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This article is about the concept of residence. For the structure, see House. For other uses, see Home (disambiguation).
"Homes" redirects here. For other uses, see Homes (disambiguation).
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Plans for a detached house showing the social functions for each room
Part of a series on
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Issues
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Society and politics
Rent control • Real estate economics • Redlining • Right to housing • Rent strike • Tenants union
Other
Assisted living • Cottage homes • Foster care • Group home • Halfway house • Homeless shelter • Hospital • Nursing home • Orphanage • Prison • Psychiatric hospital • Residential care • Retirement home • Residential treatment center • Retirement community • Supportive housing • Supported living

A home, or domicile, is a

rooms
, where domestic activity can be performed such as sleeping, preparing food, eating and hygiene as well as providing spaces for work and leisure such as remote working, studying and playing.

Physical forms of homes can be static such as a house or an apartment, mobile such as a houseboat, trailer or yurt or digital such as virtual space.[1] The aspect of 'home' can be considered across scales; from the micro scale showcasing the most intimate spaces of the individual dwelling and direct surrounding area to the macro scale of the geographic area such as town, village, city, country or planet.

The concept of 'home' has been researched and theorized across disciplines – topics ranging from the idea of home, the interior, the psyche, liminal space, contested space to gender and politics.[2] The home as a concept expands beyond residence as contemporary lifestyles and technological advances redefine the way the global population lives and works.[citation needed] The concept and experience encompasses the likes of exile, yearning, belonging, homesickness and homelessness.[3]

History

Prehistoric era

Taíno petroglyphs
in a cave in Puerto Rico

The earliest homes that humans inhabited were likely naturally occurring features such as

Malapa, Cooper's D, Gladysvale, Gondolin and Makapansgat have yielded a range of early human species dating back to between three and one million years ago, including Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus sediba and Paranthropus robustus. However, it is not generally thought that these early humans were living in the caves, but that they were brought into the caves by carnivores that had killed them.[citation needed
]

The first early hominid ever found in Africa, the

Denisovans
in southern Siberia.

In southern Africa, early modern humans regularly used sea caves as shelter starting about 180,000 years ago when they learned to exploit the sea for the first time.

huts and longhouses have been used for living since the late Neolithic.[7]

Ancient era

Post-classical era

From the 14th to the 16th century, homelessness was perceived of as a "vagrancy problem" and legislative responses to the problem were predicated upon the threat it may pose to the state.[8]

Modern era

Industrialization brought mass migration to cities. This one-room worker home from Helsinki is typical to late 19th century and early 20th century, often housing large families.[9]

According to Kirsten Gram-Hanssen, "It can be argued that historically and cross-culturally there is not always [a] strong relation between the concept of home and the physical building, and that this mode of thinking is rooted in the Enlightenment of the seventeenth century".[10] Before, one's home was more public than private; traits such as privacy, intimacy and familiarity would proceed to achieve greater prominence, aligning the concept with the bourgeoisie.[11][12] The connection between home and house was reinforced by a case law declaration from Edward Coke: "The house of everyman is to him as his castle and fortress, as well as his defense against injury and violence, as for his repose". Colloquially, this was adapted into the phrase "The Englishman's home is his castle" which popularised the notion of home as house.[13]

A result of the longstanding association between home and women, 18th century English women, of upper-class status, were scorned for pursuing activities outside of the home, thus seen to be of undesirable character.[14] The concept of home took on unprecedent prominence by the 18th century, reified by cultural practice.[15]

The concept of a smart home arose in the 19th century in turn with electricity having been introduced to homes in a limited capacity.[10] The distinction between home and work formulated in the 20th century, with home acting as sanctuary.[16] Modern definitions portray home as a site of supreme comfort and familial intimacy, operating as a buffer to the greater world.[14]

Common types

Further information: List of house types

The concept of home is one with multiple interpretations, influenced by one's history and identity.[17] People of differing ages, genders, ethnicities and classes may have resultingly different meanings of home.[18] Commonly, it is associated with various forms of abodes such as wagons, cars, boats or tents although it is equally considered to extend beyond the space, in mind and emotion.[8][19][20] The space of a home need not be significant or fixed though the boundaries of home are often tied to the space.[19][20] There have been multiple theories regarding one's choice of home with the residential conditions of their childhood often reflected in their later choice of home.[11] According to Paul Oliver, the vast majority of abodes are vernacular, constructed in accordance with the residents' needs.[21]

House

Main article: House
House at 8A, Bulevardul Aviatorilor, Bucharest, Romania

A house is a single-unit residential building. It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood, masonry, concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing, electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems.[22][23]

The social unit that lives in a house is known as a

row houses may contain numerous family dwellings in the same structure. A house may be accompanied by outbuildings, such as a garage for vehicles or a shed for gardening equipment and tools. A house may have a backyard or a front yard or both, which serve as additional areas where inhabitants can relax or eat. [citation needed] Houses may provide "certain activities, which gradually accumulate meaning until they become homes".[20]

Joseph Rykwert distinguished between home and house in their physicality; a house requires a building whereas a home does not.[24] Home and house are often used interchangeably, although their connotations may differ: house being "emotionally neutral" and home evoking "personal, cognitive aspects".[20][25] By the mid-18th century, the definition of home had extended beyond a house.[15] "Few English words are filled with the emotional meaning of the word home".[14]

Moveable structures

A houseboat on Lake Union in Seattle, Washington, US
A traditional Kazakh yurt on a wagon

Home as constitutionally mobile and transient has been contended by anthropologists and sociologist.[26] A mobile home (also known as a house trailer, park home, trailer, or trailer home) is a prefabricated structure, built in a factory on a permanently attached chassis before being transported to site (either by being towed or on a trailer). Used as permanent homes, or for holiday or temporary accommodation, they are often left permanently or semi-permanently in one place, but can be moved, and may be required to move from time to time for legal reasons.

A

moored, kept stationary at a fixed point and often tethered to land to provide utilities. However, many are capable of operation under their own power. Float house is a Canadian and American term for a house on a float (raft); a rough house may be called a shanty boat.[27] In Western countries, houseboats tend to be either owned privately or rented out to holiday-goers, and on some canals in Europe, people dwell in houseboats all year round. Examples of this include, but are not limited to, Amsterdam, London, and Paris.[28]

A traditional yurt or ger is a portable round tent covered with skins or felt and used as a dwelling by several distinct nomadic groups in the steppes of Central Asia. The structure consists of an angled assembly or latticework of wood or bamboo for walls, a door frame, ribs (poles, rafters), and a wheel (crown, compression ring) possibly steam-bent. The roof structure is often self-supporting, but large yurts may have interior posts supporting the crown. The top of the wall of self-supporting yurts is prevented from spreading by means of a tension band which opposes the force of the roof ribs. Modern yurts may be permanently built on a wooden platform; they may use modern materials such as steam-bent wooden framing or metal framing, canvas or tarpaulin, plexiglass dome, wire rope, or radiant insulation.

Management

Housing cooperative

This section is an excerpt from Housing cooperative.[edit]
999 N. Lake Shore Drive, a co-op–owned residential building in Chicago, Illinois

A

condominiums and renting.[29]

The cooperative is membership based, with membership granted by way of a share purchase in the cooperative. Each shareholder in the legal entity is granted the right to occupy one housing unit. A primary advantage of the housing cooperative is the pooling of the members' resources so that their buying power is leveraged; thus lowering the cost per member in all the services and products associated with home ownership.

Repair

This section is an excerpt from Home repair.[edit]
A person making these repairs to a house after a flood

contractor/builder, or other professionals
.

Home repair is not the same as renovation, although many improvements can result from repairs or maintenance. Often the costs of larger repairs will justify the alternative of investment in full-scale improvements. It may make just as much sense to upgrade a home system (with an improved one) as to repair it or incur ever-more-frequent and expensive maintenance for an inefficient, obsolete or dying system.

Housekeeping

This section is an excerpt from Housekeeping.[edit]

Housekeeping is the management and routine support activities of running and maintaining an organized physical institution occupied or used by people, like a house, ship, hospital or factory, such as cleaning, tidying/organizing, cooking, shopping, and bill payment. These tasks may be performed by members of the household, or by persons hired for the purpose. This is a more broad role than a cleaner, who is focused only on the cleaning aspect.[30] The term is also used to refer to the money allocated for such use.[31] By extension, it may also refer to an office or a corporation, as well as the maintenance of computer storage systems.[32]

The basic concept can be divided into domestic housekeeping, for private households, and institutional housekeeping for commercial and other institutions providing shelter or lodging, such as hotels, resorts, inns, boarding houses, dormitories, hospitals and prisons.[33][34] There are related concepts in industry known as workplace housekeeping and Industrial housekeeping, which are part of occupational health and safety processes.

A
domestic staff. According to the 1861 Victorian era Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management, the housekeeper is second in command in the house and "except in large establishments, where there is a house steward, the housekeeper must consider herself as the immediate representative of her mistress".[36]

Tenure

This section is an excerpt from Housing tenure.[edit]

Housing tenure is a financial arrangement and ownership structure under which someone has the right to live in a house or apartment. The most frequent forms are tenancy, in which rent is paid by the occupant to a landlord, and owner-occupancy, where the occupant owns their own home. Mixed forms of tenure are also possible.

The basic forms of tenure can be subdivided, for example an owner-occupier may own a house outright, or it may be

non-profit organization such as a housing association, or a government body, as in public housing
.

Surveys used in social science research frequently include questions about housing tenure, because it is a useful proxy
for income or wealth, and people are less reluctant to give information about it.

Owner-occupancy

This section is an excerpt from Owner-occupancy.[edit]
condominium, or a housing cooperative. In addition to providing housing, owner-occupancy also functions as a real estate investment
.

Rental accommodation

This section is an excerpt from Renting.[edit]
Meran
in 1911
Renting, also known as hiring[38] or letting,[39] is an agreement where a payment is made for the use of a good, service or property owned by another over a fixed period of time. To maintain such an agreement, a rental agreement (or lease) is signed to establish the roles and expectations of both the tenant and landlord. There are many different types of leases.[40] The type and terms of a lease are decided by the landlord and agreed upon by the renting tenant.

Squatting

This section is an excerpt from Squatting.[edit]
Abahlali baseMjondolo protest in Durban

own, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use. The United Nations
estimated in 2003 that there were one billion slum residents and squatters globally. Squatting occurs worldwide and tends to occur when people find empty buildings or land to occupy for housing. It has a long history, broken down by country below.

In

favelas
in the major cities and rural land-based movements.

In
self-managed social centres of Italy or squats in the United States. Oppositional movements from the 1960s and 1970s created freespaces such as Freetown Christiania in Denmark and Ruigoord in the Netherlands. Each local situation determines the context: in England and Wales, there were estimated to be 50,000 squatters in the late 1970s; in Athens, Greece, there are refugee squats
.

Homelessness

Main article: Homelessness
Homeless people in San'ya district, Tokyo, Japan

The state of being without a home can occur in many ways,

property taxation and corruption such as in circumstances of a failed state
.

Personal insolvency, development or sustaining of mental illness or severe physical incapacity without affordable domestic care commonly lead to a change of home. The underlying character of a home may be debased by structural defects, natural subsidence, neglect or soil contamination. Refugees are people who have fled their homes due to violence or persecution. They may seek temporary housing in a shelter or they may claim asylum in another country in an attempt to relocate permanently.[citation needed] A dysfunctional home life commonly precipitates one's homelessness.[41]

The dichotomy between home and homelessness is to the extent that the concept of home, scholars have said, is dependent on homelessness: "in a sense, without homelessness, we would not be concerned with what home means".[41]

Anthropogenic significance

A celebratory poster for soldiers and marines returning home

The connection between humans and dwelling is profound, such that, the likes of Gaston Bachelard and Martin Heidegger consider it an "essential characteristic" of humanity.[25] A home is generally a place that is close to the heart of the owner, and can become a prized possession. It has been argued that psychologically "The strongest sense of home commonly coincides geographically with a dwelling. Usually, the sense of home attenuates as one moves away from that point, but it does not do so in a fixed or regular way."[43] A person's conception of home can be dependent on congealing conditions, such as culture, geography or emotion; the sense of being at home may be contingent upon the presence of multiple emotions, such as joy, sorrow, nostalgia and pride.[44][45] Further psychological interperation contends that homes serve the purpose of satisfying identity-based desires and expression and that it functions as a "symbol of the self", bound to the events of one's life.[18][46] Emmanuel Levinas wrote of home as where, upon seclusion from the greater world, a sense of self can be regained.[47]

There exist many connotations regarding the concept of a home, including of security, identity, ritual and socialisation, varied definitions and residents may associate their home with meanings, emotions, experiences and relationships.

Postwar Britain was one of comfort and cleanliness, plentiful with food and compassion.[54]

In modern America, an owned house has greater cachet as a home than other residences; debate exists as to if a rooming house can provide a home.[11][55] Some housing scholars have contended that a conflation of house and home is the result of popular media and capitalist interest.[13] Differing cultures may perceive the concept of a home differently, ascribing less value to the privacy of a residence or the residence itself – although housing issues have been seen as of great concern to immigrants.[11][b] The home can render to men and women in significant differences: men conditioned to experience great control and little labour and vice versa for women; homelessness too can be subject to differences per gender.[8][41] Sociologist Shelley Mallett preposed the idea of home as abstractions: space, feeling, praxis or "a way of being in the world".[11] Abstract notions of home are present in the proverb "A house is not a home".[41]

A video showing a child in Port Harcourt, Nigeria aspiring for a future home

Since it can be said that humans are generally creatures of

Ground Zero.[59] The time spent with one's home is a considerable element in establishing one's attachment.[11] Those without significant time spent of their life in a residence often struggle to consider home as a feature of residences.[8] The perception of one's home can extend beyond the residence itself, to their neighbourhood, family, workplace or nation and one may feel as though they have multiple homes; to have felt at home beyond residence can be a significant element in one's appraisal of their life, a time in which notions of home, it has been observed, are more profound.[11][60][61][57] The connection between home and family is pertinent, to the extent that some scholars consider the terms to be synonymous.[13]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Alienation based sense of homelessness can extend to nations and communities; Bell Hooks wrote of an African-American sense of homeless in the American South.[41]
  2. ^ The word for home may not be present in all cultures and languages.[21]
  3. ^ Research showcases that "women's attachment to home is more pronounced than men's and increases with the length of time spent at home".[57]

References

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  22. ^ Schoenauer, Norbert (2000). 6,000 Years of Housing (rev. ed.) (New York: W.W. Norton & Company).
  23. ^ "housing papers" (PDF). clerk.house.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
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  28. ^ Gabor, M. (1979). Houseboats from Floating Places to Humble Dwellings – a glowing tribute to a growing lifetsyle. Toronto: Ballantine Books.
  29. ^ "What is a housing cooperative". Robinhood Learn. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  30. ^ "What's the Difference Between Housekeeping and Cleaning". ThinkACW. 21 December 2017.
  31. ^ "housekeeping" Oxford Dictionaries Online. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  32. The Collins English Dictionary
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  33. ^ "Housekeeping". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  34. ^ "National Guidelines for Clean Hospitals" (PDF). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  35. ^ "housekeeper" Oxford Dictionaries Online. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  36. ^ Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management Web version of the book at the University of Adelaide Library. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  37. ^ Koren, Liran (13 April 2022). "Owner-Occupied vs. Non-Owner-Occupied Real Estate: What's the Difference?". Luxury Property Care. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  38. ^ "Definition of HIRE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  39. ^ "Definition of LET". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
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  42. ^ Teves, Hranjski, Oliver, Hrvoje (7 December 2012). "Death toll from Philippine typhoon climbs past 500". USA Today. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  58. ^ Haywood, Trudy (27 July 2017). "Homesickness – Settling in to University". Warwick. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018.
  59. ^ Burton-Christie, Douglas (2009). "Place-Making as Contemplative Practice". Anglican Theological Review. 91 (3): 347–371. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
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External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Returning home.
  • The dictionary definition of home at Wiktionary
  • Quotations related to Home at Wikiquote
  • Media related to Home at Wikimedia Commons
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