Horses in art

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Lascaux, Horse, c. Stone Age cave painting
National Gallery, London
.

Horses have appeared in works of art throughout history, frequently as depictions of the

Native American tradition of the American West. In the United Kingdom, depictions of fox hunting
and nostalgic rural scenes involving horses continue to be made.

Horses often appear in artworks singly, as a mount for an important person, or in teams, hitched to a variety of horse-drawn vehicles.

History

See also:
Trojan horse and Leonardo's horse

Prehistory

Bronze Statuette of a Horse, late 2nd – 1st century B.C. Metropolitan Museum of Art
Assyrian horses, Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal reliefs from Nineveh, 7th century BCE

The horse appeared in prehistoric cave paintings such as those in Lascaux,[1] estimated to be about 17,000 years old.

Prehistoric hill figures have been carved in the shape of the horse, specifically the Uffington White Horse, an example of the tradition of horse carvings upon hillsides, which having existed for thousands of years continues into the current age.[2]

The

Upper Palaeolithic Vogelherd figurines discovered in Germany, miniature sculptures made of mammoth ivory attributed to paleo-humans of the Aurignacian
culture that are among the world's oldest-known works of figurative art, include a figure of a horse.

Ancient World

Horse and saddle, Tang dynasty

The equine image was common in ancient Egyptian and Grecian art, more refined images displaying greater knowledge of equine anatomy appeared in Classical Greece and later Roman work. [3] Horse-drawn chariots were commonly depicted in ancient works, for example on the Standard of Ur circa 2500BC.

The Greeks and Romans invented the

Classical Antiquity of a monumental statue of the Quadriga
.

The horse was less prevalent in early Christian and Byzantine art, overwhelmed by the dominance of religious themes.

Renaissance and after

Tricolored horse. Luoyang Museum. Tang dynasty. 2011

The

Duke of Milan Ludovico il Moro, commissioned Leonardo da Vinci to create the largest equestrian statue in the world, a monument to the duke's father Francesco, however, Leonardo's horse
was never completed, (until it was replicated in the late 20th century).

In the Baroque era, the tradition of equine portraiture was established, with artists such as Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony van Dyck and Diego Velázquez portraying regal subjects atop their mounts. Equine sporting art also became established in this era, as the tradition of horse racing emerged under Tudor patronage.[3]

18th and 19th centuries

Eugène Delacroix, Horse Frightened by Lightning, 1825–1829, watercolour, lead white on paper, 23.6 × 32 cm, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair, 1853–1855, Metropolitan Museum of Art

George Stubbs, born in 1724, became so associated with his equestrian subjects that he was known as "the horse painter". A childhood interest in anatomy was applied to the horse. He spent eighteen months dissecting equine carcasses and had an engraver produce bookplates of his studies. These anatomical drawings aided later artists.

The mid-18th century saw the emergence of Romanticism, French artists Théodore Géricault and Eugène Delacroix were proponents of this movement and both portrayed the horse in many of their works.

Equine sporting art was popular in the 19th century, with notable artists of the period being

Impressionist painter Edgar Degas painted many early racing scenes. Degas was one of the first horse painters to use photographic references.[3] Eadweard Muybridge
's photographic studies of animal motion had a huge influence on equine art, as they allowed artists greater understanding of the horses gaits.

Rosa Bonheur became famous primarily for two chief works: Ploughing in the Nivernais (in French: Le labourage nivernais, le sombrage),[4] and, The Horse Fair (in French: Le marché aux chevaux)[5] (which was exhibited at the Salon of 1853 (finished in 1855) and is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York City. Bonheur is widely considered to have been the most famous female painter of the nineteenth century.[6]

sculptors.[7][8] He modeled his sculptures to catch movement or posture characteristic of the particular species. Isidore Bonheur achieved this most successfully with his sculptures of horses, usually depicted as relaxed rather than spirited, which are among his most renowned works.[9]

20th century

Royal Academy
in 1944. He specialised in equine subjects, including horse racing, portraiture, and studies of gypsies and rural life.

readymade. The project also involved having 50 statuettes of a jockey on a chestnut horse, which have been exposed in art galleries around the world.[10]

Subject genres

Military and war

Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo, Detail from The Procession of the Trojan Horse in Troy, (1773), inspired by Virgil's Aeneid
Uccello, The Battle of San Romano, c. 1438–1440. Egg tempera with walnut oil and linseed oil on poplar. 181.6 × 320 cm. Uffizi.

horse archers
all appearing on ancient artifacts.

In the medieval period, cavalry battles and knights on horseback were portrayed by artists including Paolo Uccello and Albrecht Dürer. Uccello's tryptic The Battle of San Romano shows various stages of a battle. Dürer's engraving of "Knight, Death and the Devil", 1513 shows a military subject combined with an allegorical theme.

Sir Alfred Munnings was appointed as a war artist during World War I; he painted both the Canadian Cavalry Brigade and the Canadian Forestry Corps stationed in France. He considered his experiences with the Canadian units to have been among the most rewarding events of his life.[11]

Elizabeth Thompson, known as Lady Butler, was famed for her military art, especially Scotland Forever featuring a dramatic charge by the Royal Scots Greys.

Horse racing

The Walters Art Museum
, Baltimore
Eadweard Muybridge's Animal Locomotion features an animated sequence of a race horse galloping, using photos published in 1887.

Thoroughbred racing was an inspiration for Romantic and Impressionist artists of the 19th century.

Degas, and Toulouse-Lautrec all acquired a lasting fascination with racing. Manet showed the excitement and action of the race and Degas concentrated more on the moments before the start. Degas was intensely interested in Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of the horse in motion included in Muybridge's Animal Locomotion, and he copied them in chalk and pencil and used them for reference in his later work.[12]

Generations of artists before Muybridge had portrayed the horse in a 'rocking horse' gallop, with the horse portrayed with both front legs extended forward, and both hind legs extended rearwards. Much more realistic representations were possible after the event of photography and Muybridge's work, but that did not necessarily lead to the impression of movement in the artwork. Luard writing in 1921 compares the running action of an animal with the run and rhythm of an air in music, but the instantaneous moment recorded by a photograph as a detached chord with little meaning or context.[13]

George Stubbs and Alfred Munnings have both left a vast body of work involving the racehorse.

In the 20th century, much of the artwork by John Skeaping involved the racing scene, including life-size bronzes of Hyperion and Brigadier Gerard and watercolours of racecourse action.

The American West

Charles Marion Russell, Buccaroos, 1902

Artwork associated with the historic

C.M. Russell who are known for their paintings of equine subjects. Remington was one of the first American artists to illustrate the true gait of the horse in motion (along with Thomas Eakins), as validated by the famous sequential photographs of Eadweard Muybridge.[14]
Remington also captured equine drama in his bronze sculptures, his first, Bronco Buster (Williams College Museum of Art), was a critical and commercial success. [15]

Modern art

A man and a horse and rider.
El Greco, Saint Martin and the Beggar, c. 1597–1600, Art Institute of Chicago
A picture of a young man outdoors, leading a horses.
Pablo Picasso, Boy Leading a Horse, 1905-06, Museum of Modern Art, New York. Picasso's Rose period masterpiece, recalls the painting of El Greco.
Several wild horses painted in blue.
Franz Marc, The Large Blue Horses, 1911, Walker Art Center

Inspired by El Greco's, Saint Martin and the Beggar, c. 1597–1600,

Impressionist painter Edgar Degas
was particularly famous for his paintings of dancers, Degas was also known for his paintings of horses and horse racing.

Hunting

Hunting scenes have been a common subject matter for equestrian painters. Specialists in fox hunting subjects include Cecil Aldin and Lionel Edwards.

Rural/working life

Lucy Kemp-Welch was well known for her depiction of wild and working horses in the landscape.

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ Lascaux caves official website.(retrieved 09/09/2011 Lascaux)
  2. ^ BBC video.Retrieved 09/09/2011
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8230-1419-4. {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help
    )
  4. ^ Galerie.roi-president.com
  5. ^ Metmuseum.org
  6. ISBN 0-13-182895-9
    , page 674.
  7. ^ Christie's New York, Isidore-Jules Bonheur
  8. ^ Isidore-Jules Bonheur, Le Grand Jockey (A Horse and Jockey), bronze, Sotheby's London, 6 June 2007
  9. ^ Joconde, Le Ministère de la culture, Portail des collections des musées de France, Bonheur Isidore Jules
  10. ISBN 978-90-420-1483-1
    .
  11. ISBN 0-660-57494-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
  12. ISBN 0-8478-1234-0
    .
  13. ISBN 0-85131-445-7
    .
  14. ISBN 0-385-14738-4
    , p. 83.
  15. ^ "Rediscover Remington at the Clark" (PDF). Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute. December 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2008.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horses in art.
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