese: 北管, literally "northern pipes");
- Phô͘-sian opera (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Phô͘-sian-hì; Traditional Chinese: 莆仙戲, literally "opera of Phô͘-sian");
- Lê-hn̂g opera (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lê-hn̂g-hì; Traditional Chinese: 梨園戲, literally "pear garden opera");
- Ko-kah opera (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ko-kah-hì / Kau-kah-hì; Traditional Chinese: 高甲戲, literally "tall-armor opera");
- Tap-chhùi-kó͘ (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tap-chhùi-kó͘; Traditional Chinese: 答嘴鼓, literally "replying and drum");[27]
- Taiwanese opera (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Koa-á-hì; Traditional Chinese: 歌仔戲, literally "song-opera");
- Hokkien pop (Pop music produced mainly in Taiwan and in the Hokkien language);
Glove puppetry
Glove puppetry (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pò͘-tē-hì; Traditional Chinese: 布袋戲, literally "cloth bag opera") is by far the best-known opera form of Hokkien origin. It originated in Hokkien in around 17th century, and is a form of opera that uses
Literature
Food culture
Hokkien cuisine
Tea culture
Martial arts
Philosophy
Min school
The Min school (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bân-ha̍k; Traditional Chinese: 閩學) is a
Traditional celebrations
Religions
Chinese folk religion & Taoism
The Hokkien have great devotion to the Jade Emperor, who commands all Heavenly Deities and Earthly beings. They will conduct grand worship service on the 9th day of first lunar month as the birthday of Jade Emperor.[29]
Other popular Chinese deities are
Chinese Buddhism
Science and inventions
Shipbuilding
The Minyue people—the original inhabitants of Hokkien before sinicization of the region—were known for their skills in shipbuilding. Even the ancient Han Chinese, who were, by a considerable margin, the most advanced people in the region at that time, took note of Minyue's shipbuilding skills.[30][31] For most of the first millennium AD, Port of Meizhou Bay of Chinchew has been one of the greatest ports of the Chinese Empire. Later, during 6th to 9th century (Tang dynasty), peoples in Hokkien were said to be able to build large ships of 50 to 60 tonnes, which was very remarkable for that time period.[32] Hokkien remained the leading shipbuilding center for the Chinese Empire in the six centuries that followed, resulting in a strong shipbuilding tradition among Hoklo.[33]
Cultural symbols
Water fairy
Water fairy (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tsuí-sian; Traditional Chinese: 水仙, literally "water fairy"; English: Narcissus, jonquil) is the official provincial flower of Fujian.[34] In the Hokkien-speaking region, it regularly appears in names for places and buildings.
See also
- Index of Taiwan-related articles
- Index of Singapore-related articles
- List of Hokkien people
- Southern Min Wikipedia
- Hui'an maidens
Hokkien customs
- Hokkien wedding
- Hokkien pre-wedding customs
- Turtleback tomb
Related cultures
- Culture of Taiwan
- Singapore Chinese culture
- Malaysian Chinese culture
- Cantonese culture
- Hakka culture
- Teochew culture
- Wuyue culture
- Culture of Jiangxi
- Japanese culture
- Chinese culture
References
- ^ Zheng, Y. (2010). On the Unique Features of Minnan Culture and its Ecological Conservation [J]. Journal of Fujian Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 1.
- ^ Su, Z. F., & Wang, J. S. (2008). The Maritime Characteristic of Minnan Culture and Its Function to the West-strait Economy [J]. Journal of Fujian School of Administration and Fujian Institute of Economics and Management, 1, 018.
- ^ 顧炎武(清). 《天下郡國利病書》:郭造卿《防閩山寇議》. 上海書店. 1985.
- ^ Wang, W. S. Y., & Sun, C. (Eds.). (2015). The Oxford handbook of Chinese linguistics. Oxford Handbooks.
- ^ 董忠司 (編). 《福爾摩沙的烙印:臺灣閩南語概要》(上冊). 鄉土文化專輯 1. 台北市: 行政院文化建設委員會. 2001年12月1日.
- ^ Brindley, E. F. (2015). Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, c. 400 bce–50 ce. Cambridge University Press.
- ISBN 978-0-521-29653-3.
- ^ Ting, Pang-Hsin (1983). "Derivation time of colloquial Min from Archaic Chinese". Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology. 54 (4): 1–14.
- ^ "中研院尋獲閩南語重要詞彙文獻 400年前就有「洗門風」 - 生活 - 自由時報電子報". news.ltn.com.tw. 14 April 2017. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
- ^ Chappell, Hilary; Peyraube, Alain (2006). "The analytic causatives of early modern Southern Min in diachronic perspective". In Ho, D.-a.; Cheung, S.; Pan, W.; Wu, F. Linguistic Studies in Chinese and Neighboring Languages. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. pp. 973–1011.
- ^ Ogawa Naoyoshi, ed. (1931). 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese and Chinese (Taiwan)). Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan.
- ^ 曹春平. 《闽南传统建筑》. 中國: 厦门大学出版社. 2006-06.
- ^ 福建省炎黄文化研究会、中国人民政治协商会议、泉州市委会. 《闽南文化研究》第2卷. 中國: 海峽文艺出版社.
- ^ 許東生. 《潮汕嵌瓷工藝研究:以存心善堂為例》. 美術學報. 2011年4月.
- ^ 陳磊. 《閩南民間藝術奇葩-剪瓷雕》. 南京藝術學院學報. 2009年6月.
- ^ 近代廈門舊城改造規劃實踐及思想(1920-1938年).李百浩,嚴昕.城市規劃學刊.2008年第3期
- ^ 泉州中山路正式掛牌 「中國十大歷史文化名街」.泉州晚報.
- ^ Wu Rongbiao (2009): Preliminary Study of the Ore-Forming Mechanism of the Hua'an Jade Deposit in Jiubaoqu of Nanjing County, Fujian Province. Geology of Fujian 28(2), 115-118 (in Chinese).
- ^ 閩南民間手藝瓷雕塑——德化名瓷 瓷國明珠
- ^ Donnelly, P.J. (1969). Blanc de Chine, Faber and Faber, London.
- ^ 閩南書法大觀園——蔡氏古民居建築群書法藝術簡述
- ^ 从闽南书风·厦门书法看地域文化与书法艺术的关系
- ^ 漆线雕艺术
- ^ 闽南画派 三十而立
- ^ Cohen, J. L. (1987). The new Chinese painting, 1949-1986.
- ^ “京城新传统”对话“闽南画派”
- ISBN 7507602699.
- ^ The Theoretical Characteristics and Cultural Significance of Min School
- ^ "THIAN HOCK KENG - TRADITIONS AND CULTURES". thianhockkeng.com.sg/. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- ^ 《漢書 · 嚴助傳》:「(閩)越方外之地,斷髮紋身之民也,以處溪谷之間,篁竹之中,習於水斗,便於用舟。」
- ^ 《太平寰宇記 · 泉州風俗》:「泉郎,即此州之夷戶,亦日遊艇子……散居山海,至今種類尚繁,其居止常在船上,兼結廬海畔,隨時隨徙,船式頭尾尖高,當中平闊,衝破逆浪,都無畏懼,名曰了烏船。」
- ^ 《唐會要 · 卷八七》:「臣弟聽思昔曾任雷州刺史。家人隨海船至福建往來。大船一隻。可致千石。自福建不一月至廣州。得船數十艘。便可致三五萬石。」
- ^ "泉州造船业". Archived from the original on 2019-08-17. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
- ^ 福建省省花/省樹/省石