Horses in World War II
Horses in World War II were used by the belligerent nations, for transportation of troops,
(3.5 million) together employed more than six million horses.Most British regular cavalry regiments were mechanised between 1928 and the outbreak of
Horse-drawn transportation was most important for Germany, as it was relatively lacking in automotive industry[
The Red Army was substantially motorized from 1939 to 1941 but lost most of its war equipment in
Motorization in the interwar period
The
Another factor prompting motorization was the decline of national horse stocks and the inability to restore them in reasonable time.[3] Of all the major powers, only the United Kingdom, weakened by the loss of Ireland, was, in part, compelled to motorize for this reason; horse stocks in Germany, the United States and the Soviet Union remained sufficient for at least their peacetime armies.[3] In 1928, the United Kingdom became the first nation to begin replacing horse cavalry with motorized troops[4] and by 1939 had become the first to motorize their national army, although some Yeomanry regiments plus regular cavalry units serving overseas remained mounted.[5] British experimental armored units had performed impressively since 1926,[6] but, facing resistance from the traditional branches of service, remained unpopular among senior officers until the Battle of France.[7]
The French Army partially motorized their cavalry in 1928, creating divisions of dragons portés (mobile
German analysts rejected the French concept of mixed horse-and-motor troops as unworkable.
Motorization of the 1930s raised a number of concerns, starting with the need to secure a continuous fuel supply. The new formations had a significantly larger footprint on the march: the 1932 French motorized division took up 52 km (32 mi) of road space compared to 11.5 km (7.1 mi) for a horse-mounted formation, raising concerns about control and vulnerability.[4] The Spanish Civil War and other conflicts of the 1930s did not provide definite solutions and the issues remained unresolved until the onset of World War II. Only the German blitzkrieg achieved in the Battle of France finally persuaded the militaries of the world, including the United States, that the tank had replaced the horse on the battlefield.[16]
Horse logistics
German and Soviet armies relied heavily on work horses to pull artillery and supplies.[17] Horses seemed to be a cheap and reliable transport especially in the spring and fall mud of the Eastern Front[17] but the associated costs of daily feeding, grooming and handling horses were staggering. In theory horse units could feed off the country, but grazing on grass alone rendered horses unfit for work and the troops had no time to spend searching the villages for fodder.[18] Hard-working horses required up to twelve pounds of grain daily;[18] fodder carried by the troops made up a major portion of their supply trains.[18]
Horses needed attendants: hitching a six-horse field artillery team, for example, required six men working for at least an hour.[1] Horse health deteriorated after only ten days of even moderate load, requiring frequent refits; recuperation took months and the replacement horses, in turn, needed time to get along with their teammates and handlers.[1] Good stables around the front line were scarce; makeshift lodgings caused premature wear and disease.[1] Refit of front-line horse units consumed eight to ten days, slowing down operations.[1]
Movements over 30 kilometers (the daily horse travel limit
The United States Army, having ample reserves of fuel and trucks, opted for all-truck logistics from the onset of their military reform of 1940. As General Robert W. Grow wrote, "there was not a single horse in the American Army in Europe, there was lots of cavalry action".[23] Nevertheless, horses, mules, donkeys and even oxen remained essential in rough, remote areas of the Pacific.
Belligerent armies
France | Germany | Hungary | Italy | Japan | Poland | Romania | Soviet Union | United Kingdom | United States | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
National stock of horses | 2.9 million (1930)[24] | ... | 860,000 (1930)[24] | 942,000 (1930)[24] | ... | ... | ... | 21 million (1940)[25] | 1.2 million (1930)[24] | 14 million (1940)[3] |
Horses employed by the military | >520,000 (1939)[26] | 2.75 million[17] | 30 thousand | ... | 100,000 | 152,000 | 90,000 | 3.5 million[17] | ... | 52,000 |
Maximum number of cavalry units deployed | ... | 6 divisions (February 1945)[27] |
2 divisions (1944)[28] | ... | 25 regiments (1940)[29] | 38 regiments (1939)[30] | 6 divisions (1942)[31] | 80 light cavalry divisions (December 1941)[32] |
... | 13 regiments (1939)[33][c] |
Largest cavalry formation deployed | Corps[34] | Corps[35] | Division[28] | Division | Brigade | Brigade | Division[31] | Group ( Army equivalent)[36]
|
... | Division[33][c] |
Main role(s) of horse elements in the military | Mobile troops | Field logistics | Mobile troops | Mobile and colonial troops |
Mobile troops | Mobile troops | Mobile troops | Mobile troops, logistics |
Logistics, colonial troops |
Logistics in the Pacific Theater |
China
Cavalry provided a major element in the Chinese armies of 1937–1945. Both the National Army of the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party Army used cavalry for patrolling, reconnaissance and direct conflict as mounted infantry with the Japanese forces. Mongolian horses provided the bulk of horse-stock in Chinese armies with larger Ningxia ponies sometimes used. As late as the 1940s the Chinese People's Liberation Army included approximately 100,000 mounted soldiers, grouped in 14 cavalry divisions and considered as an elite.[37]
France
Pre-war permutations of mixed horse-and-truck divisions resulted in the 1939 Light Cavalry Division (DLC). Each DLC retained a horse brigade of 1,200 sabers.[9] At the onset of World War II France mobilized over half a million horses,[9] arguably draining the resources that should rather have been invested into true mechanized and tank formations.[9] The German offensive in May 1940 compelled the French to reconsider the effectiveness of their light cavalry and move it to what seemed to be a more appropriate ground, the Ardennes.[9] But there too they were soon crushed by the decisive German offensive.[34]
Several mounted regiments of North African
By 1945 the only French mounted troops retaining an operational role were several squadrons of Moroccan and Algerian spahis serving in North Africa and in France itself.
Germany
The German Army entered World War II with 514,000 horses,[14] and over the course of the war employed, in total, 2.75 million horses and mules;[17] the average number of horses in the Army reached 1.1 million.[27]
Logistics
Most of these horses were employed by foot infantry and horse-drawn artillery troops that formed the bulk of the German Army throughout the war.[1][5][14][39] Of 264 divisions active in November 1944, only 42 were armored or mechanized (November 1943: 52 of 322).[27] In addition to work horses each infantry division possessed a reconnaissance battalion with 216 cavalrymen[39] – the legacy of disbanded cavalry regiments.[40] They wore cavalry insignia until September 1943.[41] Over the course of the war these horse elements were reduced, and the 1945 divisions lacked horsemen altogether.[27] Reconnaissance and antitank battalions were the only mobile elements in a German infantry division.[27]
The organization of infantry troops and the mindset of their commanders were radically different from those of advance panzer forces.[39] Mechanization of the German Army substantially lagged behind the Red Army,[25] although the blitzkrieg of 1941 temporarily reversed the tables: the Germans captured tanks, trucks and tractors but were losing horses: 179,000 died in December 1941 and January 1942 alone.[1] A German soldier wrote: "A curious odor will stick to this campaign, this mixture of fire, sweat and horse corpses."[42]
A German division was supposed to be logistically self-sufficient, providing its own men, horses and equipment to haul its own supplies from an Army level railhead.[43] Soviet divisions, on the contrary, relied on the Army level transports. The supply train of a 1943 German infantry division employed 256 trucks and 2,652 horses attended by 4,047 men,[43] while other divisional configurations had up to 6,300 horses.[27] The supply train of a lean 1943 Soviet infantry division, in comparison, had only 91 trucks and 556 horses attended by 879 men.[43][d] Luftwaffe Field Divisions were designed to be lean and rely on trucks and halftracks but in real life these were substituted with horses and mules.[44] Incidentally, psychotherapist Ernst Göring, nephew of Luftwaffe chief Hermann Göring, used therapeutic horseback riding to rehabilitate wounded pilots, but in 1942 the program was shut down as too expensive.[45]
Horse logistics slowed down the German advance. The 6th Army, engaged in urban warfare in Stalingrad, was unable to feed or graze their horses and sent them to the rear.[25] When the Soviets enveloped the 6th Army in November 1942, the German troops were cut off from their horse transport and would have been unable to move their artillery had they tried to evacuate the city.[25] In an earlier envelopment, the Demyansk Pocket, 20,000 horses were trapped together with 95,000 men and airlifting fodder drained precious air transport capacity.[46] However these horses also provided food for soldiers in an environment where the "axe rebounds as a stone from a frozen horse corpse."[47]
Cavalry troops
During the war German cavalry units increased in numbers from a single brigade[27] to a larger but still limited force of six cavalry divisions and two corps HQ.[27] All regular cavalry troops served on the Eastern Front[48] and the Balkans[27] and a few Cossack battalions served on the Western Front.[49]
German and Polish mounted troops fought one of the last significant cavalry vs cavalry clashes, during the
The German Army of 1941 had a single cavalry division assigned to
The
The Germans recruited anti-Soviet
In February 1945 German and Hungarian cavalry divisions were thrown into the
Greece
Two Greek horse mounted regiments, plus one that had been partially motorized, saw service during the
Hungary
Hungary entered the war with two traditional horse-mounted cavalry brigades.
Italy
The
Japan
Japan's environment, historically, did not foster horse breeding practices,[64] thus after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 the government established a breeding bureau that imported Australian and English stallions, establishing a new local stock.[64] After World War I the Japanese Army blended the majority of its cavalry regiments into 32 existing infantry divisions to provide mounted reconnaissance battalions.[65] This wholesale integration created a perceived weakness in the Japanese order of battle which persisted into the late 1930s, although by 1938 four cavalry brigades had been set aside from the infantry for independent service in the wide Chinese hinterland.[29] Contemporary observers wrote that by 1940 these brigades were obsolete, not fitting the role of a proper shock army.[29] One Japanese cavalry unit saw active service outside China, in the Malayan campaign of 1941.[66]
The Japanese also made use of Mongolian mounted auxiliaries, recruited in Japanese-held territory, to patrol the Soviet and Mongolian borders.[66]
Mongolia
In the early stages of World War II, mounted units of the Mongolian People's Army were involved in the
Poland
The Polish Army and its tactics were influenced by the mobile
The Polish campaign of September 1939 counted fifteen significant cavalry actions.
The legendary charge of Polish cavalry against German panzers, however, was a propaganda myth influenced by the Charge at Krojanty. In this battle fought on September 1, 1939, the Polish 18th Cavalry Regiment charged and dispersed a German infantry unit.[72] Soon afterwards the Poles themselves were gunned down by German armored vehicles and retreated with heavy casualties; the aftermath of the beating was fictitiously presented as a cavalry charge against tanks.[72]
After the collapse of Poland the remains of its cavalry reemerged in France as the 10th Armoured Brigade[73] and in the United Kingdom as the 1st Armoured Division. New Polish cavalry brigades were formed in the Soviet Union for the Polish Armed Forces in the East. The last action by Polish cavalry occurred on March 1, 1945 near Schoenfeld, when the Independent Warsaw Brigade overran German anti-tank positions.[74]
Romania
The Romanian cavalry was the largest mounted force amongst German's allies.
Soviet Union
Background
Collectivization of agriculture reduced Soviet horse stocks from an estimated 34 million[18] in 1929 to 21 million in 1940.[25] Of these, 11 million were lost to advancing German armies in 1941–1942.[25] Unlike Germany, the Soviets had sufficient oil supplies but suffered from a shortage of horses throughout the war.[25] Red Army logistics, aided with domestic oil and American truck supplies, were mechanized to a greater extent than the Wehrmacht, but the Soviets employed far more combat cavalry troops than the Germans.[25] In total the Red Army employed 3.5 million horses.[17]
The
A standard Soviet 1941 rifle division of 14,483 men relied on horse logistics and had a supply train of 3,039 horses, half of the complement of the 1941 German infantry division.
Debacle of 1941
In June 1941 the
By the end of 1941 organizational problems were solved by further reducing units into "light cavalry" divisions with a strength of roughly half of a "normal" cavalry division[88] (3,447[d] men in three regiments).[32][89] Losses of tanks and trucks in the summer of 1941 made these eighty[32] divisions, combined into Cavalry Corps, "about the only mobile units left intact to the Soviets".[84] These were used to attack en masse at critical points, ideally in cooperation with tanks but rarely with foot infantry.[90] In defense, cavalry was useful in checking enemy advances at an early stage, attacking German flanks and quickly evading enemy reaction.[90]
Cavalry actions of 1941 were poorly led and executed, with high casualties; the tactics improved when cavalry divisions were reinforced with mechanized infantry units and anti-aircraft artillery.[90] These attachments, made permanent, elevated cavalry divisions to Cavalry Corps, first deployed en masse during the 1941–1942 winter offensive.[90] Again, incompetent or indifferent commanders regularly threw their cavalry against fortified targets with heavy casualties.[90] Combat losses and a severe winter reduced horse stocks to a point where 41 cavalry divisions were disbanded for the lack of horses.[91] Horse stocks did not and could not recover and the remaining cavalry divisions, even when refit, never had a full complement of horses.[36]
Consolidation
Joseph Stalin favored the idea of a reformed Cavalry Army which the military initially opposed, fearing its vulnerability to enemy tanks.[36] The concept of integrating cavalry, infantry and tank divisions (the future Tank Army) emerged as the Cavalry mechanized group (CMG) in the fall of 1942.[32][36] The 1942 CMG functioned like a true tank army, but its infantry rode on horses, not trucks.[36] The number of cavalry divisions was further reduced to match the number of CMGs (later Tank Armies) and the available horse stock, to 26 divisions by the end of 1943.[92] These divisions acquired their own light tanks and increased to 5,700 men each.[d][92] Their horse elements, although vulnerable to enemy fire, were indispensable in being able to keep pace with a tank breakthrough before the enemy could restore their defences.[92] Normally on the night before the offensive they concentrated in a jump-off area 12–15 kilometers from the front line, and charged past it together with the tanks as soon as the first wave had breached the enemy lines.[92][93]
In 1943 the Red Army gained sufficient experience and materiel to deploy numerous Tank Armies. They became the main strike weapon and cavalry was relegated to auxiliary offensive tasks requiring all-terrain mobility – usually involving encirclement and mopping up of an enemy already shattered and split by tank forces. During the
The 1944 Cavalry Corps, in turn, had up to 103 tanks and tank destroyers in addition to three Cavalry Divisions[95] that once again were made lean and light and dependent on horse alone (4,700[d] men with 76 mm field guns and no armor).[95] By the end of the war with Germany, Soviet cavalry returned to its pre-war nominal strength of seven cavalry corps, or one cavalry corps per each tank army. This made the cavalry the only military unit in the Red army to achieve 100% Guards status among all of its units. The CMGs of the period (one Tank Corps and one Cavalry Corps) were regularly weapons of choice in operations where terrain prohibited the use of fully deployed Tank Armies.[96]
The last CMG action in the war took place in August 1945 during the
United Kingdom and British Empire
Replacement of horses with armored cars in British cavalry began in 1928. Over the following eleven years all regular mounted regiments stationed in the United Kingdom, other than the Household Cavalry, were motorized,[4] and their horses sold or allocated to other units. Mechanised cavalry regiments retained their traditional titles but were grouped with the Royal Tank Regiment as part of the Royal Armoured Corps established in April 1939.[99]
British troops in the Mediterranean theatre of war continued the use of horses for transport and other support purposes. The horses used were from local as well as imported sources. As an example the Sherwood Foresters infantry regiment, relocated to Palestine in 1939, brought with them a thousand English horses.[100] Two mounted cavalry regiments were already present in this region. Lack of vehicles delayed planned motorization of these troops well into 1941.[100] In 1942 the British still employed 6,500 horses, 10,000 mules and 1,700 camels, and used local mules in Sicily and mainland Italy.[101]
Empire troops, notably the
United States
The United States economy of the interwar period quickly got rid of the obsolete horse; national horse stocks were reduced from 25 million in 1920 to 14 million in 1940.[3]
In December 1939, the
After the 1940 Louisiana Maneuvers cavalry units were gradually reformed into Armored Corps, starting with Adna R. Chaffee's 1st Armored Corps in July 1940.[112] Another novelty introduced after the maneuvers, the Bantam 4×4 car, soon became known as the jeep and replaced the horse itself.[33] Debates over the integration of armor and horse units continued through 1941[113] but the failure of these attempts "to marry horse with armor" was evident even to casual civilian observers.[114] The office of Chief of Cavalry was eliminated in March 1942, and the newly formed ground forces began mechanization of the remaining horse units.[115] The 1st Cavalry Division was reorganized as an infantry unit but retained its designation.[116]
The only significant engagement of American horsemen in World War II was the defensive action of the
In Europe, the American forces fielded only a few cavalry and supply units during the war. George S. Patton lamented their lack in North Africa and wrote that "had we possessed an American cavalry division with pack artillery in Tunisia and in Sicily, not a German would have escaped".[119]
Notes
- ^ a b Beck and von Fritsch secured resources and provided full administrative support for Guderian's panzer project[11] Guderian's own memoirs paint Beck as a backward anti-panzer general, perhaps a reaction to Beck's involvement in the plot against Hitler [12]
- ^ Mobile panzer troops did not exceed 20% of the whole German Army headcount[13]
- ^ a b Reformed into armored forces in 1940–1941.
- ^ a b c d e All numbers are nominal headcount, rarely reached even during formation in deep rear areas.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Dunn, p. 226.
- ^ Millett, p. 29
- ^ a b c d e f Gudmundsson, p. 55.
- ^ a b c Gudmundsson, p. 56.
- ^ a b Murray and Millett, p. 46.
- ^ Murray and Millett, p. 25.
- ^ Murray and Millett, pp. 26–27.
- ^ a b c d Gudmundsson, p. 58.
- ^ a b c d e Jarymowycz 2008, p. 163.
- ^ Liekis, p. 325
- ^ Murray and Millett, p. 41
- ^ Murray and Millett, p. 42.
- ^ Murray and Millett, p. 46
- ^ a b c d Jarymowycz 2008, p. 165.
- ^ Jarymowycz 2008, p. 162.
- ^ Jarymowycz 2008, p. 175.
- ^ a b c d e f Dunn, p. 225.
- ^ a b c d e f Dunn, p. 229.
- ^ Dunn, pp. 85 and 227.
- ^ a b Glantz, p. 227.
- ^ Dunn, p. 219: divisional field bakery, hospital and post office.
- ^ a b Dunn, p. 84.
- ^ As cited in Jarymowycz 2001, p. 313.
- ^ a b c d Rich, Wilson p. 653 (table 59). Note that decline in horse population due to motorization and the Great Depression continued through the 1930s.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dunn, p. 231
- ^ Jarymowycz 2008, p. 163: "France mobilized over 520,000 horses and mules in 1939".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s German horse cavalry and transport. Intelligence Bulletin, March 1946.
- ^ a b c d e f g Fowler and Chappell, p. 36
- ^ a b c Werner, p. 330.
- ^ a b c d e Jarymowycz 2008, p. 169.
- ^ a b c d Fowler and Chappell, p. 34.
- ^ a b c d Glantz 1991, p. 102
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hoffmann, p. 275.
- ^ a b Jarymowycz 2008, p. 171.
- ^ a b c Thomas 1999, p. 10.
- ^ a b c d e Dunn, p. 234.
- ISBN 1-85532-665-5.
- ISBN 9781472843845.
- ^ a b c Glantz 1987, p. 55.
- ^ The Organic Cavalry section of German horse cavalry and transport reviews the evolution of these units.
- ^ Thomas 2000, p. 35.
- ^ Fritz, p. 152.
- ^ a b c Dunn, p. 53
- ^ Ruffner, p. 11.
- ^ Cocks, p. 312.
- ^ Sydnor, p. 215.
- ^ Fritz, p. 114.
- ^ Thomas 2000, p. 6.
- ^ Thomas 2000, p. 12.
- ^ a b Thomas 1999, pp. 33–34.
- ^ Thomas 1999, p. 34.
- ^ See Mitcham, pp. 54–57, for a review of von Harteneck's action in Belorussia.
- ^ a b c Fowler and Chappell, p. 38.
- ^ a b Fowler , p. 39.
- ^ Thomas 2000, p. 11.
- ^ Fowler , p. 41.
- ^ a b Fawler and Chappell, p. 19.
- ISBN 0-85613-296-9
- ^ Jowett, Andrew p. 36
- ^ a b Jowett, Andrew p. 4.
- ^ "Uniformi e Distintivi dell'Esercito Italiano 1939–45", Paolo Marzetti p. 147
- ^ a b c Paoletti, p. 176.
- ^ Paoletti, p. 177.
- ^ a b Bryant, p. 122
- ^ Bryan, p. 162.
- ^ ISBN 1-84176-353-5.
- ^ a b c d Zaloga and Hook, p. 5.
- ^ a b Liekis, p. 132.
- ^ See also Zaloga and Hook p. 9: "90% of Polish cavalry actions in 1939 were fought on foot."
- ^ Zaloga and Hook, p. 9.
- ^ Zaloga and Hook, p. 10.
- ^ a b Zaloga and Hook pp. 8–9.
- ^ Zaloga and Hook p. 14
- ^ Zaloga, p. 27.
- ^ a b Axworthy, Şerbănescu p. 6.
- ^ a b Millett, p. 28.
- ^ Millett, p. 31.
- ^ Glantz 1987, p. 15.
- ^ Glantz 1987, p. 14.
- ^ 3,039 vs. 6,358 – Красная Армия [Krasnaya Armiya] Archived 2009-07-16 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian, 2003). AST Harvest.
- ^ a b Isaev, p. 67.
- ^ a b Glantz 1987, p. 28.
- ^ Glantz 1987, p. 29
- ^ a b c Glantz 1987, p. 20.
- ^ a b Glantz 1987, pp. 18–19.
- ^ a b Glantz 1987, p. 34.
- ^ Glantz 1987, p. 202.
- ^ Glants 1987, p. 465.
- ^ Glantz 1991, p. 105, table 39.
- ^ a b c d e Dunn, p. 233.
- ^ April–August 1942 – Dunn, p. 233.
- ^ a b c d Dunn, p. 235.
- ^ Real-life operations rarely went as smoothly as these textbook instructions suggest.
- ISBN 0-300-07813-7.
- ^ a b Glantz 1991, p. 143.
- ^ Glantz 1991, pp. 140–141.
- ^ Glantz 2003, p. 365.
- ^ Glantz 2003, pp. 202, 206.
- ^ Jarymowycz 2008, p. 166.
- ^ a b Jackson, p. 138.
- ^ "History of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps". RAVC History. Army Medical Services Museum. Archived from the original on 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2009-01-14.
- ^ Jackson, pp. 143–144 and 364.
- ISBN 0-946771-98-7. pp. 13–14.
- ^ Tucker, Spenser (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II. p. 309.
- ^ a b Hoffmann, p. 260
- ^ Millett, p. 87.
- ^ Jarymowycz 2001, p. 69.
- ^ Hoffmann, p. 262.
- ^ Murray and Millett, p. 58.
- ^ Murray and Millett, p. 57.
- ^ Jarymowycz 2001, p. 30.
- ^ Hoffmann, p. 268.
- ^ Hoffmann, p. 280.
- ^ Hoffmann, p. 281.
- ^ Hoffmann, p. 287.
- ^ Hoffmann, p. 290.
- ^ Hoffmann, p. 289.
- ^ Urwin, Gregory. (1984). The United States Cavalry, p. 186.
- ^ Waller, Anna L. (1958). "Horses and Mules and National Defense". Army Quartermaster Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
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Further reading
- Paul Louis Johnson (2006). Horses of the German Army in World War II. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7643-2421-5.
- R. L. DiNardo, Austin Bay (1988). Horse-Drawn Transport in the German Army. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 23, No. 1, 129–143 (1988). .
- Janusz Piekalkiewicz (1979). The cavalry of World War II. Orbis Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85613-022-9.
- German military regulation H.Dv. 465/1 – Fahrvorschrift (Fahrv.) Heft 1 Allgemeine Grundsätze der Fahrausbildung – 1941, ISBN 978-3734782022
- German military regulation H.Dv. 465/2 – Fahrvorschrift (Fahrv.) Heft 2 Ausbildung des Zugpferdes – 1943, ISBN 978-3732290956
- German military regulation H.Dv. 465/3 – Fahrvorschrift (Fahrv.) Heft 3 Fahren vom Bock – 1943, ISBN 978-3741265938
- German military regulation H.Dv. 465/4 – Fahrvorschrift (Fahrv.) Heft 4 Fahren vom Sattel – 1942, ISBN 978-3738607093