Hor
Hor Awibre | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Hor, Awibre, Auibre | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ka statue of the pharaoh Awibre Hor, on display at the Egyptian Museum, Cairo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pharaoh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reign | 2 years, 1777-1775 BC (Ryholt), a few months (Baker), 7 months c. 1760 BC (Verner), c. 1732 BC (Schneider) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Predecessor | Renseneb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Successor | Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Consort | Nubhetepti I[1][2] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Children | Nubhetepti-khered, possibly Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw and Djedkheperew | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Died | (40s yrs) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Burial | shaft tomb at Dahshur | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dynasty | 13th Dynasty |
Hor Awibre (also known as Hor I) was an Egyptian
Attestations
Hor remained unattested until the discovery in 1894 of his nearly intact tomb in
Dahshur, Tomb and Burial Goods
At Dahshur, the Shaft-tomb of Hor is located inside the Pyramid Complex of Amenemhat III, reusing and expanding a shaft-tomb originally made for a member of the royal court of Amenemhat III. Burial goods include a canopic chest,[3] canopic jars,[4] gold-leaf,[5] and a ka-statuette.[6][7]
Tanis/Memphis, Architrave
At Tanis (Nile Delta region), in a secondary context, a granite architrave with the cartouches of Hor and Sekhemre Khutawy Khabaw was found. The architrave probably originated in Memphis and came to the Delta region during the Hyksos period.[1] Based on this evidence, the egyptologist Kim Ryholt proposed that Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw was a son and coregent of Hor Awibre.[2] Present location of this architrave is unknown.
Plaque, Berlin 7670
Of Unknown Provenance, a plaque has been found.[8]
Lisht, plaque
At Lisht, a plaque with his name was found at the Pyramid of Amenemhat I. There were found several faience plaques with 13th Dynasty king's names.[9]
Jar Lid, LACMA M.80.203.226
Of Unknown Provenance, a jar lid with partial name of the 13th Dynasty King Hor I.[10][11]
Non-Contemporary Attestation
The
Reign
According to Ryholt and Darrell Baker, Hor Awibre was the fifteenth ruler of the 13th Dynasty.[1][2] Alternatively, Detlef Franke and Jürgen von Beckerath see him as the fourteenth king of the dynasty.[14][15][16][17] No evidence has been found that relate Hor to his predecessor on the throne, Renseneb, which led Ryholt and Baker to propose that he was an usurper.
Hor Awibre's reign length is partially lost to a lacuna of the Turin canon and is consequently unknown. According to the latest reading of the Turin canon by Ryholt, the surviving traces indicate the number of days as "[... and] 7 days".[2] In the previous authoritative reading of the canon by Alan Gardiner, which dates to the 1950s, this was read as "[...] 7 months".[18] This led scholars such as Miroslav Verner and Darrell Baker to believe that Hor's reign was ephemeral, while Ryholt's reading leaves a longer reign possible and indeed Ryholt credits Hor with 2 years of reign.[1][2] In any case, Hor most likely reigned only for a short time, in particular not long enough to prepare a pyramid, which was still the common burial place for kings of the early 13th dynasty. Regardless of the duration of his reign, Hor was seemingly succeeded by his two sons Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw and Djedkheperew.
Tomb
Hor is mainly known from his nearly intact tomb, discovered in 1894 by Jacques de Morgan working in collaboration with
Although the tomb had been pillaged in antiquity, it still contained a
The tomb also contained the partly gilded rotten wooden coffin of the king. The king's wooden funerary mask, its eyes of stones set in bronze,[19] had been stripped of its gold gilding but still held the king's skull. Hor's canopic box was also found complete with its canopic vessels. The mummy of the king had been ransacked for his jewelry and only Hor's skeleton was left in his coffin. and a golden-leaf dagger and numerous pottery.
Next to the burial of Hor was found the totally undisturbed tomb of the 'king's daughter' Nubhetepti-khered. She was likely a daughter of Hor[21] or otherwise a daughter of Amenemhat III.[20]
Theories
Some Egyptologists speculate his reign was from c. 1777 BC until 1775 BC[2] or for a few months, c. 1760 BC or c. 1732 BC,[22]
References
- ^ ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 112-113-114
- ^ a b c d e f K.S.B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, excerpts available online.
- ^ Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE 51266
- ^ Cairo, Egyptian Museum CG 4019-4022
- ^ Copenhagen, National Museum 4220
- ^ Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE-/CG 1163
- ^ Ryholt 1997:339-340 File 13/15
- ^ Berlin 7670
- ISBN 9781588396044, p. 59, pl. 93
- ^ Los Angeles Country Museum of Art, LACMA M.80.203.226
- ^ "Jar Lid with Partial Name of the 13th Dynasty King Hor I | LACMA Collections". collections.lacma.org. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
- ^ Lundström, Peter. "Turin king list: Column 7". Pharaoh.se. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
- ISBN 0-900416-48-3.
- ^ Thomas Schneider: Ancient Egyptian Chronology - Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, And David a. Warburton, available online, see p. 176
- ^ Detlef Franke: Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches (12.-18. Dynastie) Teil 1 : Die 12. Dynastie, in Orientalia 57 (1988)
- ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten, Glückstadt, 1964
- ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägyptens, Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 46. Mainz am Rhein, 1997
- ISBN 0-900416-48-3)
- ^ a b c d e Jacques de Morgan: Fouilles a Dahchour, mars-juin, 1894, Vienna, 1895. Available online.
- ^ ISBN 0-8021-3935-3
- ISBN 0-500-05128-3
- ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen