Hong Kong 1 July marches

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Hong Kong 1 July marches
Water cannons deployed during the Hong Kong 1 July march in 2020
Traditional Chinese七一大遊行

The Hong Kong 1 July protests was an annual protest rally originally held by the

1997 handover.[1]

Prior to this, only the pro-democracy protest on 21 May 1989 drew more people with 1.5 million marchers in Hong Kong sympathising with the participants of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.[2] The introduction of Article 23 legislation was left aside due to the protest. Since then, 1 July marches have been organised every year to demand for democracy, universal suffrage, rights of minorities, protection of freedom of speech, and a variety of other political concerns.

In 2019, the

anti-extradition bill protest on 16 June broke the record of largest protest in Hong Kong with nearly 2 million marchers. The 1 July march in the same year with 550,000 marchers, was the largest 1 July march.[3] However, both these widely reported figures are now in doubt with research published by the Public Opinion Programme at The University of Hong Kong (HKUPOP) estimating that the attendance figures were 500,000-800,000 for the 16 June march[4] and 260,000 for 1 July.[5]

In 2020, despite a police ban citing gathering limits during the COVID-19 pandemic, and a dramatically altered legal situation due to the national security law that had come into force only the previous evening, marches with a total of tens of thousands of participants took place in several parts of the city. Police made more than 370 arrests, among which at least ten were on alleged violations of the new law.[6][7]

1997–2002

After the

Central Government Offices
, with a turnout of 65,000.

The government attempted to pass Article 23 in Legislative Council, tabling the vote for 9 July 2003. The debate continued for months, with the

Hong Kong Government
refusing to any concessions. The bill eventually led to a series of 1 July marches.

2003

Main article: National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill 2003

Motivation

The headline theme for the 2003 march was to oppose the anti-subversion

Tung Chee Hwa administration adding to people's frustrations, including the "Lexusgate" scandal involving the Financial Secretary Antony Leung and the government's incompetent handling of the SARS
health crisis, all against the backdrop of the state of the economy.

Formation

The planners originally wanted all four football courts in

Bishop Joseph Zen organised a prayer gathering in Victoria Park before the march which was attended by some 40,000 people. The Civil Human Rights Front was also organised. Members of Falun Gong also took part in the protest, but have been asked by the organisers to march at the end of the rally. The march was originally scheduled to start at 2:30 pm at the football pitch in Victoria Park, arriving at the government headquarter building. Their route stretched from Victoria Park football field through Causeway Bay and Central
to the Government's Central offices. Nonetheless, the large numbers meant that people were still starting the march as late as 10 pm.

Aftermath

After half-million people protested against the law,

Liberal Party. Afterwards, Regina Ip and Antony Leung
resigned, stating "personal reasons".

2004

Hong Kongers dressed in white and walked out along Paterson Street.

The headline theme for 1 July 2004 march was "Striving For Universal Suffrage in '07 & '08 for the chief executive and Legislature respectively (爭取07, 08普選)." As the

National People's Congress Standing Committee attempted to modify the Basic Law on 6 April 2004 to deny direct elections for the chief executive in 2007 and the Legislative Council in 2008.[8][9] There was much criticism as to the slogan for the 2004 protest by some Beijing bureaucrats and pro-Beijing political parties. The phrase "Return power to the people" was particularly inflammatory, because it implied that power was taken away from the people, according to pro-Beijing parties. Some pro-democracy political leaders such as Lau Chin-shek
had considered changing the phrase, but many criticised this move as it was seen to be satisfying Beijing. The organisers kept the phrase.

Hong Kongers walked out of their holiday (photo taken outside Hong Kong Central Library).

White was the

police set the figure at 200,000. The figures were disputed by many, saying that the number could not have been over 200,000. Dr. P.S. Yip Senior Lecturer of the Department of Statistics & Actuarial Science of the University of Hong Kong
, suggested that the maximum number of participants could only have been around 192,000. The general acceptance is that the crowd size was smaller than the 2003 crowd.

2005

Protesters participated despite the bad weather.

Following the 2004 protest, the next major event was

National People's Congress Standing Committee for trying to distort the Basic Law again. Further questions were raised regarding maximum working hours, minimum wage, increase of sexual violence, divide between the rich and poor.[11]

2006

Anson Chan joins the march in 2006.

The theme for the march in 2006 was "Creating Hopes for Universal Suffrage and Democracy With an Equal and Just Hong Kong (平等公義新香港，民主普選創希望)".

Not only did she openly support the implementation of universal suffrage in Hong Kong via the mass media, former Chief Secretary Anson Chan also called on Hong Kongers to express their desire by taking to the street. Some saw the move as Chan testing the water, paving way to the next chief executive election. Chan declined to comment until she formally announced that she has no interests in running for chief executive in September.

Like previous years, counter-protest parade was held in the morning while the protest organised by the

Central Government Offices
. 58,000 people took part in the protest this year, according to the organiser and the demonstration ended at about 19:00 peacefully.

2007

A truck promoting 1 July marches

"Achieving Universal Suffrage, Improving Livelihood (爭取普選，改善民生)" was the theme for this year's demonstration. The organiser, Civil Human Rights Front, submitted an application for Notification of Public Procession to the

Shenzhen bay port.[13]

The police insisted that the organisers wrapped up the demonstration before 18:30 to facilitate the fireworks display that would take place that night over

physically challenged
marchers would slack behind at the rally, and restricted the number of wheelchair participants to ten.

Civil Human Rights Front estimated the turn out to be 68,000 while the Hong Kong Police put the figure with those who left from

Victoria Park between 14:30 to 16:30 at 20,000. The University of Hong Kong estimated between 29,000 and 35,000 people took place in the demonstration. Organisers suggested an estimate of 58,000 people.[13]

Cardinal Joseph Zen joined the march for the first time. Former Chief Secretary, Anson Chan
has also taken part.

2008

Organisers said more than 40,000 people attended. Police put the starting figure at 13,000 when the march began. One of the issues include Chief executive Donald Tsang, who was under fire for the hiring of his 17 new highly paid appointees. Critics say they were handpicked allies brought in to boost his power base.[14] Protest turnout for the year was expected to be less, with no pressing issues to be resolved.[15]

2009

Protesters oppose the arrest of Liu Xiaobo, founder of Charter 08.

Pan-democrats had expected at least 100,000 to take the streets for the march.

Hong Kong island.[16] A "unity parade" was organised by the pro-Beijing camp in the morning at Hong Kong Stadium.[16] This celebrated the 12th anniversary of Hong Kong's return to China since 1997.[17] Xinhua News Agency also set up a website to commemorate the event.[18] The spectacle was matched with stadium performances as well as sports car displays on the streets. Other events include protests by the Alliance of Lehman Brothers victims and one by the handicapped protesting at discrimination.[16] chief executive Donald Tsang led senior government officials at the flag-raising ceremony at Wan Chai Golden Bauhinia Square. The police band followed by a sea parade and fly-past by the disciplined services.[16]
The 2009 Hong Kong Broadcasting Authority forum followed on 14 July to talk about broadcast freedom.

2010

Protesters wearing the "Guy Fawkes masks" from V for Vendetta for protest, a new trend in 2010

Previously the

controversial graffiti incident
even took place after the consultations.

The pan-democrat camp was split. Several hundred democratic party members faced verbal abuse throughout the march to the HK government headquarters for selling out to Beijing. Protesters hurling chants of "Shame on you" and "You betrayed Hong Kong people."[20] About 52,000 people took part in the protest.[21] A 2,000-person anniversary parade was organised by opposition pro-government groups.[19] Two weeks after the protests, many have questioned the state of the Democratic party and whether protests are of any use, especially since HK is not a place where citizens make decisions for themselves. Party chairman Albert Ho publicly responded "Even if you replaced Donald Tsang with another chief, you still have to deal with the People's Liberation Army, which is another type of power.[22]

2011

British Hong Kong flags
Protesters reach the Government Headquarters.

The turnout for the 2011 protest was the highest since 2004. Organisers of the protest claimed a turnout of 218,000 people.

Five Constituencies referendum.[24][25] There were demands for Donald Tsang to step down, and bring in universal suffrage to both the 2012 chief executive and Legco election.[26]

There were complaints with land hogging and control by real estate companies.[26] Unionists portrayed real estate tycoon Li Ka-shing as the devil.[23][27] Other groups carried coffins to represent the small homes poor people live in.[23] Hawkers complained about the high property rent that made it impossible to run their business.[28]

There were complaints of allowing more women from mainland China to give birth in Hong Kong.[23][26] There were also people against the introduction of "Patriotic education (國民教育)" in primary and high schools in the special administrative region.[29] Just a few days ago, 22 top HK schools rejected the plan, claiming they were against this type of "brain wash education".[30] The post-90s generation were quite against this.[31] During the protest about 228 protesters at Connaught Road were arrested.[32]

On 13 July People Power group led a three-day sit-in to protest against Stephen Lam, the blocking of by-elections and a number of issues. About 1000 people put on handcuffs and surrounded the Legco building 3 times to protest police actions from 1 July march. Hundreds of people also threw paper aeroplanes at the Legco building with political messages.[33][34]

2012

The 2012 protest on 1 July was the largest yet, with activists claiming 400,000 took part and police claiming 63,000 took part, both of which would have been the largest attendance at 1 July protests.

CY Leung, who is alleged to be a closet member of the Chinese Communist Party,[36] and has conflicts of interests over his business interests and has had unauthorised building work at his home.[37]

In addition, the widening gap between the rich and poor, with 20% of the city living in poverty, an influx of mothers from Mainland China, continued denial of universal suffrage to all individuals and suppression of freedom of speech in the Mainland featured in the protests.[38]

According to the

flag, showing resentment of the post-handover situation.[40]

Following the protests, a human rights group based in the city, the Chinese People's Rights Alliance claimed that disguised mainland Chinese security police followed and harassed them. It also alleged that several mainlander protesters have gone missing once returning home to Mainland China.[41]

2013

The 1 July protest in 2013 focused on universal suffrage and other major issues. The

Victoria Park and 66,000 participated at its peak. The University of Hong Kong's public opinion programme estimated 93,000 took part.[42]

2014

1 July March in Hong Kong in 2014

Before the protests, a white paper by the Chinese government proclaimed that Hong Kong does not enjoy full autonomy, and that Hong Kong's high degree of autonomy was granted by the Chinese government. The departure in wording from emphasising the high degree of autonomy guaranteed by the Hong Kong Basic Law sparked controversy that the Chinese government was suggesting it could intervene in Hong Kong affairs, in effect redefining one country, two systems. The Hong Kong government earlier promised to residents that they will be able to vote for their new chief executive in the upcoming 2017 election, but it has been feared that the final process will favour candidates approved by Beijing.

On 1 July 2014, organisers said over 500,000 protesters marched along the streets of Hong Kong, while city officials estimated 100,000. A police force of around 5000 officers was present during the protest, and over 500 demonstrators were arrested for illegal assembly during a sit-in protest that followed on 2 July and disrupting traffic in Chater Road.[43][44][45]

2015

On 1 July, approximately 48,000 protesters marched to mark an anniversary of the British 1997 turnover of Hong Kong to China. The protesters call for "full democracy" and

Umbrella Revolution, and organisers of the 2015 July 1 March recognised that many democratically minded people preferred to rest after the controversial reform package had been stopped.[46]

2016

Hong Kong 1 July marches in 2016

Organisers claim that around 110,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 19,300 joined the protest rally.[47]

2017

Organisers claim that around 66,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 14,500 joined the protest rally.[48]

2018

Organisers claim that around 50,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 9,800 joined the protest rally.[49]

2019

Main article:
Timeline of the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests (July 2019) § 1 July protests
Hong Kong anti-extradition law protest on 1 July 2019

The 1 July marches coincided with the ongoing

anti-extradition bill protests.[50] Organisers claim that around 550,000 people turned up to protest, a record breaking turnout as the organisers claimed. However, police claimed 190,000 joined the protest rally.[51] Researchers combining artificial intelligence and statistical counting techniques reported an initial count of 265,000 people marched,[52] and an adjusted total of 276,970 was published a peer-reviewed journal.[53] Independent polling organisation, PORI, estimated attendance at 260,000.[54] Reuters counted the number of protestors at one location over 15-minute periods during the march and came to an estimate of 227,000 people in total.[55]

Before the march, youths had begun besieging the Legislative Council building. The march was later diverted to Chater Road in Central due to the people amassed in front of the Legislative Council.[56]

At around 9 pm local time, hundreds of protesters

stormed the legislature after breaking through the glass walls and metal doors of the building.[57] Protesters caused extensive damage by ransacking the premises, damaging portraits of former pro-Beijing presidents of the Legislative Council,[58][59][60] and smashing furniture.[61][50] Protesters spray-painted slogans, hung up signs and erected barricades.[citation needed] The police started using tear gas to disperse protesters around the LegCo at 12:05 am, and reached the building 15 minutes later.[62]

By early 5 July, there had been at least 66 arrests and first formal charges laid in connection with the incident.[63]

2020

Main article:
Timeline of the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests (July 2020) § Marches against National Security Law

Despite a ban from the police, tens of thousands of protesters showed up alongside heavy police presence in Causeway Bay, Wan Chai, and Tin Hau, and lingered in the area for almost six hours to voice their objection against the newly implemented national security law.[64] The police responded by deploying water cannon at journalists and protesters and dispersed many tear gas and pepper balls.[65] A journalist was knocked down by a police water cannon truck.[66] Police made more than 370 arrests,[6] among which at least ten were due to alleged violation of the new law.[7]

2021 and demise

The streets of Hong Kong were subdued on 1 July 2021, as the former British colony marked the anniversary of its handover to Chinese sovereignty 24 years prior. The date, which this year coincided with celebrations on the mainland for the 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, is usually a time of protest in Hong Kong. But this year, police cited pandemic concerns as they denied applications to hold a proposed march against "political suppression," and some 10,000 officers were deployed across Hong Kong to prevent unauthorised protests.[67]

See also

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Sources

  • Wong Wai-kwok, Benson People's Power in Power? Hong Kong's political development and the July rally, Vol. 2, No. 1, July 2003. eastasia.at, Austrian Association of East Asian Studies

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hong Kong 1 July marches.
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