Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes

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Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes
Part of the Crusades

Prise de Rhodes, 15 août 1310 (oil on canvas by Éloi Firmin Féron, 1838-1839)
Date23 June 1306–15 August 1310
Location
Rhodes, Dodecanese
Result

Hospitaller victory

  • Rhodes is captured by the Hospitallers.
Belligerents
Knights Hospitaller Byzantine Empire
Commanders and leaders
Foulques de Villaret Andronikos II
Strength
unknown unknown
Casualties and losses
unknown unknown

The Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes took place in 1306–1310. The

city of Rhodes, which remained in Byzantine hands. Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos sent reinforcements, which allowed the city to repel the initial Hospitaller attacks, and persevere until it was captured on 15 August 1310. The Hospitallers transferred their base to the island, which became the centre of their activities until it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire
in 1522.

Sources

The conquest of

Byzantine historian George Pachymeres, whose History only extends to 1307,[1] and the various biographies of Pope Clement V (r. 1305–1314), which offer different details, but do not contradict each other, and are generally reliable.[2] These are complemented by a number of papal ordinances and correspondence in the archives of the Holy See and the Crown of Aragon,[3] as well as the 14th-century French chronicle of Gérard de Monréal (or Chronicle of the Templar of Tyre), and the 16th-century Italian chronicles of Francesco Amadi and Florio Bustron. These are chiefly concerned with the affairs of Cyprus and the troubled relationship between the Hospitallers and the Lusignan kings of the island, and are not very reliable as histories, containing much popular tradition and anecdotal or legendary information.[4]

Background

Founded in

Fall of Acre in 1291, the Order had moved its base to Limassol in Cyprus.[5] Their position in Cyprus was precarious; their limited income made them dependent on donations from Western Europe and involved them in quarrels with King Henry II of Cyprus, while the loss of Acre and the Holy Land led to widespread questioning on the purpose of the monastic orders, and proposals to confiscate their possessions.[6] According to Gérard de Monréal, as soon as he was elected as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in 1305, Foulques de Villaret planned the conquest of Rhodes, which would ensure him a liberty of action that he could not have as long as the Order remained on Cyprus, and would provide a new base for war against the Turks.[7][8]

Rhodes was an attractive target: a fertile island, it was strategically located off the southwestern coast of

Latin Empire of Constantinople.[10]

The repudiation of the

Charles of Valois
, the titular Latin Emperor.

The Cypriot chronicles indicate that Foulques de Villaret entered into a contract with a Genoese, named as Boniface di Grimaldi by Gérard de Monréal and Vignolo de' Vignoli by the two Italian chronicles. The latter are probably correct, since a document survives, dated 27 May 1306, concluded between Villaret and other representatives of the Order and Vignolo.[11][12] The latter thereby ceded his rights on Kos and Leros to the Hospitallers, with the right of retaining Lardos and one more estate of his own choice on Rhodes. In the other islands near Rhodes they would conquer, Vignolo would enjoy extensive rights as "vicarius seu justiciarius", albeit the Knights themselves and their servants would be under the direct jurisdiction of the Grand Master. Vignolo and the Knights would jointly appoint the tax collectors for the islands other than Rhodes, and would divide their income, with two thirds going to the Order and one third to Vignolo.[13] Pope Clement V was most likely kept in the dark about the Hospitallers' designs on Rhodes, as no mention of it is made in the contemporary correspondence between the Pope and Villaret.[12]

Conquest of the island

The Castle of Feraklos in 2016

On 23 June, Villaret and Vignolo sailed from Limassol, with two war galleys and four other vessels, carrying a force of 35 Knights, 6 Levantine horsemen, and 500 foot soldiers. To them were added some Genoese ships. The expedition first put in at

city of Rhodes by land and sea failed, but on 20 September, the Hospitallers captured the (probably deserted) Feraklos Castle on the island's eastern coast. Five days later they launched another unsuccessful attack on the city, which resisted until November. On 11 November, they took the citadel of Filerimos (ancient Ialysos) through the treason of a local Greek; the garrison of 300 Turks was massacred.[15][16]

This success encouraged the Knights to resume the siege of the capital, but the locals defended it with success, and asked for reinforcements from Emperor Andronikos II. In a letter of 30 April 1307, preserved in the royal archives of Aragon, some details are given: the Emperor sent eight galleys to aid the city, and the Hospitallers were forced to lift the siege after killing 80 Greeks and losing about a dozen of their own and about 40 horses.

Clement V invited Villaret to visit the Papal court at Poitiers, but the latter was delayed until August due to the ongoing conquest of Rhodes, which he was leading in person. The fact that Villaret felt able to leave the island in summer points to the conclusion that by that time, most of it, apart from the capital was in Hospitaller hands.[18] On 5 September 1307, the Pope issued an act confirming the Hospitallers' possession of the island of Rhodes.[19][20] However, a document from the Aragonese archives, dated to October 1307, indicates that while Lindos was in Hospitaller hands, the city of Rhodes was guarded by "twenty vessels of the emperor of Constantinople",[15][21] and a letter by King James II of Aragon confirms that in March 1309, the Hospitallers still did not control the entire island.[22]

Villaret continued his close relations with the Genoese, who were not only expert sailors and shipbuilders, but also familiar with the Aegean and, just like the Hospitallers, rivals to the Venetians; thus in 1308–1309 Villaret placed contracts for twelve galleys and a navis magna in Genoese shipyards.[23] Villaret remained in the West for two years, but by September 1309 he was seeking permission to return to the East to oversee the completion of the conquest. He left Genoa for Naples in November, and arrived at Brindisi in January 1310. There, the Hospitallers refused to ship any member of the massive, disorderly mob constituting the Crusade of the Poor, who all desired to take part in an unauthorised crusade to the Holy Land. Villaret's fleet reportedly numbered 26 galleys, including Genoese ships, carrying a force of 200–300 Knights and 3,000 foot soldiers, but the bad weather delayed their departure until spring.[20][18] The ostensible aim of this expedition was to assist Cyprus and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, but Villaret, again most likely without the knowledge of the Pope, used it to finish his conquest of Rhodes.[23]

The city of Rhodes was finally captured on 15 August 1310, according to both the biographies of Clement V and the reports of Christopher of Cyprus. The latter reports that the Hospitallers had amassed 35 galleys for the operation.[24] According to the three Cypriot chronicles, however, the city was not captured by force, but through a stroke of luck: a Genoese ship sent by the Emperor with victuals for the besieged garrison was blown off course to Famagusta on Cyprus. The ship captain was captured by a Cypriot knight, Peter the Younger (Pierre le Jaune, Piero il Giovene), who brought him to Rhodes before the Grand Master. To escape execution, the ship captain convinced the garrison to surrender on the condition that their lives and property would be spared.[15][11]

Dating controversy

The chronology of the conquest was for long accepted to have been in two stages, with the first landing and conquest of the island in 1306 and the final capture of the city of Rhodes in 1310.

Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem (1100-1310), relying on the account of Pachymeres (which he places in April 1308) and the reports of a two-year siege in the Cypriot chronicles, concluded that the date of the capture of the city of Rhodes was 15 August 1308, a date which was then used by the majority of scholars dealing with the Crusades and the Knights Hospitaller.[26] The confusion of the various dates given by the chroniclers has resulted in several proposals on when the capital of Rhodes surrendered: although the date of 15 August, as a major religious festival, seems secure, the year this took place has varied, with every year from 1306 to 1310 having been suggested by modern scholars.[27]

Aftermath

Main article: Hospitaller Rhodes

Following the completion of the conquest, the Hospitallers moved their convent and hospital from Cyprus to Rhodes. Efforts were made to attract Latin settlers, both to replenish the local population that had dwindled to some 10,000, and to provide men for military service.

grand preceptor Albert of Schwarzburg led the Hospitaller navy to victories against the Turks in 1318, and at the Battle of Chios in 1319, after which he recaptured the island of Leros, whose Greek populace had rebelled and restored Byzantine rule. In the next year, the Hospitallers defeated a Turkish fleet of eighty vessels, preventing an invasion of Rhodes. With this success, Hospitaller control of the island was secured for the next century.[31]

References

  1. ^ a b Failler 1992, pp. 114–118.
  2. ^ Failler 1992, pp. 118–119.
  3. ^ Failler 1992, pp. 126–128.
  4. ^ Failler 1992, pp. 121–122.
  5. ^ Luttrell 1975, pp. 278–280.
  6. ^ Luttrell 1975, pp. 280–281.
  7. ^ Failler 1992, p. 122.
  8. ^ Luttrell 1975, p. 281.
  9. ^ Luttrell 1975, pp. 282–283.
  10. ^ Luttrell 1975, p. 282.
  11. ^ a b Failler 1992, pp. 122–124.
  12. ^ a b Carr 2015, p. 66.
  13. ^ Luttrell 1975, p. 283.
  14. ^ Luttrell 1975, pp. 283–284.
  15. ^ a b c d Luttrell 1975, p. 284.
  16. ^ a b Failler 1992, p. 123.
  17. ^ Failler 1992, pp. 123–124, 126.
  18. ^ a b Failler 1992, p. 119.
  19. ^ Failler 1992, p. 127.
  20. ^ a b Luttrell 1975, p. 285.
  21. ^ Failler 1992, pp. 126–127.
  22. ^ Failler 1992, p. 126.
  23. ^ a b Carr 2015, p. 67.
  24. ^ Failler 1992, pp. 119–121.
  25. ^ Failler 1992, p. 128.
  26. ^ Failler 1992, pp. 128–132.
  27. ^ Failler 1992, p. 130.
  28. ^ Luttrell 1975, p. 286.
  29. ^ Luttrell 1975, pp. 286–287.
  30. ^ Carr 2015, pp. 67–68.
  31. ^ Luttrell 1975, pp. 288–289.

Sources


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