Gigarcanum

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(Redirected from
Hoplodactylus delcourti
)

Gigarcanum
Model in
Lille Natural History Museum

Extinct (19th century)  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Family: Diplodactylidae
Genus: †Gigarcanum
Heinicke, et al, 2023
Species:
†G. delcourti
Binomial name
†Gigarcanum delcourti
(Bauer & Russell, 1986)
Synonyms
  • Hoplodactylus delcourti Bauer & Russell, 1986

Gigarcanum delcourti, formerly Hoplodactylus delcourti, is an extinct

snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 37 cm (14.6 in) and an overall length (including tail) of at least 60 cm (23.6 in).[2] It is only known from a single taxidermied specimen collected in the 19th century that was rediscovered unlabelled in a museum in France. The origin of the specimen was undocumented.[1] While originally suggested to have been from New Zealand and the kawekaweau of Māori oral tradition,[3][4][5] DNA evidence from the specimen suggests that it originates from New Caledonia.[6]

History

According to the report of Major W. G. Mair in 1873, in 1870, a Māori chief said that he had killed a kawekaweau he found under the bark of a dead rata tree in the Waimana Valley in Te Urewera on the North Island of New Zealand. This is the only documented report of anyone ever seeing a kawekaweau alive. Mair reported the chiefs description of the animal as being "two feet long and as thick as a man’s wrist; colour brown, striped longitudinally with dull red".[7]

A single stuffed specimen was "discovered" in the basement of the Natural History Museum of Marseille in 1986; the origins and date of collection of the specimen remain a mystery, as it was unlabelled when it was found.[7] It has been present in the collection of the museum since at least the 1870s, and likely since the 1830s based on its unusual preservation style of being eviscerated, dried and mounted, rather than being kept in spirits as is more common for preserved specimens. The specimen is missing the internal organs and most of the axial skeleton, but retains the skull and appendicular skeleton.[6] It was described as the new species Hoplodactylus delcourti. Initially, scientists examining the specimen suggested that it was from New Zealand and was in fact the lost kawekaweau, a giant and mysterious forest lizard of Maori oral tradition.[7]

Attempts to extract DNA from the sole specimen in 1994 were unsuccessful.[8] Trevor Worthy suggested in 2016 that the specimen originated on an island of New Caledonia rather than New Zealand, due to a lack of fossil evidence for the lizard in New Zealand caves, despite abundant remains of all other known species of New Zealand gecko.[5] It was omitted from the Conservation Status of New Zealand Reptiles, 2021 on the basis that it was likely to be from New Caledonia.[9] This was confirmed by the successful sequencing of the specimen's mitochondrial DNA in 2023, which found that it was nested within the New Caledonian species of Diplodactylidae rather than the New Zealand species, and distinctive enough to warrant being placement in the new genus Gigarcanum.[6] In the DNA analysis, the relationships of New Caledonian geckos were poorly resolved, but Gigarcanum was usually found to most closely related to the New Caledonia genera Eurydactylodes, Mniarogekko and/or Rhacodactylus.[6]

The specific epithet delcourti is taken from the surname of French museum worker Alain Delcourt, who discovered the forgotten specimen in the Marseille museum.[10] According to the authors, the genus name Gigarcanum derives from "a combination of two words: the Latin adjective gigas, meaning giant and taken from the Ancient Greek Γίγᾱς, and the Latin noun arcanum, meaning secret or mystery. The combination refers to the size of the type species and the unknown provenance of the only known specimen".[6]

Description

Size comparison of the holotype (top) with Rhacodactylus leachianus

Gigarcanum delcourti is 50% longer and was likely several times heavier than the largest living gecko, the also New Caledonian

snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 37 cm (14.6 in) and an overall length (including tail) of at least 60 cm (23.6 in).[2] The body is robust, and the tail is tapering, cylindrical and weakly annulated. The skull is large, and makes up about 20% of the SVL. The digits bear claws, and are weakly-moderately webbed. The digit pads are rectangular and broad.[6] The body colour is yellowish-brown, with dark reddish-brown stripes running along the length of the upper body.[7]

Ecology

Based on comparison with its living relatives, it was probably a

viviparous is uncertain.[6]

Extinction

Gigarcanum delcourti was likely extinct or extremely rare by the time of the colonisation of New Caledonia in the mid 19th century, due to the absence of any other records of the species.[6]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T10254A120158840.en
    .
  2. ^
    OCLC 937349394
    .
  3. doi:10.1080/03014223.1997.9517528
    .
  4. ^ Tennyson, Alan J.D. (2010). "The origin and history of New Zealand's terrestrial vertebrates" (PDF). New Zealand Ecological Society. 34 (1): 6–27.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-3-319-41672-4
    .
  6. ^
    PMID 37336900
    .
  7. ^
    doi:10.1080/03014223.1986.10422655. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2013-04-20.
  8. OCLC 852788348
    .
  9. ^ Hitchmough, Rod; Barr, Ben; Knox, Carey; Lettink, Marieke; Monks, Joanne M.; Patterson, Geoff B.; Reardon, James T.; van Winkel, Dylan; Rolfe, Jeremy; Michel, Pascale (2021). Conservation Status of New Zealand Reptiles, 2021 (PDF). New Zealand Threat Classification Series. Vol. 35. Department of Conservation. pp. 3–6. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  10. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5
    .
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