Hotline
A hotline is a
For crises and service
True hotlines cannot be used to originate calls other than to preselected destinations. However, in common or colloquial usage, a "hotline" often refers to a
This is especially the case with 24-hour, noncommercial numbers, such as police tip hotlines or suicide crisis hotlines, which are staffed around the clock and thereby give the appearance of real hotlines. Increasingly, however, the term is found being applied to any customer service telephone number.
Between states
Russia–United States
The most famous hotline between states is the Moscow–Washington hotline, also known as the "red telephone", although telephones have never been used in this capacity. This direct communications link was established on June 20, 1963, in the wake of the Cuban Missile Crisis, which convinced both sides of the need for better communications.[3] It was the first time used by U.S. President John F. Kennedy on August 30, 1963[4] and utilized teletypewriter technology, later replaced by telecopier and then by electronic mail.[citation needed]
United Kingdom–United States
Already during
China–Russia
A hotline connection between Beijing and Moscow was used during the 1969 frontier confrontation between the two countries. The Chinese however refused the Russian peace attempts and ended the communications link. After a reconciliation between the former enemies, the hotline between China and Russia was revived in 1996.[5]
France–Russia
On his visit to the Soviet Union in 1966, French President Charles de Gaulle announced that a hotline would be established between Paris and Moscow. The line was upgraded from a telex to a high-speed fax machine in 1989.[5]
Russia–United Kingdom
A London–Moscow hotline was not formally established until a treaty of friendship between the two countries in 1992. An upgrade was announced when Foreign Secretary William Hague visited Moscow in 2011.[5]
India–Pakistan
On 20 June 2004, both
China–United States
The United States and China set up a defense hotline in 2008, but it has rarely been used in crises.[7]
China–India
India and China announced a hotline for the foreign ministers of both countries while reiterating their commitment to strengthening ties and building "mutual political trust".[8] As of August 2015 the hotline was yet to be made operational.[9]
China–Japan
In February 2013, the Senkaku Islands dispute gave renewed impetus to a China–Japan hotline, which had been agreed to but due to rising tensions had not been established.[10]
North and South Korea
Between North and South Korea there are over 40
India–United States
In August 2015 the hotline between the White House and New Delhi became operational. The decision of establishing this hotline was taken during Obama's visit to India in January 2015. This is the first hotline connecting an Indian Prime Minister to a head of state.[12]
See also
References
- ^ The red phone that was NOT on the Hotline. electrospaces.blogspot.nl. 30 August 2013
- ^ Derived from Federal Standard 1037C
- ^ U.S. State Department. "Hot Line Agreement (1963)". Atomic Archive. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "This Day in History - August 30, 1963: Hotline established between Washington and Moscow". HISTORY. Archived from the original on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ a b c Egilsson, Haraldur. "The Origins, Use and Development of Hotline Diplomacy" (PDF). Discussion Papers in Diplomacy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
- ^ "India and Pakistan to have nuclear hotline". The Independent.
- ^ Gienger, Viola (13 May 2011). "China-U.S. Defense Hotline Shows Gulf Between Nations". Bloomberg. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ "Finally, a hotline between India and China". Ndtv.com. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- ^ "Narendra Modi-Barack Obama hotline becomes operational". 21 August 2015.
- ^ Japan suggests hotline to Beijing over island spat. scmp.com. 9 February 2013
- ^ North Korea reopens hotline to South to discuss Olympics BBC News 3 January 2018
- ^ PTI "Modi-Obama hotline becomes operational", The Indian Express, Washington, 21 August 2015. Retrieved on 22 August 2015.