Honiara
Honiara | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 9°25′55″S 159°57′20″E / 9.43194°S 159.95556°E | |
Country | Solomon Islands |
Province | Honiara City |
Island | Guadalcanal |
Government | |
• Mayor | Eddie Siapu |
Area | |
• Capital city | 22 km2 (8 sq mi) |
Elevation | 29 m (95 ft) |
Population (2021) | |
• Capital city | 92,344 |
• Density | 4,200/km2 (11,000/sq mi) |
• Metro | 151,538 |
Time zone | UTC+11:00 (UTC) |
Climate | Af |
Honiara (/ˌhoʊniˈɑːrə/) is the capital and largest city of Solomon Islands, situated on the northwestern coast of Guadalcanal. As of 2021[update], it had a population of 92,344 people. The city is served by Honiara International Airport and the seaport of Point Cruz, and lies along the Kukum Highway.
The airport area to the east of Honiara was the site of a battle between the United States and the Japanese during the
Although a peace agreement was made in October 2000, violence ensued in the city streets in March 2002 when two diplomats from New Zealand and several others were murdered. In July 2003, conditions had become so bad in Honiara that the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI), consisting of multiple Pacific nations under Australian leadership, was invited into the country by the Solomons Government to restore order. In 2006, riots broke out following the election of Snyder Rini as Prime Minister, destroying a part of Chinatown and making more than 1,000 Chinese residents homeless. The riots devastated the town and tourism in the city and the islands was severely affected.
Honiara contains the majority of the major government buildings and institutions of Solomon Islands. The
Honiara is predominantly Christian and is served by the headquarters of the
Population
As of the 2021 census, Honiara's population is 92,344.[1] This makes Honiara the most populous city in Solomon Islands. It is also the fastest-growing population centre in Solomon Islands.[2] The population skews quite young; approximately 50% of Honiara's residents are younger than 30.[3] The Ministry of Lands and Survey reported in 2006 that there were 17,000 squatters.[4]
History
The name Honiara derives from nagho ni ara which roughly translates as "place of the east wind" or "facing the southeast wind" in one of the Guadalcanal languages.[5] The town has not been extensively documented and little detailed material exists on it.[6]
World War II
The
Modern development
Honiara officially became the capital of the British Protectorate of Solomon Islands in 1952. The infrastructure had been well developed by the US during the war which dictated the decision of the
The town grew after Honiara became the capital city, receiving two-thirds of the allocations granted for the country's economic development in the 1960s and 1970s, resulting in substantial infrastructure development. Population growth was very slow and only about 5% of Solomon Islanders were living in the city. However, the
Rhys Richards, a New Zealand historian and former New Zealand High Commissioner of Solomon Islands, spent many years in Honiara.[13] In 1979 Honiara was still a small town in terms of population, especially for a capital city, with 18,346 people, of which 10,870 were men, and 7,476 were women.[14] In July 1978, Honiara became the new capital of the independent Solomon Islands.[7]
Conflict
An International Express Mail Agreement and regulations were signed between the United States and Solomon Islands governments in Honiara and Washington, D.C. on 19 April and 27 June 1991, coming into effect on 1 August 1991.[15] On 6 November 1998, a peace agreement was signed in Honiara between the United States and Solomon Islands governments.[15] However, since the late 1990s, Honiara has been the centre of ethnic violence and political unrest in the country.[16] The area around Honiara was the battle ground of rival factions during the unrest as a result of the dominance of Malaitans, who were outsiders, and the local Guadalcanal islanders.[8] A coup attempt occurred in June 2000 which resulted in violent rebellions and fighting between the Malaita Eagle Force (MEF) and the Guadalcanal natives of the Isatabu Freedom Movement (IFM). Violence was prevalent in the streets of Honiara, and although a peace agreement was made in October 2000, violence ensued in March 2002 when two diplomats from New Zealand and several others were murdered.[16] Conditions became so bad in Honiara that in July 2003 Australian military and police units moved into the country to suppress the conflict, increase security, rebuild the damaged city and safeguard its shattered economic, political and legal institutions.[16]
In 2006,
In 2021, Honiara saw mass unrest; the Solomon Islands Parliament Building was attacked, and Chinatown was looted and burned.[21]
Geography and climate
Honiara is located on the northwestern coast of the island of Guadalcanal and includes a seaport at Point Cruz. The Matanikau River flows through the town, past Chinatown, badly affected by the 2006 riot. The town revolves around the Kukum Highway, which connects it with the Honiara International Airport (formerly known as Henderson Field) about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) to the east of Honiara across the Lunga River. To the west of the town centre are the suburbs of White River and Tanaghai.[22]
The climate is tropical, more specifically a tropical rainforest climate (Af), with an average daytime temperature of about 28 °C (82 °F). Honiara is wetter between November and April. The average precipitation per year is about 2,000 millimetres (79 in) and thus is lower than the average for Solomon Islands as a whole (3,000 millimetres (120 in)). Honiara is subject to monsoons.[23] On 1 February 2010, Honiara recorded a temperature of 36.1 °C (97.0 °F), which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Solomon Islands.[24]
Climate data for Honiara | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 33.9 (93.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
33.9 (93.0) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.6 (92.5) |
32.8 (91.0) |
33.3 (91.9) |
33.5 (92.3) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.3 (91.9) |
33.4 (92.1) |
34.8 (94.6) |
36.1 (97.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.7 (87.3) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.1 (86.2) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.5 (86.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.7 (80.1) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.5 (79.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.0 (73.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.1 (71.8) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.7 (72.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | 20.2 (68.4) |
20.7 (69.3) |
20.7 (69.3) |
20.1 (68.2) |
20.5 (68.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.7 (65.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
18.3 (64.9) |
17.6 (63.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
20.5 (68.9) |
17.6 (63.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 277 (10.9) |
287 (11.3) |
362 (14.3) |
214 (8.4) |
141 (5.6) |
97 (3.8) |
100 (3.9) |
92 (3.6) |
95 (3.7) |
154 (6.1) |
141 (5.6) |
217 (8.5) |
2,177 (85.7) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 19 | 19 | 23 | 18 | 15 | 13 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 16 | 15 | 18 | 197 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
80 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 75 | 73 | 73 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 186.0 | 155.4 | 198.4 | 192.0 | 210.8 | 198.0 | 186.0 | 204.6 | 192.0 | 226.3 | 216.0 | 164.3 | 2,329.8 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 6.0 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 5.3 | 6.4 |
Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst[25] |
Politics
Honiara is divided into three
Constituency | Electorate | MP (party) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
East Honiara | 30,049 | Democratic Party ) |
National Election 3 April 2019 |
Central Honiara | 19,539 | John Moffat Fugui (United Democratic Party) | National Election 3 April 2019 |
West Honiara | 13,128 | Independent ) |
National Election 3 April 2019 |
Administrative divisions
The National Capital Region of Honiara is sub-divided into the following wards, listed from West to East:
|
1 Electoral Districts: |
Economy
Honiara developed economically at a much faster rate than other parts of Solomon Islands; during the 1960s and 1970s, some two-thirds of the investment into economic development in the country went into developing the infrastructure of Honiara, despite the fact that at the time only some five percent of Solomon Islanders lived there.[29] Like Tulagi, the town did not grow substantially as a result of industrialisation.[30] As Trevor Sofield says, "The shops and businesses in these centres served the needs of the government officials and expatriate businessmen, planters, and traders. Honiara, like many other ex-colonial cities, still reflects the political, economic, and cultural structure of its former metropolitan mentor much more than it does the national traits of Solomon Islands society."[30]
Honiara is Solomon Islands' springboard for tourism activities. The country's tourist office, Solomon Islands Visitors Bureau, is on Honiara's main thoroughfare, Mendana Avenue. Situated between the Yacht Club and the Solomon Kitano Mendana Hotel, its officers provide tourist information and can radio ahead to announce visitors' arrivals to guest houses in the remoter areas. Honiara banks include BSP Bank, the
The violence which had plagued Honiara and the islands since the late 1990s had a devastating impact on the economy due to the fact that many tourist organisations around the world warned tourists wishing to visit the islands to stay away, especially in 2002 and 2003 at the peak of the troubles.[16] In 1998, the country earned around $13 million from tourism and just $629,000 in 1999, equating to an average spend per visit of only US$254 (about US$35/day).[16] In 1999, tourism in the city and nation accounted for just 4.38% of the total GDP.[16]
Landmarks
As the capital of Solomon Islands, Honiara contains the majority of the major government buildings and institutions, including Honiara Lauru Land Conference,
Honiara Children's Park is a property of the Honiara Beautification Committee. The park, the only children's recreation area in Honiara, is located along the eastern coast of Honiara City as all other areas in the region are private property. According to a study, the park is in danger and needs to be protected as the coastline is subject to erosion; the erosion is recorded to be about 6–8 metres (20–26 ft) between the old coastline and the eroded coastline. This erosion needs to be checked by building a retaining wall.[36]
War memorial and peace park
The Guadalcanal American Memorial is an attraction. It was built at the initiative of Robert F Reynolds, Chief of Valors Tours Ltd.[37] To mark the 50th anniversary of the Red Beach landings, the U.S. War Memorial was dedicated on 7 August 1992. An account of this is inscribed on red marble tablets inside the monument compound.[35] The Solomons Peace Memorial Park, built by the Japanese war veterans in memory of all those who were killed in World War II, is about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) down the coastal road.[8] There are several other relics from World War II in and around Honiara, described by "Lonely Planet" as "spooky".[38] Also seen is the memorial erected in honour of Sergeant Major Jacob Vouza, a highly decorated war hero who escaped after the Japanese tortured him and lived to tell his story.[35]
National Parliament and Government House
The Solomon Islands Parliament Building, located on the hill above Hibiscus Avenue, built with American aid, is a concrete structure of conical-shape, which was inaugurated in 1993. The dome has tapestry, frescoes, and traditional artwork. The parliament building was built at a cost of US$5 million in honour of the 450 U.S. soldiers and 1,200 Marines who died during the Guadalcanal operations during the war. Ironically the building was originally built by a Japanese firm.[35][39]
Museums
The National Museum, located opposite the Mendana Hotel, has exhibits of traditional handicrafts and historical artefacts, particularly exhibits on archaeology, currencies, arms, languages, personal ornaments, traditional music and dance, agricultural implements, life and natural environs of the country, fishing tools and tackles, and many publications and handicrafts. The Cultural Centre of the museum has a display of eight traditional houses, built in 1981, from the nine provinces of Solomon Islands. The museum hosted the first Melanesian Arts and Crafts festival in 1998, and organises dances on the festival stage opposite the museum. There is also a 155 millimetres (6.1 in) Japanese howitzer on display between the museum and the police station, which is called "Pistol Pete". It was used for bombarding Henderson Field during the Guadalcanal fighting. On the opposite side of the police station is the Central Bank, which has a display of traditional currency. It also has Rennellese wood carvings and paintings.[35] The Cultural Centre behind the museum has exhibits of traditional architectural styles. The National Art Gallery arranges painting exhibitions at the Old Government House, the former residence of the Governor General. A collection of historical importance can be seen at the National Archives which is open to the public.[40]
The Botanical Gardens of the National Art Gallery is popular for afternoon strolls, and is noted for its orchids and shrubs. It houses a herbarium, a lily studded waterbody, walkways, and the Watapamu village, representing a typical village of the islands, which is named after the water pump located nearby.[35] An Anthropology Museum is located in Honiara, which has exhibits of recent origin.
Schools
Prominent educational institutions in Honiara include Solomon Islands National University (SINU);[41] The Woodford International School;[42] and the University of the South Pacific (USP) Solomon Islands Campus.[43][44]
The Woodford International School, also called the International School, was initiated in the mid-1950s with about a dozen students. It was expanded under Solomon Islands' National Development Plan in the 1970s with the aim to attract investment and expertise into the country. In 1979, following independence in 1978 from the British rule, with British aid, new school buildings were built. The school was known as Honiara International School in September 1989 and took the name of Woodford International School in the 1990s. It is now a fully recognised independent education authority, and the government of Solomon Islands is only involved in providing a grant to the school.[42] Since 2007, the management has started a programme of enhancing the building and other infrastructure facilities of the school to seek recognition as an "International Baccalaureate World School".[42]
The University of the South Pacific (USP) Solomon Islands Campus at Honiara provides education to students of the South Pacific.[45]
Libraries and books
The Public Library is on Belan Avenue, between Chinatown and the market place, while the National Library is just behind the Public Library. Books authored by Solomon Islanders are available at the University of the South Pacific Centre, which is behind the National Gymnasium to the east of Chinatown. Books are also on sale at Riley's Pocket Bookstore in the lobby of the Honiara Hotel with works by authors including John Saunana and Julian Maka'a.[46] Another bookstore opened in 2010 called the "Save Senta"; it is located at Point Cruz in Honiara.[47] Australian newspapers are available at the news stalls in the Anthony Saru building. Solomon Islands Development Trust in New Chinatown publishes a quarterly journal titled Link on issues of local concern and environmental issues.[48] The daily newspaper is the Solomon Star while Solomon Times and Solomon Voice are weekly publications.[49]
Hospitals
The National Referral Hospital of Honiara (NRH), also known as the Central Referral Hospital, is the main hospital and the largest in Solomon Islands.[50] It is located opposite the Honiara Hotel. As of July 2012 the hospital, which suffers from overcrowding, [51] had 300 to 400 beds with 50 doctors.[50] In 2008, its accident and emergency department served 55,234 patients and its general surgery department operated on 1,971 patients.[50]
Another hospital is the Central Hospital. Now called the Nambanaen, it was originally a wartime hospital built by the Americans who called it the "Ninth Station". It was substantially enlarged with assistance from the Government of Taiwan in 1993.[35]
Churches
One of the largest churches in Honiara is the Cathedral Church of St Barnabas, Honiara, consecrated in 1969, which could seat nine hundred people.[52] Holy Cross Cathedral, Honiara, consecrated in 1957, is a large Roman Catholic church on hill in the east of the centre.[53] Originally All Saints Church, which is known for its choir[54] and its colourful wall painting, was the cathedral of Honiara.[55] The present building dates from 1971.[56] At the entrance a large drum can be seen which is used to call the parish members for prayer.
Hotels and restaurants
Honiara has hotels and restaurants. Honiara Hotel is a traditional hotel and features a dance show on Friday nights.[57] The Pacific Casino is a $20 million Chinese hotel and casino in Honiara which replaced the King Solomon Hotel, which was gutted during the 2006 riots.[58][59]
Culture
In 1974, Polynesian Dances of Bellona (Mungiki), which included suahongi form, forbidden to be performed by the Seventh Day Adventist missionaries, was revived and recorded in Honiara. Suahongi is performed at the conclusion of the ritual of sharing in a ceremony called manga'e, (performed by men) of the surplus harvest of fishing and garden crops. The dance is performed to rhythmic songs which are in the form of a "feature call and response, speech–song", including the short history of the island of Bellona.[60] The Melanesia Arts and Crafts Festival was held for the first time in Honaria in 1998 when five Melanesian Countries participated.[61]
The present trend in dancing among the youth of the Islands and in Honiara also is freestyle dancing, which has become part of the night life and entertainment scene. These dances bear no resemblance to the traditional dance forms of the Solomon Islands, and are copied from the films
Religion
Honiara is predominantly Christian and is the headquarters of the
The Anglican Church of Melanesia is a province of the Anglican Communion and was established in 1849 by George Selwyn, Bishop of New Zealand. Initially, it was the Church of the Province of New Zealand, but in 1975 it became part of the ecclesiastical Province of Melanesia that covers Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and the French Territory of New Caledonia in the South Western Pacific.[65] The Church of Melanesia in Honiara operates three missions, the Melanesian Board of Mission, the Melanesian Brotherhood and the Mission to Seafarers Society from Honiara. The Melanesian Board of Mission oversees the Home Mission and the mission in other regional countries.[66] The Most Reverend. David Vunagi has been archbishop of Melanesia since May 2009, when he formally took over the post at the Cathedral Church of St Barnabas, Honiara.[67]
The
Sports
Honiara has three main stadiums, the largest of which is
Yachting is popular in Honiara and it contains the Point Cruz Yacht Club on the harbour.[72] Honiara Golf Club lies on the eastern side of the town, not far from the Lunga River, near the King George VI High School (between Honiara and the airport) was initially nine-hole course on a flat land which was earlier an airstrip. An 18 tee 11-hole golf course was built in the late 1960s.[72][73][74] Boxing, rugby, athletics, basketball, netball, and volleyball are also practised.[68] Netball leagues are organised in Honiara for girls and is well-organized in surrounding larger villages, usually by women's clubs.[75]
Transport
The city lies on the Kukum Highway and is served by Honiara International Airport. Henderson Field, operated during the Solomon Islands campaign, was reopened in 1969 as the nation's largest airport. The airport has been improved to receive large aircraft. Solomon Airlines, the state owned airline, is based at Honiara.
The seaport of Point Cruz is the main port of entry into Solomon Islands. International shipping companies operate as the port has the facility to handle 20 feet (6.1 m) containers.[20] Passenger boats services operate from Honiara's main wharf at Point Cruz and many shipping companies provide these services. Operators include the MV Pelican Express and MV Solomon Express, offering services once a week to Malaita and the western provincial cities of Mbunikalo, Seghe, Noro, and Gizo.[76] The 26-hour boat trip to Gizo is said to be one of the most scenic of the Pacific.[77]
Twin towns – sister cities
- -Luganville, Vanuatu[78]
- -Mackay, Queensland, Australia[79]
- -Jiangmen, China
- -Majuro, Marshall Islands
See also
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- Kupiainen, Jari (2000). Tradition, trade and woodcarving in Solomon Islands. Finnish Anthropological Society. ISBN 978-952-9573-23-3.
- Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (2004). A handbook of varieties of English, Volume 2. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
- Lemps, Christian Huetz de (1 January 1984). Un jeune État mélanésien: Les Îles Salomon (in French). Presses Univ de Bordeaux. ISBN 978-2-905081-03-2.
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External links
- Video of Honiara in 1975
- Video of Honiara in 1974
- Video of Sir Donald Luddington swearing in Solomon Mamaloni in the 1970s (starts at 7.08 mins in)