Hospital corpsman
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Hospital corpsman | |
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Issued by | United States Navy |
Type | Enlisted rating |
Abbreviation | HM |
Specialty | Medical |
A hospital corpsman (HM /ˈkɔːrmən/ [or corpsman]) is an enlisted medical specialist of the United States Navy, who may also serve in a U.S. Marine Corps unit. The corresponding rating within the United States Coast Guard is health services technician (HS).
Overview
Hospital corpsmen work in a wide variety of capacities and locations, including shore establishments such as naval hospitals and clinics, aboard ships, and as the primary medical caregivers for sailors while underway.[1] Hospital corpsmen are frequently the only medical care-giver available in many fleet or Marine units on extended deployment.[2] In addition, hospital corpsmen perform duties as assistants in the prevention and treatment of disease and injury and assist health care professionals in providing medical care to sailors and their families.[3]
They may function as clinical or specialty technicians, medical administrative personnel and health care providers at medical treatment facilities. They also serve as battlefield corpsmen with the Marine Corps, rendering emergency medical treatment to include initial treatment in a combat environment.[4] Qualified hospital corpsmen may be assigned the responsibility of independent duty aboard ships and submarines, Fleet Marine Force, SEAL and Seabee units, and at isolated duty stations where no medical officer is available.[5]
Hospital corpsmen were previously trained at
During the Vietnam War, many of the 16-week Naval Hospital Corps school graduates went directly to 8404 Field Medical Service School (FMSS) at
In the United States Marine Corps, the colloquial form of address for a Hospital Corpsman who rate to wear the Navy's Fleet Marine Force (FMF) warfare device (showing they were or are attached to an FMF Unit) is "Doc", which is generally used as a sign of respect.[10] Hospital Corpsman who are not authorized to wear the device would still be referred to by their rate and rank.
History
Prior to the establishment of the hospital corps, enlisted medical support in the U.S. Navy was limited in scope. In the Continental Navy and the early U.S. Navy, medical assistants were assigned at random out of the ship's company.[11] Their primary duties were to keep the irons hot and buckets of sand at the ready for the operating area. It was commonplace during battle for the surgeons to conduct amputations and irons were used to close lacerations and wounds. Sand was used to keep the surgeon from slipping on the bloody ship deck. Previously, corpsmen were commonly referred to as loblolly boys, a term borrowed from the Royal Navy, and a reference to the daily ration of porridge fed to the sick. The nickname was in common use for so many years that it was finally officially recognized by the Navy Regulations of 1814. In coming decades, the title of the enlisted medical assistant would change several times—from loblolly boy, to nurse (1861), and finally to bayman (1876). A senior enlisted medical rating, surgeon's steward, was introduced in 1841 and remained through the Civil War. Following the war, the title surgeon's steward was abolished in favor of apothecary, a position requiring completion of a course in pharmacy.
Still, there existed pressure to reform the enlisted component of the Navy's medical department—medicine as a science was advancing rapidly, foreign navies had begun training medically skilled sailors, and the U.S. Army had established an enlisted hospital corps in 1887. Navy Surgeon General J.R. Tryon and subordinate physicians lobbied the Navy administration to take action. With the Spanish–American War looming, Congress passed a bill authorizing establishment of the U.S. Navy Hospital Corps, signed into law by President William McKinley on 17 June 1898. Three ratings were created therein—hospital apprentice, hospital apprentice first class (a petty officer third class), and hospital steward, which was a chief petty officer.
A revision in 1916 established a new rate structure. With the introduction of a second junior rate there were now hospital apprentice second class (HA2c) and hospital apprentice first class (HA1c). The rating title for petty officers was established as pharmacist's mate (PhM), following the pattern of some of the Navy's other ratings (boatswain's mate, gunner's mate, etc.). Pharmacist's mate third class (PhM3c), second class (PhM2c), and first class (PhM1c) were now the petty officers, and chief pharmacist's mate (CPhM) was the chief petty officer. This structure remained in place until 1947.
A total of 684 personal awards were awarded to hospital corpsmen, including 23
In the United States Navy in World War II, hospital corpsmen assigned to Marine units made beach assaults with the marines in every battle in the Pacific. Corpsmen also served on thousands of ships and submarines.[12] Three unassisted emergency appendectomies were performed by hospital corpsmen serving undersea and beyond hope of medical evacuation. The hospital corps has the distinction of being the only corps in the U.S. Navy to be commended, in a famous speech by Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal after the conclusion of the war.[13]
Following the war, the hospital corps changed its rating title to the generic term it had used all along—hospital corpsman. The rates of hospital corpsman third class (HM3), second class (HM2), and first class (HM1), and chief hospital corpsman (HMC) were supplemented by senior chief hospital corpsman (HMCS) and master chief hospital corpsman (HMCM) in 1958.
Hospital corpsmen continued to serve at sea and ashore, and accompanied marines and Marine units into battle during the
Whether they are assigned to hospital ships,
On 29 September 2016, the Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus terminated the corpsman rating along with all other U.S. Navy enlisted ratings. However, in late December 2016, the usage of ratings were restored by the Navy after much backlash by many in the enlisted naval ranks.
As of April 2011, training to become a hospital corpsman began at Basic Medical Technician Corpsman Program (BMTCP) located at Joint Base Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas.[15]
Because of the need for hospital corpsmen in a vast array of foreign, domestic, and shipboard duty stations, as well as with United States Marine Corps units, the hospital corps is the largest occupational rating (Navy Enlisted Classification-HM) in the United States Navy, with about 25,000 members active duty and reserve.[16][17]
The basic training for hospital corpsmen is conducted at the Medical Education and Training Campus, located in Texas at a joint military base. Originally one of the Navy's "A" schools (primary rating training). Upon graduation, the hospital corpsman is given the Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) code of HM-0000, or "quad-zero" in common usage. Students go through a 14-week course that provides in-depth and extensive training into the application of emergency medical techniques, disease and pathologies, and nursing techniques.
NECs are not as analogous to
The Field Medical Training Battalion (FMTB) provides specialized training in advanced emergency medicine and the fundamentals of Marine Corps life, while emphasizing physical conditioning, small arms familiarity, and basic battlefield tactics. FMTB locations are at
Hospital corpsmen can further specialize; they may undergo further training to become
Hospital corpsmen who have received the warfare designator of enlisted fleet marine force warfare specialist are highly trained members of the Hospital Corps who specialize in all aspects of working with the United States Marine Corps operating forces. Attainment of this designation is highly prized among all corpsmen. The enlisted fleet marine force warfare designation for hospital corpsmen is the only U.S. Navy warfare device awarded solely by a U.S. Marine Corps general officer. This awarding authority cannot be delegated to U.S. Navy officers. However, obtaining the title of "FMF" is a rigorous procedure and not every hospital corpsman who has been with a Marine Corps unit will wear the FMF warfare device. U.S. Navy officers in the medical community (Medical Corps (doctor), Nurse Corps, Dental Corps, Medical Service Corps) can earn and wear the officer equivalent to this insignia. Additionally any sailor attached to a USMC unit can earn and wear an FMF warfare device. (e.g., administrative rates such as logistic specialists) provided they complete all the qualifications for the FMF warfare specialist.
Independent duty corpsman
The first
Rate/rating structure
- HR: Hospitalman Recruit (E-1)
- HA: Hospitalman Apprentice (E-2)
- HN: Hospitalman (E-3) (See USN apprenticeships)
- HM3: Hospital Corpsman Third Class (E-4)
- HM2: Hospital Corpsman Second Class (E-5)
- HM1: Hospital Corpsman First Class (E-6)
- HMC: Chief Hospital Corpsman (E-7)
- HMCS: Senior Chief Hospital Corpsman (E-8)
- HMCM: Master Chief Hospital Corpsman (E-9)
Badges
Effective 2 April 1948 the Navy changed the names and insignia of the hospital corps. The new titles were Hospitalman Recruit, Hospitalman Apprentice, Hospitalman, Hospital Corpsman Third, Second, and First Class, and Chief Hospital Corpsman. The red Geneva cross, which had marked corpsmen for 50 years, was replaced in the rating badge with the misattributed mark of the winged caduceus.[19] The rates of Senior Chief and Master Chief Hospital Corpsman were added in 1958.
- See: List of United States Navy ratings § Administration, deck, technical, and weapons specialty ratings
Ships named in honor of hospital corpsmen
Reference: Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
- USS Benfold (DDG-65)
- USS Caron (DD-970)
- USS De Wert (FFG-45)
- USS Durant (DER-389)*Also sailed as USCGC Durant (WDE-489)
- USS Frament (APD-77)
- USS Halyburton (FFG-40)
- USS Francis Hammond (FF-1067)
- USS Jobb (DE-707)
- USS Daniel A. Joy (DE-585)
- USS Lester (DE-1022)
- USS Liddle (DE-206)
- USS Litchfield (AG-95)
- USS Thaddeus Parker (DE-369)
- USS David R. Ray (DD-971)
- USS Henry W. Tucker (DD-875)
- USS Valdez (FF-1096)
- USS Walter C. Wann (DE-412)
- USS Jack Williams (FFG-24)
- USS John Willis (DE-1027)
- USS Don O. Woods (APD-118)
- USS William Charette (DDG-130)
- USS John E. Kilmer (DDG-134)
- American Civil War (1861–1865), 6
- Spanish–American War (1898), 3
- World War I (1917–1918), 20
- Nicaragua (1932), 1
- World War II (1941–1945), 1,170
- Korean War (1950–1953), 109
- Dominican Republic(1965), 1
- Vietnam War (1962–1975), 639
- Beirut, (1983), 15
- Persian Gulf War (1990–1991), 0
- Afghanistan (2001–2021), 14
- Iraq War (2003–2010), 29
- Total in all conflicts: 2,013
Decorations of valor awarded to hospital corpsmen
- Medal of Honor, 23
- Navy Cross, 179
- Distinguished Service Cross (United States Army), 31
- Silver Star Medal, 959
- Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" for heroism, 1,600
Medal of Honor recipients
Pre-World War I
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- Master Chief Special Warfare Operator, Edward Byers, USN
United States Maritime Service hospital corpsmen
During World War II, the
The Maritime Service's Hospital Corps School was founded at the
See also
- 68W (U.S. Army Combat Medic MOS code)
- Ambulance § Military use
- Battlefield medicine
- Combat medic
- Combat Medical Technician(British Army)
- Enlisted Medics (U.S. Air Force)
- Fleet Marine Force
- Fleet Marine Force insignia
- Flight medic
- Medical assistant
- Medical Assistant (Royal Navy)
- Military medicine
- Medical Corps (United States Navy)
- Nurse Corps (United States Navy)
- Navy Medical Service Corps
- Dental Corps (United States Navy)
- Special Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsman
- Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen (SWCC)
- Pharmacist's Mate First Class Wheeler Bryson Lipes
References
- The United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ISBN 978-3-319-44118-4, retrieved 11 November 2023
- S2CID 37936596.
- PMID 1603405.
- S2CID 72306571.
- ^ Teran, Trisha (28 July 2011). "Naval Hospital Corps School Great Lakes". DVIDS. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- U.S. Army. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- PMID 29251721.
- ^ Public Affairs Office, Navy Medicine Support Command (28 April 2008). "Naval Medicine Training Command (NMTC) Fort Sam Houston, Commissioned". Corpsman.com. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ [1] Archived 25 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- S2CID 71424386.
- ^ Albert E. Cowdrey, Fighting for Life: American Military Medicine in World War II (1994), pp 51–72.
- ^ "Chapter 2: History of the Hospital Corps United States Navy". United States Naval Hospital Corpsman 3 & 2 Training Manual NAVEDTRA 10669-C. Brookside Press. June 1989. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ BMC Mayport (17 June 2016). "Happy 118th Birthday to the Hospital Corps".
- S2CID 26735972.
- ^ Zingheim, Karl (14 May 2020). "The Odyssey of the Navy's Enlisted Medical Titles". USS Midway Museum. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- PMID 15782842.
- ^ "History of the PA Profession and the American Academy of PAs".
- PMID 26015747.
- ^ Mast Magazine May 1944, August 1944, May 1945
Further reading
- Cowdrey, Albert E. Fighting for Life: American Military Medicine in World War II (1994), pp 51–72