Hasan-Jalalyan
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Hasan-Jalalyan Հասան-Ջալալյաններ | |
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Artsakh | |
Founded | 1214 |
Founder | Hasan-Jalal Dawla |
Final ruler | Allahverdi II Hasan-Jalalyan |
Titles |
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History of Armenia |
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Timeline • Origins • Etymology |
Hasan-Jalalyan (
Through their patronage of churches and monasteries, Armenian culture flourished in the region. By the late sixteenth century, the Hasan-Jalalyan family had branched out to establish principalities in nearby
Origins
Hasan-Jalal traced his descent to the Armenian Aranshahik dynasty, a family that predated the establishment of the Parthian Arsacids in the region.[6][7] Hasan-Jalal's ancestry was "almost exclusively" Armenian according to Robert H. Hewsen:
In the male line, (1) the princes (who later became kings) of
Hasan-Jalal Dawla's family roots were entrenched in an intricate array of royal marriages with new and old Armenian nakharar families. Hasan-Jalal's grandfather was Hasan I (also known as Hasan the Great), a prince who ruled over the northern half of Artsakh.[9]
In 1182, Hasan I had stepped down as ruler of the region and entered monastic life at
In the late 1960s and into the 1970s, Hasan-Jalal's origins became embroiled in a debate revolving around the history of Artsakh between Soviet Armenian and
Prince Hasan-Jalal Dawla
Cultural life
With the surrender of
Khachen had once been a part of Syunik until numerous Turkic invasions severed it from the rest of the kingdom. The reign of the Hasan-Jalalyan family was concentrated around the
He was...a pious and God-loving man, mild and meek, merciful, and a lover of the poor, striving in prayers and entreaties like one who lived in the desert. He performed matins and vespers unhindered, no matter where he might be, like a monk; and in memory of the Resurrection of our Savior, he spent Sunday without sleeping, in a standing vigil. He was very fond of the priests, a lover of knowledge, and a reader of the divine Gospels.[19]
A further testament to this devotion included Hasan-Jalal's commissioning of the
In the year 710 (ie 1261 CE) I, J̌alal Dawlay, son of Vaxt‘ang, Governor of Arc‘ax, and my wife Mamk‘an, granddaughter of the King of Bałk‘, and my son At‘abak-Iwanē, founded (this)
žamatun after the completion of the Church and finished it after much work... And again I, At‘abak, gladly donated a golden cased Gospel and the glorious holy Christ-bearing Sign and... instituted to celebrate the Eucharist for Christ for eight days during the (Feast of ) the Cross.[20]
The monastery went on to become the residence and sepulcher of the family as well as the residence of the catholicos; beginning in the fifteenth century, the family monopolized control over the seat of Catholicos itself, which would thereon pass down from uncle to nephew. Hasan-Jalal's son Hovhannes VII is considered to be the first to have established this practice when he became the Catholicos whereas his nephew, also named Hovhannes, became the second.[21]
Despite his Christian faith, Muslim influence in the region had pervaded and influenced the culture and customs of the Christians living in Georgia and Armenia, especially after the Seljuk Turks invaded the Caucasus. Byzantine art scholar Anthony Eastmond, for example, notes that "many of the outward manifestations of [Hasan-Jalal's] rule were presented through Islamic customs and titles, most notably in his depiction on his principal foundation of Gandzasar."
The Armenian Synaxarion
Gandzasar served as a
Mongol invasion
In 1236, the Ilkhanate Mongol armies invaded the Caucasus. Prior to them entering Khachen, Hasan Jalal and his people were able to take refuge at Ishkhanberd (located directly south of Gandzasar; also known by its Persian name of Khokhanaberd). Given its formidable location atop a mountain, the Mongols chose not to besiege the fortress and sued for negotiations with Hasan-Jalal: they exchanged his loyalty and military service to the Mongol Empire in return for some of the immediate lands adjacent to Khachen that they had conquered.[19] In 1240–1242, Hasan Jalal struck coins of common Mongol types in Khachen on the mints of "Qarabāgh" (in Khokhanaberd) and "Lajīn" (in Havkakhaghats berd).[27]
Feeling the need to preserve his power, Hasan-Jalal twice undertook a journey to Karakorum, the capital of the Mongol empire, where he was able to obtain special autonomy rights and privileges for himself and the people under his domain from the ruling khan.[10] Despite this arrangement, the Mongols viewed many of the people of the region with contempt and taxed them excessively. Arghun Khan, the regional Mongol ostikan at the time, placed so many restrictions against Armenians that it prompted Hasan-Jalal in 1256 to travel to the capital once more to protest against the encroachments upon Catholicos Nerses. In response, Batu Khan drafted a document "guaranteeing freedom for Lord Nerses, Katolikos of Albania, for all his properties and goods, that he be free and untaxed and allowed to travel freely everywhere in the dioceses under his authority, and that no one disobey what he said."[28] Hasan-Jalal also attempted to strengthen his alliances with the Mongols by having his daughter Rhuzukan marry Bora Noyan, the son of a Mongol leader.[29] Relations between Armenians and Mongols deteriorated, however, and the document issued by the khan failed to safeguard Hasan-Jalal's rights.[29]
Finally, in 1260, Hasan-Jalal decided to ally himself with the forces of the Georgian king
Later family rule
Following his death, the family shortened Hasan-Jalal's official title to just "Princes of Artsakh."
Ottoman-Persian Wars
During the
While the Ottomans temporarily gained the Christian regions of the disintegrating Safavid realm, Yesai was blamed for this failure by some of the leaders of the Armenian army as they were forced to fend for themselves against the Turkish invasions.[citation needed][vague]
From the seventeenth century to the early nineteenth century, several cadet branches of the Hasan-Jalalyans were established, including the Melik-Atabekyan family, who became the last rulers of the principality of Jraberd. Allahverdi II Hasan-Jalalyan, who died in 1813, was the final melik of Khachen when the Russian Empire gained control of the region in 1805 during the
Hasan-Jalalyans today
At the time of the publication of Hewsen's initial article in 1972 in the journal
Several artifacts of the Hasan-Jalalyans survive until today, including Hasan-Jalal's personal dagger, complete with an Armenian inscription, which is currently on display at the Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg.[43]
See also
History of Artsakh |
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Antiquity |
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Middle Ages |
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Early Modern Age |
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Modern Age |
- Armenian nobility
- Principality of Khachen
- Nagorno Karabakh Republic
- Artsakh
- Nagorno Karabakh
- Culture of Nagorno-Karabakh
- History of Nagorno-Karabakh
- List of Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh
Notes
- ^ S. Peter Cowe, "Patterns of Armeno-Muslim Interchange on the Armenian Plateau in the Interstice between Byzantine and Ottoman Hegemony," in Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia. eds. A.C.S. Peacock, Bruno De Nicola, Sara Nur Yildiz (London: Routledge, 2016), p. 82. "Under its suzerainty, a new cadre of Armenia aristocratic houses (Dop'ean, Vachutean, Proshean, Hasan-Jalalean) rose to prominence."
- ^ Bayarsaikhan Dashdondog. The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335). Leiden: Brill, 2010, p. 34.: "The subjects of Iwanē's family were the Orbelians, Khaghbakians, Dopians, HasanJalalians, and others...The representatives of these major Armenian families entered into direct contact with the Mongols in order to retain their conquered lands, the discussion of which follows in nest chapters."
- ^ a b (in Armenian) Ulubabian, Bagrat. s.v. Hasan-Jalalyanner [Hasan-Jalalyans], Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 6, p. 246.
- ^ Hewsen, Robert H. "The Kingdom of Arc'ax," in Thomas J. Samuelian and Michael E. Stone, eds., Medieval Armenian Culture, University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies (Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1984), pp. 52-53.
- ^ Hewsen, Robert H. "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: A Preliminary Study," Revue des Études Arméniennes 9 (1972): pp. 299-301.
- ^ Ulubabian, Bagrat (1975). Khacheni ishkhanutyune, X-XVI darerum [The Principality of Khachen during the tenth to sixteenth centuries] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences. pp. 56–59.
- Hewsen, Robert(2001). Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 162.
- ^ De Waal, Thomas (2003). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press. pp. 156–157.
- ^ Hewsen. "The Kingdom of Arc'ax," p. 47.
- ^ a b c d (in Armenian) Ulubabian, Bagrat. s.v., Hasan-Jalal Dawla, Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 6, p. 246.
- ^ Hewsen. "The Kingdom of Arc'ax," p. 49.
- ^ V.A. Shnirelman, Voiny pamiati: Mify, identinost, i politika v Zakvakaze (Moscow: ITsK Akademkniga, 2003).
- ^ De Waal. Black Garden, pp. 152-156.
- ^ MANUSCRIPT HERITAGE OF ARTS‘AKH AND UTIK‘ (PDF). Agbu. 2022. p. 142.
- ISBN 1-56859-141-1.
- ^ Bournoutian. Armenian People, pp. 109-111.
- ^ Hewsen. "The Kingdom of Arc'ax", p. 50.
- ^ Hewsen notes that because of Hasan-Jalal's lineage, he could have "At one and the same time...legitimately style himself King of Siwnik [Syunik], King of Balk, King of Arc'ax [Artskah], and King of Albania, not to mention Prince of Gardman, Dizak, and Xac'en [Khachen] - as well as Presiding Prince of Albania - as he chose.": "The Kingdom of Arc'ax," pp. 49-50.
- ^ a b Kirakos Gandzaketsi. History of the Armenians Archived 2013-06-19 at the Wayback Machine. Translated by Robert Bedrosian.
- ^ a b c Vardanyan, Edda (January 1, 2015). "The Žamatun of Hoṙomos and the Žamatun/Gawit' Structures in Armenien Architecture". Hoṙomos Monastery: Art and History, edited by Edda Vardanyan, Paris : ACHCByz: 213.
- ^ Hewsen (1972). "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia", p. 317.
- ^ Eastmond, Anthony (2004). Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. p. 92.
- ^ Eastmond, Art and Identity, p. 144.
- ^ Minorsky, Vladimir. "Caucasica IV," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 3 (1953): pp. 504-505.
- ^ a b (in Armenian) Hasan-Jalalyans Archived December 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. The Hasan-Jalalyans, Charitable, Cultural Foundation of Country Development. Accessed December 24, 2007.
- ^ (in Armenian) Avdalbekian, M. s.v., "Haysmavurk," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 6, pp. 202-203.
- ^ Akopyan, A. V. "On the Earliest Coins of Khachen (Qarabagh)," Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society 222 (Spring 2015): 6-11.
- ^ Lane, George E. (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. p. 63.
- ^ a b Lane. Early Mongol Rule, p. 259.
- ^ a b Kirakos Gandzaketsi. History of Armenia, Chapter 63: The death of pious prince Jalal Archived October 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, [g389-392]
- ^ MANUSCRIPT HERITAGE OF ARTS‘AKH AND UTIK‘ (PDF). Agbu. 2022. p. 162-163, 216.
- ^ a b Hewsen. "The Kingdom of Arc'ax", p. 53.
- ^ Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Gabriel Basmajian; Edward S. Franchuk (2005). The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Eighteenth Century to Modern Times, vol. 3. Detroit: Wayne State University. p. 470.
- ^ a b (in Armenian) Svazian, H., s.v., "Yesayi Hasan-Jalalyan," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 3, pp. 523-524.
- ^ Bournoutian. Armenian People, pp. 236-237.
- ISBN 9780700703807. Archivedfrom the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
- ^ Bournoutian. Armenian People, pp. 237-238.
- ^ Hewsen (1972). "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia," p. 318.
- ^ Hewsen (1972). "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia", pp. 328-329.
- ^ (in Armenian) Saghian, M. s.v. "Ruben Hasan-Jalalian," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 7, p. 246.
- ^ "Stepan Hasan-Jalalyan". Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
- ^ "Hovannisian Re-elected Heritage Party Leader". June 28, 2014. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
- ^ De Waal. Black Garden, pp. 151-152.
External links
- Gandzasar.com: Gandzasar Monastery, Nagorno Karabakh Republic
- (in Armenian) The Hasan-Jalalyans, Charitable, Cultural Foundation of Country Development.
Further reading
- Primary Sources
- Esayi Hasan Jalaleants. A Brief History of the Aghuank Region, trans. by George Bournoutian. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2009.
- Kirakos Gandzaketsi. History of Armenia Archived August 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Trans. Robert Bedrosian.
- Secondary and Tertiary Sources
- (in Russian) Orbeli, Joseph. Асан Жалал дoла, Kниаз Xaчeнcки [Hasan-Jalal Dawla, Prince of Khachen]. Izvestiia Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk 3 (1909). Reprinted in his Izbrannii Trudi. Yerevan, 1963.
- (in Russian) . Yerevan: Nairi, 1991.
- (in French) Toumanoff, Cyril. Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour l'histoire de la Caucasie Chrétienne (Arménie-Géorgie-Albanie). Edizioni Aquila, Roma, 1976.
- Hewsen, Robert H. "The Kingdom of Arc'ax," in Thomas J. Samuelian and Michael E. Stone, eds., Medieval Armenian Culture, University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1984.
- Hewsen, Robert H. "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: A Preliminary Study." Revue des Études Arméniennes 9 (1972): pp. 255–329.
- Hewsen, Robert H. "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: II." Revue des Études Arméniennes 10 (1973–1974): pp. 281–303.
- Hewsen, Robert H. "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: III." Revue des Études Arméniennes 11 (1975–1976): pp. 219–243.
- (in Armenian) Ulubabian, Bagrat. Khacheni ishkhanutyune, X-XVI darerum [The Principality of Khachen during the tenth to sixteenth centuries]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1975.
- (in Armenian) Ulubabian, Bagrat. "Hasan-Jalal Dawla" and "Hasan-Jalalyan Family" in Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. vol. 6. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1980.
- (in Armenian) Ts. P. Aghaian et al., eds., "Hay zhoghovurde feodalizmi vayrejki zhamanakashrjanum, XVI-XVIII dd." [The Armenian People and the Period of Decline of Feudalism from the Fourteenth to Eighteenth Century] in Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun. vol. 5. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1976.