House of Aviz

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
House of Aviz
Casa de Avis
Parent housePortuguese House of Burgundy
CountryPortugal
Founded1385
FounderJohn I
Final rulerHenry I or António I (disputed)
Titles
Dissolution1580
Cadet branches

The House of Aviz (

Portuguese discoveries, when Portugal expanded its power globally
.

The house was founded by King

global power following the creation of the Portuguese Empire. In 1494, Pope Alexander VI divided the world under the dominion of Portugal and Spain with the Treaty of Tordesillas
.

The House of Aviz has produced numerous prominent figures in both European and global history, including

Philippine Dynasty succeeded to the throne following the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580
.

History

King John I of Portugal, founder of the House of Aviz.

Origins

The founder of the House of Aviz, King

Order of Aviz
, henceforth becoming known as John of Aviz.

Rise to the throne

Main article: 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum

The House of Aviz was established as a result of the dynastic crisis following the 1383 death of Ferdinand I.

Treaty of Salvaterra
that had been the basis for John's marriage to Beatrice, the unpopular Leonor was left as Regent until such time as the son of Beatrice and John would be 14 years old.

In April 1385, amidst popular revolt and civil war, the Cortes of Coimbra declared John, Master of Aviz, as king John I of Portugal. He was half-brother of Ferdinand and natural son of Ferdinand's father and predecessor Pedro I. He had the particular backing of the rising bourgeoisie of Lisbon; the nobility were split, with the majority favoring the legitimist Beatrice. Troops under General Nuno Álvares Pereira defeated a small Castilian army at Atoleiros, while John of Castile had to lift a siege to Lisboa, mainly due to a plague that hit his army and killed his wife Beatrice. This was followed, however, by a larger invasion of Castilian and Portuguese troops loyal to John of Castile.

The House of Aviz became Portugal's reigning dynasty following the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385.

John of Aviz's rule became established fact with the Portuguese victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota[4] on 14 August 1385, where he defeated John I of Castile.[3] A formal peace between Portugal and Castile would not be signed until 1411.

To mark his victory, John founded the Monastery of Santa Maria da Vitória, known as the "Batalha Monastery" ("Battle Monastery"), whose chapel became the burial place of the princes of the new dynasty of Aviz. The descendants of King John I were still also Masters of Aviz, though at times that title passed to one descendant of John and the Crown of Portugal to another. The title of Grand Master of the Order of Aviz was permanently incorporated into the Portuguese Crown toward the end of rule by the House of Aviz, in 1551.[5]

Age of Discoveries

Main article:
Portuguese discoveries
Age of Discoveries
and prince of the House of Aviz.

The House of Aviz would rule Portugal until its fall in the 1580 to the

Philippine Dynasty.[6] after he had ordered the Duke of Alba to take Portugal by force.[7]

This period of Portuguese history saw the ascent of Portugal to the status of a European and world power. The conquest of Ceuta in 1415 was its first venture in colonial expansion,[8] followed by a great outpouring of national energy and capital investment in the exploration of Africa, Asia and Brazil with the founding of colonies to exploit their resources commercially.[9] The period also includes the zenith of the Portuguese Empire during the reign of Manuel I and the beginning of its decline during John III's reign.[10]

Fall of the Aviz

See also:
Philippine Dynasty

John III was succeeded in 1557 by his grandson

Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, Philip II of Spain, and António, Prior of Crato claimed the right to inherit it.[12]

Sebastian I of Portugal at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in 1578 led to the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580
.

António, Prior of Crato, was acclaimed king in several cities around the country in 1580, twenty days before Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal and defeated the supporters of António in the Battle of Alcântara. Although António had been proclaimed king, and was still regarded as rightful king in some of the Azores Islands until 1583,[13] his legitimacy as a monarch is still disputed by historians. Only a small minority of historians (even in Portugal) accept the period of twenty days between Anthony's acclamation and the Battle of Alcântara as his reign. In Portugal he generally considered not as a national king, but as a patriot who led armed resistance to the Philippine domination.

Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão, writing in 1956 and counting António as a king, dates the end of the dynasty's rule of Portugal as occurring in 1581–1582. The

Terceira, where he supervised the raising of levies for defense, but in November he left Angra do Heroísmo en route to France[14] to persuade the French to furnish more troops,[15] 800 of which arrived in June 1583.[16] Philip had despatched Santa Cruz with an overwhelming force which left Lisbon on 23 June,[17] and reaching sight of São Miguel some time after 7 July,[18] finally reduced the Azores to subjection.[19]

The Cortes in Tomar acknowledged Philip II of Spain as King Philip I of Portugal on 16 April 1581 after this Spanish military intervention.[20] From 1581, the House of Aviz had ceased to rule any portion of continental Portugal; António, Prior of Crato held out in the Azores into 1582 as António I of Portugal; the last of his allies in the islands finally surrendered in 1583.[15]

The House of Aviz was succeeded in Portugal by Philip's personal union of the Crowns of Portugal and Spain.[21] In Portuguese history this is variously referred to as the Philippine Dynasty,[22] the House of Habsburg, or the House of Austria. Portugal and Spain would share a common monarch until 1640, upon the proclamation of the Duke of Braganza as John IV of Portugal.[23]

Aviz monarchs

Peter V of Aragon, king in opposition to John II.
Main article: List of Portuguese monarchs
Monarchs of Portugal
Name Reign Notes
John I of Portugal 1385–1433 Founder of the House of Aviz
Duarte I of Portugal 1433–1438 Oldest member of the Illustrious Generation
Afonso V of Portugal 1438–1481
John II of Portugal 1481–1495
Manuel I of Portugal 1495–1521 Formerly Duke of Beja
John III of Portugal 1521–1557
Sebastian I of Portugal
 1557–1578 Death at Battle of Alcácer Quibir triggers Portuguese succession crisis of 1580
Henry I of Portugal
 1578–1580 Last Aviz monarch recognized by the Portuguese Cortes
António I of Portugal 1580 Disputed reign in opposition to King Philip I of Portugal in the War of the Portuguese Succession
Monarchs of Aragon
Name Reign Notes
Peter V of Aragon 1463–1466 Disputed reign in opposition to King John II of Aragon in the Catalan Civil War

Symbols

Cross of Aviz

Cross of Aviz
.
See also:
Order of Aviz

Following his success in succeeding to the throne following the

fleur-de-lys
at the end of each arm)

Armillary sphere

Personal standard of King Manuel I
.

The

personal standard of King Manuel I. It acts as a supporter to the Coat of arms of Portugal, also present on the current Flag of Portugal
.

Owing to the association with King Manuel I and other Aviz monarchs with the

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves
.

An important element of Portuguese heraldry since the 15th century, the armillary sphere was many times used in Portuguese naval and colonial flags, mainly in Brazil. It was a navigation instrument used to calculate distances and represents the importance of Portugal during the Age of Discovery, as well as the vastness of its colonial empire when the First Republic was implemented.

Coats of arms

Coat of arms Title Tenure Coat of arms Title Tenure Coat of arms Title Tenure
King of Portugal
1385–1580
King of the Algarves
1385–1580
King of Aragon
*in opposition to King John II of Aragon
1463–1466
Prince of Antioch
*jure uxoris through Queen Charlotte of Cyprus
1456-1457
Duke of Viseu
1394-1577
Duke of Beja
1433-1555

Notable members of the House of Aviz

Queen of Spain
.
John, Prince of Antioch.

Family tree of the House of Aviz

This section is an excerpt from Family tree of Portuguese monarchs § Second Dynasty: Houses of Aviz.[edit]
Second Dynasty: Houses of Aviz
Peter I
King of Portugal
1320–1367		Teresa Lourenço
b.1330
Ferdinand I
King of Portugal
1345–1383
r.1367–1383		Philippa
of Lancaster
1360–1415		John I
King of Portugal
1357–1433
r.1385–1433		Inês Peres
c. 1350 – c. 1400
Afonso

1st Duke of Braganza
1377–1461
Henry
Duke of Viseu
1394–1460
Peter
Duke of Coimbra
1392–1449		Isabella
of Urgell
1409–1459		Ferdinand
The Holy
Prince
1402–1443		John
Constable of Portugal
1400–1442		Isabel
of Barcelos
1402–1466		Fernando I
2nd Duke of Braganza
1403–1478
John II
King of Aragon
1398–1479
Maria
of Aragon
1396–1445		John II
King of Castile
1405–1454		Isabella
1428–1496
Beatrice

Duchess of Viseu
1430–1506
Isabella
of Coimbra
1432–1455
Afonso V
King of Portugal
1432–1481
r.1438–1477, 1477–1481		Joanna
la Beltraneja
1462–1530
Isabella
of Viseu
1459–1521
Fernando II
3rd Duke of Braganza
1430–1483
Afonso
Prince of Portugal
1475–1491
Isabella
of Aragon
1470–1498		Manuel I
King of Portugal
1469–1521
r.1495–1521		Maria
of Aragon
Queen of Portugal
1482–1517		Jaime
4th Duke of Braganza
1479–1532
Isabella

of Braganza
1514–1576
Third Dynasty
Ferdinand

Duke of Guarda
1507–1534		Guiomar
Coutinho
of Marialva
d.1534
João
Manuel
1537–1554		Joanna
of Austria
1535–1573		Maria Manuela
1527–1545		Philip I(II)
King of Portugal
1527–1598
r.1581–1598		Teodósio I
5th Duke of Braganza
1510–1563
Catarina
Duchess of Braganza
1540–1614
João I
6th Duke of Braganza
1543–1583
Ana
de Velasco
y Girón
1585–1607		Teodósio II
7th Duke of Braganza
1568–1630
Fourth Dynasty
House of Braganza
John IV
King of Portugal
1604–1656
r.1640–1656

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-231-03159-2
    . Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  2. ISBN 978-0-521-38296-0
    . Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-1-57607-091-8
    . Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  4. ISBN 978-1-84383-596-7
    . Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  5. ^ António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques (1984). História de Portugal, desde os tempos mais antigos até à presidência do Sr. General Eanes: Do Renascimento às revoluções liberais. Palas Editores. p. 110. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  6. ISBN 978-0-520-08116-1
    . Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  7. ISBN 978-1-4042-0317-4
    . Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  8. ISBN 978-0-8160-7476-1
    . Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  9. ISBN 978-0-8108-7075-8
    . Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  10. ISBN 978-0-226-66951-9
    . Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  11. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5
    . Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  12. ^ John Lynch (1964). Spain Under the Habsburgs: Empire and absolutism, 1516-1598. Oxford University Press. p. 307. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  13. ^ Archivo dos Açores. University of Michigan. 1887. p. 491. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  14. ^ David B. Quinn (1979). England and the Azores, 1581-1582: Three Letters. UC Biblioteca Geral 1. p. 213. GGKEY:X1C130EKZX6. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  15. ^ a b Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão (1956). O reinado de D. Antonio prior do Crato. Coimbra. p. 477. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  16. ISBN 978-1-901341-14-0
    . Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  17. ISBN 978-972-8799-27-4
    . Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  18. ISBN 978-972-47-4348-6
    . Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  19. ^ Thomas Henry Dyer; Arthur Hassall (1901). 1525-1585. G. Bell and sons. p. 475. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  20. ISBN 978-90-272-3457-5
    . Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  21. ISBN 978-1-109-09710-8
    . Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  22. ^ António da Silva Rego (1965). Portuguese Colonization in the Sixteenth Century: A Study of the Royal Ordinances (Regimentos). Witwatersrand University Press. p. 3. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  23. ^ C.R. Boxer (1 July 1973). The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. Penguin. p. 112. Retrieved 25 June 2013.

External links

*
Royal House*
House of Aviz
Cadet branch of the Portuguese House of Burgundy
Preceded by Ruling House of the Kingdom of Portugal
1385 – 1580 		Succeeded by
House of Habsburg
Titles in pretence
Preceded by
Itself
as the reigning house
 — TITULAR —
Claimant House of the
Portuguese monarchy
1580-1638
Reason for succession failure:
War of the Portuguese Succession 		Claim extinct
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