Holmium

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Holmium, 67Ho
Holmium
Pronunciation/ˈhoʊlmiəm/ ​(HOHL-mee-əm)
Appearancesilvery white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ho)
Holmium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
–
↑
Ho
↓
Es
dysprosium ← holmium → erbium
kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization251 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity27.15 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1432 1584 (1775) (2040) (2410) (2964)
Atomic properties
Per Theodor Cleve, Jacques-Louis Soret and Marc Delafontaine (1878)
Isotopes of holmium
Main isotopes[5] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
163Ho synth 4570 y ε
163Dy
164Ho synth 28.8 min ε
164Dy
β−
164Er
165Ho 100%
stable
166Ho synth 26.812 h β−
166Er
166m1Ho synth 1132.6 y β−
166Er
167Ho synth 3.1 h β−
167Er
 Category: Holmium
| references

Holmium is a

malleable metal. Like many other lanthanides, holmium is too reactive to be found in native form, as pure holmium slowly forms a yellowish oxide
coating when exposed to air. When isolated, holmium is relatively stable in dry air at room temperature. However, it reacts with water and corrodes readily, and also burns in air when heated.

In nature, holmium occurs together with the other rare-earth metals (like

Per Theodor Cleve. It was also independently discovered by Jacques-Louis Soret and Marc Delafontaine, who together observed it spectroscopically in 1878. Its oxide was first isolated from rare-earth ores by Cleve in 1878. The element's name comes from Holmia, the Latin name for the city of Stockholm.[6][7][8]

Like many other

fluorescent properties similar to many other rare-earth ions (while yielding their own set of unique emission light lines), and thus are used in the same way as some other rare earths in certain laser
and glass-colorant applications.

Holmium has the highest

nuclear reactors
.

Properties

Holmium is the eleventh member of the

period 6, between the lanthanides dysprosium to its left and erbium to its right, and above the actinide einsteinium
.

Physical properties

With a boiling point of 3,000 K (2,730 °C), holmium is the sixth most

hexagonally close-packed (hcp) structure.[9] Its 67 electrons are arranged in the configuration [Xe] 4f11 6s2, so that it has thirteen valence electrons filling the 4f and 6s subshells.[citation needed
]

Holmium, like all of the lanthanides, at

ferromagnetic at temperatures below 19 K (−254.2 °C; −425.5 °F).[11] It has the highest magnetic moment (10.6 μB) of any naturally occurring element[12] and possesses other unusual magnetic properties. When combined with yttrium, it forms highly magnetic compounds.[13]

Chemical properties

Holmium metal tarnishes slowly in air, forming a yellowish oxide layer that has an appearance similar to that of iron rust. It burns readily to form holmium(III) oxide:[14]

4 Ho + 3 O2 → 2 Ho2O3

It is a relatively soft and

oxidizes, forming a yellowish oxide.[15]
In pure form, holmium possesses a metallic, bright silvery luster.

Holmium is quite electropositive: on the Pauling electronegativity scale, it has an electronegativity of 1.23.[16] It is generally trivalent. It reacts slowly with cold water and quickly with hot water to form holmium(III) hydroxide:[17]

2 Ho (s) + 6 H2O (l) → 2 Ho(OH)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

Holmium metal reacts with all the stable halogens:[18]

2 Ho (s) + 3 F2 (g) → 2 HoF3 (s) [pink]
2 Ho (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) → 2 HoCl3 (s) [yellow]
2 Ho (s) + 3 Br2 (g) → 2 HoBr3 (s) [yellow]
2 Ho (s) + 3 I2 (g) → 2 HoI3 (s) [yellow]

Holmium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the yellow Ho(III) ions, which exist as a [Ho(OH2)9]3+ complexes:[18]

2 Ho (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) → 2 Ho3+ (aq) + 3 SO2−
4 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

Oxidation states

As with many lanthanides, holmium is usually found in the +3 oxidation state, forming compounds such as holmium(III) fluoride (HoF3) and holmium(III) chloride (HoCl3). Holmium in solution is in the form of Ho3+ surrounded by nine molecules of water. Holmium dissolves in acids.[12] However, holmium is also found to exist in the +2, +1 and 0 oxidation states.[citation needed]

Isotopes

Further information: Isotopes of holmium

The isotopes of holmium range from 140Ho to 175Ho. The primary

beta minus decay. The primary decay products before 165Ho are terbium and dysprosium isotopes, and the primary products after are erbium isotopes.[19]

Natural holmium consists of one

terbium-161 with a very long half-life.[20] Of the 35 synthetic radioactive isotopes that are known, the most stable one is holmium-163 (163Ho), with a half-life of 4570 years.[21] All other radioisotopes have ground-state half-lives not greater than 1.117 days, with the longest, holmium-166 (166Ho) having a half-life of 26.83 hours,[22]
and most have half-lives under 3 hours.

166m1Ho has a half-life of around 1200 years.

gamma ray spectrometers.[24]

Compounds

Oxides and chalcogenides

cold-cathode
fluorescent lamp

Holmium(III) oxide is the only oxide of holmium. It changes its color depending on the lighting conditions. In daylight, it has a yellowish color. Under trichromatic light, it appears orange red, almost indistinguishable from the appearance of erbium oxide under the same lighting conditions.[25] The color change is related to the sharp emission lines of trivalent holmium ions acting as red phosphors.[26] Holmium(III) oxide appears pink under a cold-cathode fluorescent lamp.

Other chalcogenides are known for holmium. Holmium(III) sulfide has orange-yellow crystals in the monoclinic crystal system,[19] with the space group P21/m (No. 11).[27] Under high pressure, holmium(III) sulfide can form in the cubic and orthorhombic crystal systems.[28] It can be obtained by the reaction of holmium(III) oxide and hydrogen sulfide at 1,598 K (1,325 °C; 2,417 °F).[29] Holmium(III) selenide is also known. It is antiferromagnetic below 6 K.[30]

Halides

All four trihalides of holmium are known. Holmium(III) fluoride is a yellowish powder that can be produced by reacting holmium(III) oxide and ammonium fluoride, then crystallising it from the ammonium salt formed in solution.[31] Holmium(III) chloride can be prepared in a similar way, with ammonium chloride instead of ammonium fluoride.[32] It has the YCl3 layer structure in the solid state.[33] These compounds, as well as holmium(III) bromide and holmium(III) iodide, can be obtained by the direct reaction of the elements:[18]

2 Ho + 3 X2 → 2 HoX3

In addition, holmium(III) iodide can be obtained by the direct reaction of holmium and mercury(II) iodide, then removing the mercury by distillation.[34]

Organoholmium compounds

See also: Organolanthanide chemistry

Organoholmium compounds are very similar to

polymeric.[35]

History

Holmium (Holmia,

discovered by the Swiss chemists Jacques-Louis Soret and Marc Delafontaine in 1878 who noticed the aberrant spectrographic emission spectrum of the then-unknown element (they called it "Element X").[36][37]

The Swedish chemist

thulium oxide.[39]

In the English physicist Henry Moseley's classic paper on atomic numbers, holmium was assigned the value 66. The holmium preparation he had been given to investigate had been impure, dominated by neighboring (at the time undiscovered) dysprosium. He would have seen x-ray emission lines for both elements, but assumed that the dominant ones belonged to holmium, instead of the dysprosium impurity.[40]

Occurrence and production

A specimen of gadolinite - holmium is the black part of it.

Like all the other rare-earth elements, holmium is not naturally found as a free element. It occurs combined with other elements in gadolinite, monazite and other rare-earth minerals. No holmium-dominant mineral has yet been found. The main mining areas are China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, and Australia with reserves of holmium estimated as 400,000 tonnes.[39] The annual production of holmium metal is of about 10 tonnes per year.[41]

Holmium makes up 1.3 parts per million of the

Earth's atmosphere, which is very rare for a lanthanide.[39] It makes up 500 parts per trillion of the universe by mass.[43]

Holmium is commercially extracted by

USD/kg.[45]

Applications

A solution of 4% holmium oxide in 10% perchloric acid, permanently fused into a quartz cuvette as an optical calibration standard

Glass containing holmium oxide and holmium oxide solutions (usually in perchloric acid) have sharp optical absorption peaks in the spectral range 200 to 900 nm. They are therefore used as a calibration standard for optical spectrophotometers.[46][47][48] The radioactive but long-lived 166m1Ho is used in calibration of gamma-ray spectrometers.[49]

Holmium is used to create the strongest artificially generated

permanent magnets
.

Holmium-doped

enucleation of the prostate.[52]

Since holmium can absorb

quantum computers.[56]

Biological role and precautions

Holmium plays no

inhaled, consumed orally, or injected. The biological effects of holmium over a long period of time are not known. Holmium has a low level of acute toxicity.[61]

See also

References

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Bibliography

Further reading

  • R. J. Callow, The Industrial Chemistry of the Lanthanons, Yttrium, Thorium, and Uranium, Pergamon Press, 1967.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holmium.
  • Holmium at
    The Periodic Table of Videos
     (University of Nottingham)
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