Hopi
Hopisinom | |
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Uto-Aztecan peoples |
People | Hopi |
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Language | Hopilàvayi, Hand Talk |
Country | Hopitutskwa |
The Hopi are
The
The Hopi Tribe of Arizona is a sovereign nation within the United States and has government-to-government relations with the United States federal government.[2] Particular villages retain autonomy under the Hopi Tribe's constitution and bylaws. The Hopi Reservation covers a land area of 2,531.773 sq mi (6,557.26 km2).
The
The primary meaning of the word Hopi is "behaving one, one who is mannered, civilized, peaceable, polite, who adheres to the Hopi Way."
Hopi organize themselves into
The Hopi understand their land to be sacred and understand their role as caretakers of the land that they inherited from their ancestors.[
The Hopi encountered Spaniards in the 16th century, and are historically referred to as
Hopi villages are now located atop mesas in northern Arizona. The Hopi originally settled near the foot of the mesas but in the course of the 17th century moved to the mesa tops for protection from the Utes, Apaches, and Spanish.[8]
On December 16, 1882, President Chester A. Arthur passed an executive order creating an Indian reservation for the Hopi. It was smaller than the surrounding land that was annexed by the Navajo Reservation, which is the largest reservation in the country.[9]
As of 2005
On October 24, 1936, the Hopi Tribe ratified its constitution, creating a unicameral government where all powers are vested in a Tribal Council. The powers of the executive branch (chairman and vice chairman) and judicial branch, are limited. The traditional powers and authority of the Hopi Villages were preserved in the 1936 Constitution.[13]
Oraibi
Old
Early European contact, 1540–1680
The first recorded European contact with the Hopi was by the
In 1582–1583 the Hopi were visited by Antonio de Espejo’s expedition. He noted that there were five Hopi villages and around 12,000 Hopi people.[9] During that period the Spanish explored and colonized the southwestern region of the New World, but never sent many forces or settlers to the Hopi country.[14] Their visits to the Hopi were random and spread out over many years. Many times the visits were from military explorations.
The Spanish colonized near the Rio Grande and, because the Hopi did not live near rivers that gave access to the Rio Grande, the Spanish never left any troops on their land.
Pueblo Revolt of 1680
Spanish Roman Catholic priests were only marginally successful in converting the Hopi and persecuted them for adhering to Hopi religious practices. The Spanish occupiers enslaved the Hopi populace, forcing them to labor and hand over goods and crops. Spanish oppression and attempts to convert the Hopi caused the Hopi over time to become increasingly intolerant towards their occupiers.[15] The documentary record shows evidence of Spanish abuses. In 1655, a Franciscan priest by the name of Salvador de Guerra beat to death a Hopi man named Juan Cuna. As punishment, Guerra was removed from his post on the Hopi mesas and sent to Mexico City.[16] In 1656, a young Hopi man by the name of Juan Suñi was sent to Santa Fe as an indentured servant because he impersonated the resident priest Alonso de Posada at Awatovi, an act believed to have been carried out in the spirit of Hopi clowning.[17] During the period of Franciscan missionary presence (1629-1680), the only significant conversions took place at the pueblo of Awatovi.[14] In the 1670s, the Rio Grande Pueblo Indians put forward the suggestion to revolt in 1680 and garnered Hopi support.[15]
The Pueblo Revolt was the first time that diverse Pueblo groups had worked in unison to drive out the Spanish colonists. In the Burning of Awatovi, Spanish soldiers, local Catholic Church missionaries, friars, and priests were all put to death, and the churches and mission buildings were dismantled stone by stone. It took two decades for the Spanish to reassert their control over the Rio Grande Pueblos but the Catholic Inquisition never made it back to Hopiland. In 1700, the Spanish friars had begun rebuilding a smaller church at Awatovi. During the winter of 1700–01, teams of men from the other Hopi villages sacked Awatovi at the request of the village chief, killed all the men of the village, and removed the women and children to other Hopi villages, then completely destroyed the village and burned it to the ground. Thereafter, despite intermittent attempts during the 18th century, the Spanish never re-established a presence in Hopi country.[14]
Hopi-U.S. relations, 1849–1946
In 1849,
The US established Fort Defiance in 1851 in Arizona, and placed troops in Navajo country to deal with their threats to the Hopi. General James J. Carleton, with the assistance of Kit Carson, was assigned to travel through the area. They "captured" the Navajo natives and forced them to the fort. As a result of the Long Walk of the Navajo, the Hopi enjoyed a short period of peace.[18]
In 1847,
Education
In 1875, the English trader Thomas Keam escorted Hopi leaders to meet President
The Oraibi people did not support the school and refused to send their children 35 miles (56 km) from their villages. The Keams Canyon School was organized to teach the Hopi youth the ways of European-American civilization. It forced them to use English and give up their traditional ways.
Hopi land
Agriculture is an important part of Hopi culture, and their villages are spread out across the northern part of Arizona. The Hopi and the Navajo did not have a conception of land being bounded and divided. The Hopi people had settled in permanent villages, while the nomadic Navajo people moved around the four corners. Both lived on the land that their ancestors did. On December 16, 1882,
The
The Hopi and the Navajo fought over land, and they had different models of sustainability, as the Navajo were sheepherders. Eventually the Hopi went before the Senate Committee of Interior and Insular Affairs to ask them to help provide a solution to the dispute. The tribes argued over approximately 1,800,000 acres (7,300 km2) of land in northern Arizona.
Oraibi split
The chief of the Oraibi, Lololoma, enthusiastically supported Hopi education, but his people were divided on this issue.[24] Most of the village was conservative and refused to allow their children to attend school. These natives were referred to as "hostiles" because they opposed the American government and its attempts to force assimilation. The rest of the Oraibi were called "friendlies" because of their acceptance of white people and culture. The "hostiles" refused to let their children attend school. In 1893, the Oraibi Day School was opened in the Oraibi village. Although the school was in the village, traditional parents still refused to allow their children to attend. Frustrated with this, the US Government often resorted to intimidation and force in the form of imprisonment as a means of punishment.
In November 1894, Captain Frank Robinson and a group of soldiers were dispatched to enter the village and arrested 18 of the Hopi resisters. Among those arrested were Habema (Heevi'ima) and Lomahongyoma. In the following days, they realized they had not captured all Hopi resisters and Sergeant Henry Henser was sent back to capture Potopa, a Hopi medicine man, known as "one of the most dangerous of resisters".
Federal recognition
At the dawn of the 20th century, the U.S. government established day schools, missions, farming bureaus, and clinics on every Indian reservation. This policy required that every reservation set up its own police force and tribal courts and appointed a leader who would represent their tribe to the U.S. government. In 1910 in the Census for Indians, the Hopi Tribe had a total of 2,000 members, which was the highest in 20 years. The
Under the
From the 1940s to the 1970s, the Navajo moved their settlements closer to Hopi land, causing the Hopi to raise the issue with the U.S. government. This resulted in the establishment of "District 6" which placed a boundary around the Hopi villages on the first, second, and third mesas, thinning the reservation to 501,501 acres (2,029.50 km2).[18] In 1962 the courts issued the "Opinion, Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law and Judgment," which stated that the U.S. government did not grant the Navajo any type of permission to reside on the Hopi Reservation that was declared in 1882; and that the remaining Hopi land was to be shared with the Navajo, as the Navajo–Hopi Joint Use Area.[27]
From 1961 to 1964, the Hopi tribal council signed leases with the U.S. government that allowed companies to explore and drill for oil, gas, and minerals in Hopi country. This drilling brought over three million dollars to the Hopi Tribe.[28] In 1974, The Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act was passed,(Public Law 93–531; 25 U.S.C. 640d et seq.), followed by the Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute Settlement Act of 1996, settling some issues not resolved in 1974.[29] The 1974 Act created the Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation, which forced the relocation of any Hopi or Navajo living on the other's land. In 1992, the Hopi Reservation was increased to 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km2).[27]
Today's[when?] Hopi Reservation is traversed by Arizona State Route 264, a paved road that links the numerous Hopi villages.
Tribal government
On October 24, 1936, the Hopi Tribe of Arizona ratified a constitution. That constitution created a unicameral government where all powers are vested in a Tribal Council. While there is an executive branch (tribal chairman and vice chairman) and judicial branch, their powers are limited under the Hopi Constitution. The traditional powers and authority of the Hopi villages was preserved in the 1936 constitution.[13]
The Hopi tribe is federally recognized and headquartered in
Tribal officers
The current tribal officers are:[30]
- Chairman: Timothy L. Nuvangyaoma
- Vice Chairman: Clark W. Tenakhongva
- Tribal Secretary: Theresa Lomakema
- Treasurer: Wilfred Gaseoma
- Sergeant-at-Arms: Alfonso Sakeva
Tribal council
Representatives to the council are selected either by a community election or by an appointment from the village kikmongwi, or leader. Each representative serves a two-year term. Representation on the Tribal Council as of December 2017 is as follows:[30]
Village of Upper Moenkopi: Hubert Lewis Sr., Michael Elmer, Robert Charley, Philton Talahytewa Sr.
Village of Bacavi: Dwayne Secakuku, Clifford Quotsaquahu
Village of Kykotsmovi: David Talayumptewa, Phillip Quochytewa Sr., Danny Honanie, Herman G. Honanie
Village of Sipaulavi: Rosa Honanie,
Village of Mishongnovi: Emma Anderson, Craig Andrews, Pansy K. Edmo, Rolanda Yoyletsdewa
First Mesa Consolidated Villages: Albert T. Sinquah, Ivan Sidney Sr., Wallace Youvella Jr., Dale Sinquah
Currently, the villages of Shungopavi, Oraibi, Hotevilla, and Lower Moenkopi do not have a representative on council.[30] The Hopi Villages select council representatives, and may decline to send any representative. The declination has been approved by the Hopi Courts.[31]
Tribal courts
The Hopi Tribal Government operates a Trial Court and Appellate Court in Keams Canyon. These courts operate under a Tribal Code, amended August 28, 2012.[32]
Economic development
The Hopi tribe earns most of its income from natural resources. The tribe's 2010 operating budget was $21.8 million, and projected mining revenues for 2010 were $12.8 million.
The Hopi Tribe Economic Development Corporation (HTEDC) is the tribal enterprise charged with creating diverse, viable economic opportunities.[36] The HEDC oversees the Hopi Cultural Center and Walpi Housing Management. Other HTEDC businesses include the Hopi Three Canyon Ranches, between Flagstaff and Winslow and the 26 Bar Ranch in Eagar; Hopi Travel Plaza in Holbrook; three commercial properties in Flagstaff; and the Days Inn Kokopelli in Sedona.[37]
Tourism is a source of income. The Moenkopi Developers Corporation, a non-profit entity owned by the Upper village of Moenkopi, opened the 100-room Moenkopi Legacy Inn and Suites in Moenkopi, Arizona, near Tuba City, Arizona.[38] It is the second hotel on the reservation. It provides non-Hopi a venue for entertainment, lectures, and educational demonstrations, as well as tours and lodging. The project is expected to support 400 jobs.[39] The village also operates the Tuvvi Travel Center in Moenkopi.[40] The Tribally owned and operated Hopi Cultural Center on Second Mesa includes gift shops, museums, a hotel, and a restaurant that serves Hopi dishes.[41]
The Hopi people have repeatedly voted against gambling casinos as an economic opportunity.[42]
On November 30, 2017, in his last day as Chairman of the Hopi Tribe, Herman G. Honanie and Governor Doug Ducey signed the Hopi Tribe-State of Arizona Tribal Gaming Compact, a year after the Tribe approved entering into a compact with the State of Arizona. The historic agreement, which gives the Hopi Tribe the opportunity to operate or lease up to 900 Class III gaming machines, makes Hopi the 22nd and last Arizona tribe to sign a gaming compact with the State.[43]
Culture
The Hopi Dictionary gives the primary meaning of the word "Hopi" as: "behaving one, one who is mannered, civilized, peaceable, polite, who adheres to the Hopi Way".
According to Barry Pritzker, "...many Hopi feel an intimate and immediate connection with their past. Indeed, for many Hopi, time does not proceed in a straight line, as most people understand it. Rather, the past may be past and present more or less simultaneously.". In the present Fourth World, the Hopi worship Masauwu, who admonished them to "always remember their gods and to live in the correct way". The village leader, kikmongwi, "promoted civic virtue and proper behavior".[46]
Traditionally, Hopi are organized into
The Hopi practice a complete cycle of traditional ceremonies although not all villages retain or had the complete ceremonial cycle. These ceremonies take place according to the lunar calendar and are observed in each of the Hopi villages. Like other Native American groups, the Hopi have been influenced by Christianity and the missionary work of several Christian denominations. Few have converted enough to Christianity to drop their traditional religious practices.
The most widely publicized of Hopi katsina rites is the "Snake Dance", an annual event during which the performers danced while handling live snakes.[47]
Traditionally the Hopi are micro or subsistence farmers. The Hopi also are part of the wider cash economy; a significant number of Hopi have mainstream jobs; others earn a living by creating Hopi art, notably the carving of katsina dolls, the crafting of earthenware ceramics, and the design and production of fine jewelry, especially sterling silver.
The Hopi collect and dry a native perennial plant called Thelesperma megapotamicum, known by the common name Hopi tea, and use it to make an herbal tea, as a medicinal remedy and a yellow dye.[48]
Albinism
The Hopi have a high rate of albinism. Primarily in Second Mesa and west villages towards Hotevilla—about 1 in 200 individuals.[49]
Notable Hopi people
- Thomas Banyacya (ca. 1909–1999), interpreter and spokesman for traditional Hopi leaders
- Neil David Sr. (born 1944), painter, illustrator, and katsina figure carver
- Dan Evehema (born circa 1893–1999), traditional Hopi leader and author
- Jean Fredericks (1906–1990), Hopi photographer and former Tribal Council chairman[50][51]
- Iva Honyestewa, basket maker, food activist, educator
- Diane Humetewa (born 1964), Appointed by President Obama to be a U.S. District Court Judge
- Fred Kabotie (circa 1900–1986), painter and silversmith
- Michael Kabotie (1942–2009), painter, sculptor, and silversmith
- Charles Loloma (1912–1991), jeweler, ceramic artist, and educator
- Linda Lomahaftewa, (Hopi/Choctaw, born 1947) printmaker, painter, and educator
- David Monongye (birth date unknown), Hopi traditional leader; Son of Yukiuma, keeper of the Fire Clan Tablets
- Helen Naha (1922–1993) potter
- Tyra Naha, potter
- Dan Namingha (Hopi-Tewa, born 1950), painter and sculptor
- Elva Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa), potter
- Fannie Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa), potter
- Iris Nampeyo (Nampeyo, (Hopi-Tewa), circa 1860–1942), potter
- Lori Piestewa (1979–2003), US Army Quartermaster Corps soldier killed in Iraq War
- Dextra Quotskuyva (born 1928), potter
- Emory Sekaquaptewa (1928–2007), Hopi leader, linguist, lexicon maker, commissioned officer of US Army (West Point graduate), jeweler, silversmith
- Phillip Sekaquaptewa (born 1956), jeweler, silversmith (nephew of Emory)
- Don C. Talayesva (ca. 1891–1985), autobiographer and traditionalist
- Lewis Tewanima (1888–1969), Olympic distance runner and silver medalist
- Chief Tuba) (circa 1810–1887), first Hopi convert to Mormonism after whom Tuba City, Arizona, was named
- Jacob Koopee Jr. (Hopi-Tewa, 1970 – 2011), American Hopi/Tewa potter and artist
Gallery
-
Hopi Women's Dance, 1879,John K. Hillers
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Dancer's Rock, 1879,John K. Hillers
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Traditional Hopi village ofWalpi, 1941, photo by Ansel Adams
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Traditional Hopi homes, c. 1906, photo by Edward S. Curtis
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Hopi Basket Weaver c. 1900, photo by Henry Peabody
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Hopi Basket Weaver
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Hopi girl, photo by Edward S. Curtis
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Iris Nampeyo, world-famous Hopi ceramist, with her work, c. 1900, photo by Henry Peabody
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Hopi girl at Walpi, c. 1900, with squash blossom hairstyle indicative of her eligibility for courtship, the squash flower being a symbol of fertility.[52]
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Four young Hopi women grinding grain, c. 1906, photo by Edward S. Curtis
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Hopi woman dressing hair of unmarried girl, c. 1900, photo by Henry Peabody
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Hopi girl, 1922, photo by Edward S. Curtis
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Hopi woman, 1922, photo by Edward S. Curtis
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Hopi girls, 1922, photo by Edward S. Curtis
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Children with chopper bicycle, Hopi Reservation, 1970
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Hopi dancers in 2017
-
Hopi Indian man weaving a blanket, ca.1900
See also
- Black Mesa Peabody Coal controversy
- Hopi katsina figures
- Hopi language
- Hopi mythology
- Hopi Reservation
- Katsina
- Kiva
- Kikmongwi
- Oraibi
- Pueblo peoples
- Sikyátki
References
- ^ a b Bureau, U. S. Census. "American FactFinder - Results". factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved July 23, 2019.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c Newland, Bryan (January 2, 2023). "Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs". Federal Register (88 FR 2112): 2112–16.
- ^ ISBN 0-8165-1789-4
- ^ a b Connelly, John C., "Hopi Social Organization." In Alfonso Ortiz, vol. ed., Southwest, vol. 9, in William C. Sturtevant, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979: 539–53, p. 551
- ^ "Hopi-Tewa | Land Acknowledgment Toolkit". NMAHC. Retrieved 2024-04-19.
- S2CID 161329464.
- ^ "Ancestral Pueblo culture." Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ^ Fewkes, Jesse Walter (1900), Tusayan Migration Traditions, 19th Annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 580–1
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Whiteley, Peter M. Deliberate Acts, Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, 1988: 14–86.
- ^ "Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement".
- ^ "NAVAJO - HOPI Land Dispute, history, maps, links". www.kstrom.net. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
- ^ "The Navajo-Hopi Land Issue: A Chronology". Archived from the original on 2008-05-30.
- ^ a b Justin B. Richland, Arguing With Tradition, (University of Chicago Press, 2004) 35.
- ^ a b c d e Brew, J.O. "Hopi Prehistory and History to 1850." In Alonso Ortiz, vol. ed., Southwest, vol. 9, in William C. Sturtevant, gnl. ed., Handbook of North American Indians, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979: 514–523.
- ^ a b c d Clemmer, Richard O. Roads in the Sky, Boulder, Colorado.: Westview Press, Inc., 1995: 30–90.
- ^ Scholes, France V. Troublous Times in New Mexico, 1659-1670. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1942. 1942
- ^ Daughters, Anton. "A Seventeenth-Century Instance of Hopi Clowning?" Kiva 74:4 (Summer 2009) 2009
- ^ a b c d e f Dockstader, Frederick J. "Hopi History, 1850–1940." In Alonso Ortiz, vol. ed., Southwest, vol. 9, in William C. Sturtevant, gnl. ed., Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979: 524–532.
- ISBN 978-0-7643-3808-3
- ^ Adams, David Wallace. "Schooling the Hopi: Federal Indian Policy Writ Small, 1887–1917", The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 48, No. 3. University of California Press, (1979): 335–356.
- ^ a b Johansson, S. Ryan., and Preston, S.H. "Tribal Demography: The Hopi and Navaho Populations as Seen through Manuscripts from the 1900 U.S. Census", Social Science History, Vol. 3, No. 1. Duke University Press, (1978): 1–33.
- ^ United States Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute: Hearing before the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 1974, Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, (1974): 1–3.
- ^ a b Hopi Education Endowment Fund Archived 2009-10-11 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed: November 13, 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-300-19103-5.
- ^ ISBN 9780803216266.
- ^ "Constitution of the Hopi Tribe" Archived 2021-04-14 at the Wayback Machine, National Tribal Justice Resource Center's Tribal Codes and Constitutions. November 28, 2009.
- ^ a b "Navajo-Hopi Joint Use Area". Hopi Cultural Preservation Office. November 12, 2009. Archived from the original on December 1, 2019. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
- OCLC 26140053.
- ^ "Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute Settlement Act of 1996, PUBLIC LAW 104–301" (PDF). October 11, 1996. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
- ^ a b c "Tribal Government". The Hopi Tribe.
- ^ In The Matter of Village Authority To Remove Tribal Council Representatives, Hopi Appellate Court, Appellate Court Case No. 2008-AP 0001
- ^ "Hopi Code" (PDF). The Hopi Tribe. 28 August 2012.
- ^ Berry, Carol (13 January 2010). "Hopi Tribal Council's new structure irks some critics". Indiancountrytoday.com.
- ^ Berry, Carol (14 January 2009). "Coal permit expansion approved as Hopi chairman resigns". Indiancountrytoday.com.
- ^ Sevigny, Melissa (16 January 2023). "Grassroots efforts bring firewood to Hopi people". NPR. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ Hopi Tribe Economic Development Corporation
- ^ May, Tina (6 January 2010). "Hopi Economic Development Corp. Transition Team Off to a Fast Start". Hopi-nsn.gov. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ "New Hopi Hotel near Tuba City is Now Open!". Experiencehopi.com. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ Fonseca, Felicia (9 December 2009). "Hopi hotel showcases Arizona tribe's culture". Indiancountrytoday.com.
- ^ "Tuvvi Travel Center". Experiencehopi.com. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ "Hopi Cultural Center". Hopi Cultural Center. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
- ^ Helms, Kathy (20 May 2004). "Hopi again vote down gambling". Gallup Independent. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ "Hopi tribe last in the state to sign gaming compact". azcentral. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
- ^ Smith, L. Michael (2000). "Hopi: The Real Thing". Ausbcomp.com. Archived from the original on 2019-05-01.
- ^ Malotki, Ekkehart (1991), "Language as a key to cultural understanding: New interpretations of Central Hopi concepts", Baessler-Archiv, 39: 43–75
- ISBN 9781604137989.
- ^ "Hopi people". Encyclopedia Britannica. 28 March 2008.
- ^ "Medicinal Plants of the Southwest Thelesperma megapotamicum". New Mexico State University. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
- PMID 12740958.
- ISBN 978-0-8165-0809-9.
- ISBN 978-0-395-66921-1
- ISBN 9781071858271. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- Adams, David Wallace. "Schooling the Hopi: Federal Indian Policy Writ Small, 1887–1917." The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 48, No. 3. University of California Press, (1979): 335–356.
- Brew, J.O. "Hopi Prehistory and History to 1850." In Alonso Ortiz, vol. ed., Southwest, vol. 9, in William C. Sturtevant, gnl. ed., Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979: 514–523.
- Clemmer, Richard O. "Hopi History, 1940–1974." In Alonso Ortiz, vol. ed., Southwest, vol. 9, in William C. Sturtevant, gnl. ed., Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979: 533–538.
- Clemmer, Richard O. "Roads in the Sky." Boulder, Colorado.: Westview Press, Inc., 1995: 30–90.
- "Constitution of the Hopi Tribe. National Tribal Justice Resource Center's Tribal Codes and Constitutions". Tribalresourcecenter.org. November 13, 2009. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2009.
- Dockstader, Frederick J. "Hopi History, 1850–1940." In Alonso Ortiz, vol. ed., Southwest, vol. 9, in William C. Sturtevant, gnl. ed., Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979: 524–532.
- "Hopi Cultural Preservation Office". Northern Arizona University. November 12, 2009. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
- "Partners". Hopi Education Endowment Fund. November 13, 2009. Archived from the original on October 11, 2009.
- Johansson, S. Ryan., and Preston, S.H. "Tribal Demography: The Hopi and Navaho Populations as Seen through Manuscripts from the 1900 U.S. Census." Social Science History, Vol. 3, No. 1. Duke University Press, (1978): 1–33.
- Pecina, Ron and Pecina, Bob. Neil David's Hopi World. Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 2011. ISBN 978-0-7643-3808-3. 86-89
- U.S. Department of State, Navajo–Hopi Land Dispute: Hearing before the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 1974. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, (1974): 1–3.
- Whiteley, Peter M. "Deliberate Acts." Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press, 1988.: 14–86.
Further reading
- Clemmer, Richard O. "Roads in the Sky: The Hopi Indians In A Century of Change". Boulder: Westview Press, 1995.
- Harold Courlander, "Fourth World of the Hopi" University of New Mexico Press, 1987
- "Voice of Indigenous People – Native People Address the United Nations" Edited by Alexander Ewen, Clear Light Publishers, Santa Fe NM, 1994, 176 pages. Thomas Banyacya et al. at the United Nations
- Glenn, Edna; Wunder, John R.; Rollings, Willard Hughes; et al., eds. (2008). Hopi Nation: Essays on Indigenous Art, Culture, History, and Law (Ebook ed.). digitalcommons.unl.edu.
- Harry James, Pages from Hopi History University of Arizona Press, 1974
- Laird, W. David (1977). Hopi Bibliography: Comprehensive and Annotated. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0816506337.
- Susanne and Jake Page, Hopi, Abradale Press, Harry N. Abrams, 1994, illustrated oversize hardcover, 230 pages, ISBN 0-8109-1082-9
- Secakuku, Alph H. (1995). Hopi Kachina Tradition: Following the Sun and Moon. Flagstaff: Northland Publishing. ISBN 978-0873586443.
- Alfonso Ortiz, ed. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 9, Southwest. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1979. ISBN 0-16-004577-0.
- New York Times article, "Reggae Rhythms Speak to an Insular Tribe" by Bruce Weber, September 19, 1999
- Pecina, Ron and Pecina, Bob. Neil David's Hopi World. Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 2011. ISBN 978-0-7643-3808-3
- Frank Waters, The Book of the Hopi. ISBN 0-14-004527-9
- Frank Waters, Masked Gods:Navaho & Pueblo Ceremonialism, ISBN 0-8040-0641-5
- James F. Brooks, Mesa of Sorrows: A History of the Awat'ovi Massacre, ISBN 9780393061253
External links
- Official website
- A Summary of Hopi Native American History Archived 2021-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
- Four Corners Postcard: General information on Hopi Archived 2019-05-01 at the Wayback Machine, by LM Smith
- The Unwritten Literature of the Hopi, by Hattie Greene Lockett at Project Gutenberg
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Hopi Indians". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Frank Waters Foundation Archived 2019-03-12 at the Wayback Machine
- Sikyatki (ancestral Hopi) pottery
- Hopi Cultural Preservation Office
- Hopi movie "Techqua Ikachi" part 1 and Hopi movie "Techqua Ikachi" part 2 on YouTube