House of Orange-Nassau

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"House of Orange" redirects here. For other uses, see House of Orange (disambiguation).
House of Orange-Nassau
Nassau
EtymologyOrange, France & Nassau, Germany
Founded15 July 1544; 479 years ago (1544-07-15)
FounderWilliam the Silent
Current headKing Willem-Alexander
Titles
List
Estate(s)
agnatic line, following the death of Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
)

The House of Orange-Nassau (

Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands was instrumental in the Dutch resistance during World War II
.

Several members of the house served during the Eighty Years war and after as stadtholder ("governor"; Dutch: stadhouder) during the Dutch Republic. However, in 1815, after a long period as a republic, the Netherlands became a monarchy under the House of Orange-Nassau.

The dynasty was established as a result of the marriage of

Philibert of Châlon. As the first Nassau to be the Prince of Orange, René could have used "Orange-Nassau" as his new family name. However, his uncle, in his will, had stipulated that René should continue the use of the name Châlon-Orange. After René's death in 1544, his cousin William of Nassau-Dillenburg inherited all of his lands. This "William I of Orange", in English better known as William the Silent, became the founder of the House of Orange-Nassau.[1]
: 10 

Origins

Further information: House of Nassau and House of Chalon-Arlay
1544: "Orange-Nassau" symbolized by adding the "Châlon-Orange" arms in an escutcheon to the "Nassau" arms.

Grand Dukes of Luxembourg. This line also included Adolph of Nassau, who was elected King of the Romans in 1292. The descendants of Otto became known as the Ottonian Line, and they inherited parts of the County of Nassau, as well as properties in France and the Netherlands.[citation needed
]

The House of Orange-Nassau stems from the younger Ottonian Line. The first of this line to establish himself in the Netherlands was

Breda as the core of the Dutch possessions and the family fortune.[2]
: 35 

A nobleman's power was often based on his ownership of vast tracts of land and lucrative offices. It also helped that much of the lands that the House of Orange-Nassau controlled sat under one of the commercial and mercantile centres of the world (see below under

William I of Orange. From then on, the family members called themselves "Orange-Nassau."[1]: 8 [2]: 37 [3]: vol3, pp3-4 [4]
: 37, 107, 139 

Eighty Years' War

Main article: Eighty Years' War
Adriaen Thomasz. Key
, c. 1580

Although

Calvinist) inhabitants of the Netherlands. Things went badly after the Eighty Years' War started in 1568, but luck turned to his advantage when Protestant rebels attacking from the North Sea captured Brielle, a coastal town in present-day South Holland in 1572. Many cities in Holland began to support William. During the 1570s he had to defend his core territories in Holland several times, but in the 1580s the inland cities in Holland were secure. William of Orange was considered a threat to Spanish rule in the area and was assassinated in 1584 by a hired killer sent by Philip.[3]: vol3, p177 [4]: 216 [5]

William was succeeded by his second son

Johan van Oldebarnevelt—because Maurits wanted more powers in the Republic. Maurits won this power struggle by arranging the judicial murder of Oldebarnevelt.[4]: 421–432, 459 [6]

17th century

Expansion of dynastic power

Maurice died unmarried in 1625 and left no legitimate children. He was succeeded by his half-brother

Amalia van Solms-Braunfels
. Frederick Henry and Amalia were the parents of a son and several daughters. These daughters were married to important noble houses such as the house of
William, married Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, the eldest daughter of Charles I of England. These dynastic moves were the work of Amalia.[1]: 72–74 [7]
: 61 

Exile and resurgence

Further information:
First Stadtholderless period
Maurice and Frederick Henry, William II, and William III
.

Frederick Henry died in 1647 and his son succeeded him. As the

Jan de Witt and Cornelis de Graeff, meddled in the education and made William a "child of state" to be educated by the state. The doctrine used in this education was keeping William from the throne. William became indeed very docile to the wishes of the regents and the Estates.[7][8]

The Dutch Republic was attacked by France and England in 1672. The military function of stadtholder was no longer superfluous, and with the support of the

Louis XIV of France.[7] William III died childless after a riding accident on March 8, 1702, leaving the main male line of the House of Orange extinct, and leaving Scotland, England and Ireland to his sister-in-law Queen Anne
.

Position in the Dutch Republic in the 17th century

The house of Orange-Nassau was relatively unlucky in establishing a hereditary dynasty in an age that favoured hereditary rule. The Stuarts and the Bourbons came to power at the same time as the Oranges, the Vasas and Oldenburgs were able to establish a hereditary kingship in Sweden and Denmark, and the Hohenzollerns were able to set themselves on a course to the rule of Germany. The House of Orange was no less gifted than those houses, in fact, some might argue more so, as their ranks included some the foremost statesmen and captains of the time. A 104 years separated the death of William the Silent from the accession of his great-grandson, William III, as King of England. Although the institutions of the United Provinces became more republican and entrenched as time went on, William the Silent had been offered the countship of Holland and Zealand, and only his assassination prevented his accession to those offices. This fact did not go unforgotten by his successors.[1]: 28–31, 64, 71, 93, 139–141 

The Prince of Orange was also not just another noble among equals in the Netherlands. First, he was the traditional leader of the nation in war and in rebellion against Spain. He was uniquely able to transcend the local issues of the cities, towns and provinces. He was also a sovereign ruler in his own right (see Prince of Orange article). This gave him a great deal of prestige, even in a republic. He was the center of a real court like the Stuarts and Bourbons, French speaking, and extravagant to a scale. It was natural for foreign ambassadors and dignitaries to present themselves to him and consult with him as well as to the States General to which they were officially credited. The marriage policy of the princes, allying themselves twice with the Royal Stuarts, also gave them acceptance into the royal caste of rulers.[9]: 76–77, 80 

Besides showing the relationships among the family, the family tree below also points out an extraordinary run of bad luck. In the 211 years from the death of William the Silent to the conquest by France, there was only one time that a son directly succeeded his father as Prince of Orange, Stadholder and Captain-General without a minority (William II). When the Oranges were in power, they also tended to settle for the actualities of power, rather than the appearances, which increasingly tended to upset the ruling regents of the towns and cities. On being offered the dukedom of Gelderland by the States of that province, William III let the offer lapse as liable to raise too much opposition in the other provinces.[9]: 75–83 

  • The collateral house of Nassau: the four brothers of Willem I, prince of Orange: Jan (1536–1606), sitting, Hendrik (1550–1574), Adolf (1540–1568) and Lodewijk (1538–1574), counts of Nassau.
    The collateral house of Nassau: the four brothers of Willem I, prince of Orange: Jan (1536–1606), sitting, Hendrik (1550–1574), Adolf (1540–1568) and Lodewijk (1538–1574), counts of Nassau.
  • "The Nassau Cavalcade", members of the House of Orange-Nassau on parade in 1621 from an engraving by Willem Delff. From left to right in the first row: Prince Maurice, Prince Philip William and Prince Frederick Henry, between Maurice and Frederick Henry is William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg.[10]
    "The Nassau Cavalcade", members of the House of Orange-Nassau on parade in 1621 from an engraving by Willem Delff. From left to right in the first row:
    Prince Frederick Henry, between Maurice and Frederick Henry is William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg.[10]
  • Willem II (1626–50), prince of Orange, and his wife Princess Maria Stuart of England (1631–60).
    Willem II (1626–50), prince of Orange, and his wife Princess Maria Stuart of England (1631–60).
  • Princes of the collateral House of Nassau-Dietz from the Stadhouderlijk Hof (nowadays called Princessehof Ceramics Museum) in Leeuwarden, H.Prince of Nassau, Henry Casimir, Prince of Nassau, George, Prince of Nassau, and Willem Frederick, Prince of Nassau_Dietz
    Princes of the collateral House of Nassau-Dietz from the Stadhouderlijk Hof (nowadays called Princessehof Ceramics Museum) in Leeuwarden, H.Prince of Nassau, Henry Casimir, Prince of Nassau, George, Prince of Nassau, and Willem Frederick, Prince of Nassau_Dietz

18th century

Second Stadtholderless period

Further information:
Second Stadtholderless period

The regents found that they had suffered under the powerful leadership of William III as the ruler of the Netherlands and king in the British Isles and they left the stadtholdership vacant for the second time. As William III died childless in 1702 the principality became a matter of dispute between Prince

Guelders, Overijssel, and Utrecht in 1722. When the French invaded Holland in 1747, William IV was appointed stadtholder in Holland and Zeeland as well in the Orangist revolution. The position of stadtholder was made hereditary in both the male and the female lines in all provinces at the same time.[1]
: 148–151, 170 

Hereditary territories in Germany

Hereditary possessions of the House of Orange-Nassau in Germany in 1789

After the Nassau-Dietz branch took over, the House of Orange-Nassau had acquired the following territories by the end of the 18th century in the Holy Roman Empire, located in present-day Germany:[citation needed]

Around 1742, William IV of Orange established the Hochdeutsche Hofdepartement, an administrative centre located in The Hague inside the Dutch Republic, which looked after the family's possessions in Germany.[11]

End of the stadtholdership

William IV died in 1751, leaving his three-year-old son, William V, as the stadtholder. Since William V was still a minor, the regents reigned for him. He grew up to be an indecisive person, a character defect which would come to haunt William V his whole life. His marriage to Wilhelmina of Prussia relieved this defect to some degree. In 1787, Willem V survived an attempt to depose him by the Patriots (anti-Orangist revolutionaries) after the Kingdom of Prussia intervened. When the French invaded Holland in 1795, William V was forced into exile, and he was never to return alive to Holland.[1]: 228–229 [3]: vol5, 289 

After 1795, the House of Orange-Nassau faced a difficult period, surviving in exile at other European courts, especially those of Prussia and Britain. Following the recognition of the

Napoleon Bonaparte of the French Republic (Treaty of Amiens), which was established as the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda.[12] William V died in 1806.[13]

Monarchy since 1813

Dutch royalty
House of
Orange-Nassau
King William I
Children and grandchildren
Children
King William II
Prince Frederick
Princess Pauline
Princess Marianne

Grandchildren

Queen Louise of Sweden
Prince William (1833–4)
Prince Frederick (1836–46)
Princess Marie
King William II
Children
Children
King William III
Prince Alexander
Prince Henry
Prince Ernest Casimir
Grand Duchess Sophie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
King William III
Children
Children
Prince William
Prince Maurice
Prince Alexander
Queen Wilhelmina
Queen Wilhelmina
Children
Children
Queen Juliana
Queen Juliana
Children and grandchildren
Children
Queen Beatrix
Princess Irene
Princess Margriet
Princess Christina

Grandchildren

Prince Maurits
Prince Bernhard
Prince Pieter-Christiaan
Prince Floris
Queen Beatrix
Children and grandchildren
Children
King William-Alexander
Prince Friso
Prince Constantijn

Grandchildren

Countess Luana
Countess Zaria
Countess Eloise
Count Claus-Casimir
Countess Leonore
King Willem-Alexander
Children
Children
Princess Catharina-Amalia
Princess Alexia
Princess Ariane
Main article: Monarchy of the Netherlands

United Kingdom of the Netherlands

After a repressed Dutch rebel action, Prussian and Cossack troops drove out the French in 1813, with the support of the Patriots of 1785. A provisional government was formed, most of whose members had helped drive out William V 18 years earlier. However, they were realistic enough to accept that any new government would have to be headed by William V's son, William Frederick (William VI). All agreed that it would be better in the long term for the Dutch to restore William themselves rather than have him imposed by the allies.[1]: 230 

Prince William of Orange wounded at Waterloo, 1815

At the invitation of the provisional government, William Frederick returned to the Netherlands on November 30. This move was strongly supported by the United Kingdom, which sought ways to strengthen the Netherlands and deny future French aggressors easy access to the Low Countries' Channel ports. The provisional government offered William the crown. He refused, believing that a stadholdership would give him more power. Thus, on December 6, William proclaimed himself hereditary sovereign prince of the Netherlands—something between a kingship and a stadholdership. In 1814, he was awarded sovereignty over the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège as well. On March 15, 1815, with the support of the powers gathered at the Congress of Vienna, William proclaimed himself King William I. He was also made grand duke of Luxembourg, and (to assuage French sensitivity by distancing the title from the now-defunct principality) the title 'Prince of Orange' was changed to 'Prince of Oranje'.[14] The two countries remained separate, though they shared a common monarch via a personal union. William had thus fulfilled the House of Orange's three-century quest to unite the Low Countries.[3]: vol5, 398 

The institution of the monarch in the Netherlands is considered an office under the Constitution of the Netherlands.[15] There are none of the religious connotations to the office as in some other monarchies.[citation needed] A Dutch sovereign is inaugurated rather than crowned in a coronation ceremony.[citation needed] It was initially more of a crowned/hereditary presidency, and a continuation of the status quo ante of the pre-1795 hereditary stadholderate in the Republic.[citation needed] In practice, the current monarch has considerably less power than the stadtholder.[citation needed]

As king of the

enlightened despot.[3]
: vol5, 399 

The Prince of Orange held rights to Nassau lands (Dillenburg, Dietz, Beilstein, Hadamar, Siegen) in central Germany. On the other hand, the King of Prussia,

Anne, Duchess of Luxembourg who had died over three centuries earlier. At the Congress of Vienna, the two brothers-in-law agreed to a trade—Frederick William received William I's ancestral lands while William I received Luxembourg. Both got what was geographically nearer to their centre of power.[3]
: vol5, 392 

In 1830, most of the southern portion of William's realm—the former Austrian Netherlands and Prince-Bishopric—declared independence as Belgium. William fought a disastrous war until 1839 when he was forced to settle for peace. With his realm halved, he decided to abdicate in 1840 in favour of his son, William II. Although William II shared his father's conservative inclinations, in 1848 he accepted an amended constitution that significantly curbed his own authority and transferred the real power to the States General. He took this step to prevent the Revolutions of 1848 from spreading to his country.[3]: vol5, 455–463 

William III and the risk of extinction

Further information: Luxembourg Crisis; Republicanism in the Netherlands § 1848–1890: Waning popularity; and Republicanism in the Netherlands § Succession secured, republic prevented

William II died in 1849. He was succeeded by his son, William III. A rather conservative, even reactionary man, William III was sharply opposed to the new 1848 constitution. He continually tried to form governments that were dependent on his support, even though it was prohibitively difficult for a government to stay in office against the will of Parliament. In 1868, he tried to sell Luxembourg to France, which was the source of a quarrel between Prussia and France.[3]: vol5, 483 

William III had a rather unhappy marriage with

Prince Heinrich XXXII Reuss of Köstritz, leading the Netherlands into an undesirably strong influence from the German Empire that would threaten Dutch independence.[16] Not just Socialists, but now also Anti-Revolutionary politicians including Prime Minister Abraham Kuyper and Liberals such as Samuel van Houten advocated the restoration of the Republic in Parliament in case the marriage remained childless.[17] The birth of Princess Juliana in 1909 put the question to rest.[17]

Monarchy in modern times

Frederiksplein in Amsterdam during the entry of Queen Wilhelmina, 5 September 1898

Wilhelmina was queen of the

Nassau-Weilburg, a collateral line to the House of Orange-Nassau. For a time, it appeared that the Dutch royal family would die with Wilhelmina. Her half-brother, Prince Alexander, had died in 1884, and no royal babies were born from then until Wilhelmina gave birth to her only child, Juliana, in 1909. The Dutch royal house remained quite small until the later 1930s and the early 1940s, during which time Juliana gave birth to four daughters. Although the House of Orange died out in its male line with the death of Queen Wilhelmina, it continued in the female line as can be seen in other modern European monarchies, the name "Orange" continues to be used by the Dutch royalty[3]: vol5, 507–508  and as evidenced in many patriotic songs, such as "Oranje boven".[citation needed
]

The Netherlands remained neutral in World War I, during her reign, and the country was not invaded by Germany, as neighbouring Belgium was.[18]

Nevertheless, Queen Wilhelmina became a symbol of the Dutch resistance during World War II. The moral authority of the Monarchy was restored because of her rule. After 58 years on the throne as the Queen, Wilhelmina decided to abdicate in favour of her daughter, Juliana. Juliana had the reputation of making the monarchy less "aloof", and under her reign the Monarchy became known as the "cycling monarchy". Members of the royal family were often seen riding bicycles through the cities and the countryside under Juliana.[18]

A royal marriage controversy occurred in 1966 when Juliana's eldest daughter, the future Queen Beatrix, decided to marry Claus von Amsberg, a German diplomat. The marriage of a member of the royal family to a German was quite controversial in the Netherlands, which had suffered under Nazi German occupation in 1940–45. This reluctance to accept a German consort probably was exacerbated by von Amsberg's former membership in the Hitler Youth under the Nazi regime in his native country, and also his following service in the German Wehrmacht. Beatrix needed permission from the government to marry anyone if she wanted to remain heiress to the throne, but after some argument, it was granted. As the years went by, Prince Claus was fully accepted by the Dutch people. In time, he became one of the most popular members of the Dutch monarchy, and his death in 2002 was widely mourned.[18]

On April 30, 1980, Queen Juliana abdicated in favour of her daughter, Beatrix. In the early years of the twenty-first century, the Dutch monarchy remained popular with a large part of the population. Beatrix's eldest son,

Catharina-Amalia, Alexia, and Ariane. After a long struggle with neurological illness, Queen Juliana died on March 20, 2004, and her husband, Prince Bernhard, died on December 1 of that same year.[18]

Upon Beatrix's abdication on April 30, 2013, the Prince of Orange was inaugurated as King Willem-Alexander, becoming the Netherlands' first male ruler since 1890. His eldest daughter, Catharina-Amalia, as heiress apparent to the throne, became

Princess of Orange in her own right.[18]

Net worth

See also:
List of the richest royals

Unlike other royal houses, there has always been a separation in the Netherlands between what was owned by the state and used by the House of Orange in their offices as monarch, or previously, stadtholder, and the personal investments and fortune of the House of Orange.[citation needed]

As monarch, the King or Queen has use of, but not ownership of, the Huis ten Bosch as a residence and Noordeinde Palace as a work palace. In addition, the Royal Palace of Amsterdam is also at the disposal of the monarch (although it is only used for state visits and is open to the public when not in use for that purpose). Soestdijk Palace was sold to private investors in 2017. The

Sword of State, royal banner, and ermine mantle have been placed in the Crown Property Trust. The trust also holds the items used on ceremonial occasions, such as the carriages, table silver, and dinner services.[19] The Royal House is also exempt from income, inheritance, and personal tax.[20][21]

The House of Orange has long had the reputation of being one of the wealthier royal houses in the world, largely due to their business investments in

Holland-America Line. How significant these investments are is a matter of conjecture, as their private finances, unlike their public stipends as monarch, are not open to public scrutiny.[22]

As late as 2001, the fortune of the Royal Family was estimated by various sources (Forbes magazine) at $3.2 billion. Most of the wealth was reported to come from the family's longstanding stake in the

ABN-AMRO.[23][24]

The royal family's fortune seems to have been hit by declines in real estate and equities after 2008. They were also rumored to have lost up to $100 million when

Bernard Madoff's Ponzi scheme collapsed, though the royal house denies the allegations.[25] In 2009, Forbes estimated Queen Beatrix's wealth at US$300 million.[26] This could also have been due to splitting the fortune between Queen Beatrix and her 3 sisters, as there is no right of the eldest to inherit the whole property. A surge in export revenue, recovery in real estate and strong stock market have helped steady the royal family's fortunes, but uncertainty over the new government and future austerity measures needed to bring budget deficits in line may dampen future prospects. In July 2010, Forbes magazine estimated her net worth at $200 million[22] This estimate was unchanged in April 2011.[27]

List of rulers

Stadtholderate under the House of Orange-Nassau

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
John William Friso
Orange-Nassau
William V
  • Prince of Orange
(1748-03-08)8 March 1748 – 9 April 1806(1806-04-09) (aged 58)22 October 17519 April 1806Hereditary Stadtholder of the United Netherlands, son of William IV, succeeded by his son King William I (-> Principality of the Netherlands (1813–1815)Orange-Nassau

Stadtholderate under the Houses of Nassau-Dillenburg and Nassau-Dietz

Note:[35]

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
John William Friso
(1687-08-04)4 August 1687 – 14 July 1711(1711-07-14) (aged 23)25 March 169614 July 1711Hereditary Stadtholder,[42] son of Henry Casimir II, succeeded by his son William IV of Orange-Nassau, Hereditary Stadtholder of the United Netherlands (-> Stadtholderate under the House of Orange-NassauNassau-Dietz, Orange-Nassau

Principality of the Netherlands (1813–1815)

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
William I(1772-08-24)24 August 1772 – 12 December 1843(1843-12-12) (aged 71)6 December 181316 March 1815Raised Netherlands to status of kingdom in 1815, son of Stadtholder William VOrange-NassauWilliam I of the Netherlands

Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–present)

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
William I(1772-08-24)24 August 1772 – 12 December 1843(1843-12-12) (aged 71)16 March 18157 October 1840Son of the last Stadtholder William VOrange-NassauWilliam I of the Netherlands
William II(1792-12-06)6 December 1792 – 17 March 1849(1849-03-17) (aged 56)7 October 184017 March 1849Son of William IOrange-NassauWilliam II of the Netherlands
William III(1817-02-17)17 February 1817 – 23 November 1890(1890-11-23) (aged 73)17 March 184923 November 1890Son of William IIOrange-NassauWilliam III of the Netherlands
Wilhelmina(1880-08-31)31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962(1962-11-28) (aged 82)23 November 18904 September 1948Daughter of William IIIOrange-NassauWilhelmina of the Netherlands
Juliana(1909-04-30)30 April 1909 – 20 March 2004(2004-03-20) (aged 94)4 September 194830 April 1980Daughter of WilhelminaOrange-NassauJuliana of the Netherlands
Beatrix (1938-01-31) 31 January 1938 (age 86)30 April 198030 April 2013Daughter of JulianaOrange-NassauBeatrix of the Netherlands
Willem-Alexander (1967-04-27) 27 April 1967 (age 56)30 April 2013Son of BeatrixOrange-NassauWilliam-Alexander
Willem-Alexander of the NetherlandsBeatrix of the NetherlandsJuliana of the NetherlandsWilhelmina of the NetherlandsWilliam III of the NetherlandsWilliam II of the NetherlandsWilliam I of the Netherlands

Royal family versus royal house

Main article: Dutch royal house
Dutch royal family

Princess Beatrix *

Extended family
Princess Irene

Princess Margriet *
Professor Pieter van Vollenhoven *

  • Mr Bernardo Guillermo
    Mrs Eva Guillermo
  • Mr Nicolás Guillermo
  • Miss Juliana Guillermo
* Member of the Dutch royal house

Under Dutch law, there is a distinction between the royal family and the Dutch royal house. Whereas 'royal family' refers to the entire Orange-Nassau family, only a small subgroup of it constitutes the royal house. By the Royal House Membership Act 2002, membership of the royal house is limited to:[18][43]

The royal house and family is the Orange-Nassau family. [44]

  • (Article 1) the reigning monarch (King or Queen);[43]
  • (Article 1a) the members of the royal family in the line of succession to the Dutch throne, limited to the second degree of sanguinity reckoned from the reigning monarch;[43]
  • (Article 1b) the heir presumptive of the reigning monarch;[43]
  • (Article 1c) the former monarch (upon abdication);[43]
  • (Article 2) the spouses of the above, even if the above die.[43]
  • (Article 3) H.R.H. Princess Margriet of the Netherlands, (for whom an exception was made);[citation needed]

Members of the Royal House lose their membership (and thereby, designation as prince or princess of the Netherlands) if they lose the membership of the Royal House on the succession of a new monarch (not being in the second degree of sanguinity to the monarch anymore, Article 1a), or by royal decree approved by the Council of State (Article 5).[43] This last scenario could happen, for example, if a royal house member marries without the consent of the Dutch Parliament.[citation needed] For example, this happened with Prince Friso in 2004, when he married Mabel Wisse Smit.[citation needed]

Family tree

Origins of the Nassaus

The lineage of the House of Nassau can be traced back to the 10th century.


Family tree of the House of Nassau

The following family tree is compiled from Wikipedia and the reference cited in the note[45]

Dudo of Laurenburg
(c. 1060 – c. 1123)
Count of Laurenburg
r.1093

Rupert (Ruprecht) I
of Nassau
(c. 1090 – c. 1154)
co-Count of Laurenburg
r.1123
1st Count of Nassau

Arnold I
Count of Laurenburg
(d.c. 1148)

Rupert (Ruprecht) II
Count of Laurenburg
(1154–1158)(d.c. 1159)

Walram I
(French: Valéran)
(c. 1146–1198)
was the first
(legally titled)
Count of Nassau
(1154–1198)

Henry (Heinrich) I
co-Count of Nassau
(1160 – August 1167)

Rupert (Ruprecht) III
the Bellicose
(d.1191)
co-Count of Nassau
(1160–1191)

Rupert (Ruprecht) IV
Count of Nassau
(1198–1230)
Teutonic Knight
(1230–1240)

Herrmann
(d.aft. 3 December 1240)
Canon of Mainz Cathedral
Otto I of Nassau
(reigned c. 1247 – 1290)
OTTONIAN branch
Present-day rulers of the Netherlands

John
(c. 1230 – 1309)
Bishop-Elect of Utrecht
(1267–1290)
Adolf
(c. 1255–1298)
King of Germany
(1292–1298)

Henry I
(d.1343)
Count of Nassau-Siegen

Emicho I
(d.7 June 1334)
Count of Nassau-Hadamar
extinct 1394

John
(d.1328)
Count Nassau-Dillenburg

Ruprecht
(d.1304)
Gerlach I
Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden
(bef.1288–1361)

Walram III
Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden

Otto II
(c. 1305–1350/1351)
Count of Nassau-Siegen

Henry I
(1307–1388)
Count of Nassau-Beilstein
ext. 1561

Adolph
(1307–1370)
Count of Nassau in
Wiesbaden-Idstein
ext 1605

John I
(1309–1371)
Count of Nassau-Weilburg

Rupert
the Bellicose
(c. 1340–1390)
Count of Nassau-Sonnenberg

John I
(c. 1339–1416)
Count of Nassau-Siegen

Philip I
(1368–1429)
Count of Nassau in Weilburg, Saarbrücken, etc.

Adolf I
(1362–1420)
Count of Nassau-Siegen

John II
"The Elder"
(d. 1443)

Engelbert I
(c. 1370/80–1442)
Count of Nassau-Siegen, Baron of Breda
founder of the Netherlands Nassaus

John III
"The Younger"
d. 1430
Count of Nassau-Siegen

John II
(1423–1472)
Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken
ext. 1574

John IV
(1410–1475)
Count of Nassau-Siegen

Henry II
(1414–1451)
Count of Nassau-Siegen

John III
(1441–1480)
Count of Nassau-Weilburg

Philip
(1443–1471)
Count of Nassau-Weilburg
Engelbert II
the Valorious
(1451–1504)
Count of Nassau and Vianden, Baron of Breda(fr), Lek, Diest, Roosendaal en Nispen and Wouw

John V
(1455–1516)
Count of Nassau-Siegen

Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg
House of Orange-Nassau

A detailed family tree can be found here.

Dutch monarchs family tree
.


Orange and Nassau Family Tree

A summary family tree of the House of Orange-Nassau[48]

From the joining of the

Marshal de Turenne
.

John V
Count of Nassau-Siegen
1455–1516
Stadholder of Gelderland

John IV
Prince of Orange, 1475–1502

Philibert
of Châlon
of Châlon
Prince of Orange
1502–1530

René
of Châlon
1519–1544
Prince of Orange
r.1521

Ernst Casimir
Count of Nassau-Dietz
1573–1632
Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe
John VII
"the Middle"
Count of Nassau-Siegen
r.1561–1623
(illeg.)
Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne

Vicomte de Turenne & Marshal-General of France
1611–1675
Albertine Agnes
1634–1696)
William Frederick
1613–1664
Count —later Prince— of Nassau-Dietz, Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe
Henry Casimir I
Count of Nassau-Dietz
1612–1640
Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe
John Maurice
"the Brazilian"
Prince of Nassau-Siegen
1604–1679
Governor of Dutch Brazil
Field Marshal of the Dutch Army
Earls of Rochford in England
Henry Casimir II
Prince of Nassau-Dietz
1657–1696
Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe
John William Friso
1687–1711
appointed heir by William III
Prince of Orange
r.1702
Stadholder of Frieslandr.1696

Anne
Princess Royal of England		William IV
1711–1751
Prince of Orange
Stadholder of Holland, Zealand, etc. 1747

Wilhelmina of PrussiaWilliam V
1748–1806
Prince of Orange
r.1751
Stadholder of Holland, Zealand, etc.
r.1751–1795

Carolina
1743–1787		Charles Christian
Prince of Nassau-Weilburg
r.1735–1788
William VI
Fürst of Nassau-Orange-Fulda
1803–1806
Fürst of Nassau-Orange
Prince of Orange
r.1806
later
William I
King of the Netherlands
r.1815

Frederick William
Prince of Nassau-Weilburg
1768–1816
Royal Family of the NetherlandsWilliam
Duke of Nassau
1792–1839
Adolphe
1817–1905
Duke of Nassau
r.1839–1866
Grand Duke of Luxembourg
r.1890–1905
Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg

The main house of Orange-Nassau also spawned several illegitimate branches. These branches contributed to the political and economic history of England and the Netherlands.

Prince Maurice and Margaretha van Mechelen. His descendants were later created Counts of Nassau-LaLecq. One of his sons was the famous general Henry de Nassau, Lord of Overkirk, King William III's Master of the Horse, and one of the most trusted generals of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. His descendants became the Earls of Grantham in England. Frederick van Nassau, Lord of Zuylestein, an illegitimate son of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, gave rise to the Earls of Rochford in England. The 4th earl of Rochford
was a famous English diplomat and a statesman.


Royal House of Orange-Nassau

In 1815, William VI of Orange became King of the Netherlands. This summary genealogical tree shows how the current Royal house of Orange-Nassau is related:[18]

William I, 1772–1843, King of the Netherlands, 1815–1840

Wilhelmina of Prussia
William II, 1792–1849, King of the Netherlands, 1840

Anna Pavlovna of Russia
Prince Frederick of the Netherlands, 1797–1881


[49][50]		Princess Pauline of Orange-Nassau, 1800–1806Princess Marianne of the Netherlands, 1810–1883

[51]
married Prince Albert of Prussia (1809–1872)
William, Prince of Albania
Wilhelmina, 1880–1962, Queen of the Netherlands, 1890–1948


To 1907 after 1907		Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1876–1934, Prince of the Netherlands

William, Prince of Orange 1840–1879

Prince Maurice of the Netherlands1843–1850Alexander, Prince of Orange, 1851–1884

Juliana 1909–2004, Queen of the Netherlands, 1948–1980

Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, Prince of the Netherlands 1911–2004

Beatrix,1938–, Queen of the Netherlands,1980–2013

Claus van Amsberg,1926–2002, Prince of the Netherlands

Princess Irene of the Netherlands, 1939, m.(1964–1981) Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma, Duke of Parma, 4 children not eligible for thronePrincess Margriet of the Netherlands, 1943–

Pieter van VollenhovenPrincess Christina of the Netherlands,(1947–2019), m. Jorge Pérez y Guillermo (m. 1975; div. 1996), 3 children not eligible for throne
King of the Netherlands, 2013–
Queen Maxima of the Netherlands

Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau 1968–2013 m.(2004) Mabel Wisse Smit without permission, his children are not eligible for the throne and he was no longer a Prince of the Netherlands after his marriagePrince Constantijn of the Netherlands, 1969–

Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands4 sons, 2 of whom were eligible for the throne until Beatrix abdicated in 2013

Countess Leonore of Orange-Nassau, 2006–

Coats of Arms

Main articles: Armorial of the House of Nassau and nl:Wapen van Nassau § Tak van Otto
See also: Coat of arms of the Netherlands
Arms of the Ottonian Branch of the House of Nassau:[52] Azure billetty or, a lion rampant of the last armed and langued gules

The gallery below show the

coats of arms used by members of the house of Orange-Nassau. Their growing complexity and use of crowns shows how arms are used to reflect the growing political position and royal aspirations of the family. A much more complete armorial is given at the Armorial of the House of Nassau, and another one at Wapen van Nassau, Tak van Otto
at the Dutch Wikipedia.

The ancestral coat of arms of the Ottonian line of the

Belgium, and Luxembourg. Blue, because of its nearness to purple, which in the northern climes tended to fade (red was the other choice), was also a popular color for those with royal aspirations. The billets could have been anything from blocks of wood to abstractions of the reenforcements holding the shield together. The fact that these were arms were very similar to those of the counts of Burgundy
(Franche-Comté) did not seem to cause too much confusion.

Henry III of Nassau-Breda came to the Netherlands in 1499 as heir to his uncle,

René of Breda inherited the Princedom of Orange on condition that he used the name and coat of arms of the Châlon-Orange family. History knows him therefore as René of Châlon instead of as "René of Nassau-Breda." The 1st and 4th grand quarters show the arms of the Chalons-Arlay (the gold bend) princes of Orange (the bugle). The blue and gold cross is the arms of Jeanne of Geneva, who married one of the Chalons princes. The 2nd and 3rd show the quarterings of Brittany and Luxembourg-St. Pol. The inescutcheon overall is his paternal arms quartered of Nassau and Breda. William the Silent
's father, William the Rich, was rich only in children. He bore the arms shown below. Clockwise from upper left they displayed the arms of Nassau (1st quarter), Katzenelenbogen (3rd quarter), Dietz (2nd quarter), Vianden (4th quarter).

  • Arms of Engelbrecht II and Henry III of Nassau-Breda.[52]
    Arms of Engelbrecht II and Henry III of Nassau-Breda.[52]
  • Coat of arms of Rene of Chalons as Prince of Orange.[52]
    Coat of arms of Rene of Chalons as Prince of Orange.[52]
  • Arms of William the Rich, count of Nassau-Dillenburg.[52]
    Arms of William the Rich, count of Nassau-Dillenburg.[52]

The princes of Orange in the 16th and 17th century used the following sets of arms. On becoming prince of Orange, William placed the Châlon-Arlay arms in the center ("as an inescutcheon") of his father's arms. He used these arms until 1582 when he purchased the

William II and William III with the arms of the marquisate in the top center, and the arms of the county of Buren in the bottom center.[1]
: 29–30  William also started the tradition of keeping the number of billets in the upper left quarter for Nassau at 17 to symbolize the original 17 provinces of the Burgundian/Habsburg Netherlands, which he always hoped would form one united nation.

  • Coat of arms of William the Silent as Prince of Orange from 1544 to 1582, and his eldest son Philip William[52]
    Coat of arms of William the Silent as Prince of Orange from 1544 to 1582, and his eldest son Philip William[52]
  • The coat of arms used by William the Silent from 1582 until his death, Frederick Henry, William II, and William III as Prince of Orange[52]
    The coat of arms used by
    William II, and William III as Prince of Orange[52]
  • The coat of arms used by Maurice showing the county of Moers (top left center and bottom right center) and his mother's arms of Saxony (center): 78
    The coat of arms used by
    Maurice showing the county of Moers (top left center and bottom right center) and his mother's arms of Saxony (center)[9]: 78 [53][54]
  • An alternate coat of arms sometimes used by Frederick Henry, William II, and William III as Prince of Orange showing the county of Moers in the top center rather than Veere.[55]
    An alternate coat of arms sometimes used by
    Veere.[55]
  • Coat of arms on expeditionary banner of William and Mary, 1688, showing the arms of William III impaled with the royal arms of England
    Coat of arms on expeditionary banner of William and Mary, 1688, showing the arms of William III impaled with the royal arms of England
  • Coat of arms of King William III of England as King of England.
    Coat of arms of King William III of England as King of England.

When

John William Friso became Prince of Orange, he used the arms below. However, he was never recognized outside of Holland and areas friendly to Holland as Prince of Orange. His son, William IV, recognized as Prince of Orange, seems to have used the original arms of William the Silent.[56] When the princes of Orange fled the Netherlands during the Batavian Republic and the Kingdom of Holland, and when France occupied the Netherlands, they were compensated by Napoleon with the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda
. These principalities were confiscated when Napoleon invaded Germany (1806) and William VI supported his Prussian relatives. He succeeded his father as prince of Orange later that year, after William V's death. The house of Orange-Nassau also had several illegitimate lines (see below) who based their arms on the arms of Nassau-Dillenburg.

When William VI of Orange returned to the Netherlands in 1813 and was proclaimed Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands, he quartered the former Arms of the Dutch Republic (1st and 4th quarter) with the "Châlon-Orange" arms (2nd and 3rd quarter), which had come to symbolize Orange. As an in escutcheon he placed his ancestral arms of Nassau. When he became King in 1815, he combined the Dutch Republic Lion with the billets of the Nassau arms and added a royal crown to form the Coat of arms of the Netherlands. In 1907, Queen Wilhelmina replaced the royal crown on the lion and the shield bearers of the arms with a coronet.[58]

Wilhelmina further decreed that in perpetuity her descendants should be styled "princes and princesses of Orange-Nassau" and that the name of the house would be "Orange-Nassau" (in Dutch "Oranje-Nassau"). Only those members of the members of the Dutch Royal Family that are designated to the smaller "Royal House" can use the title of prince or princess of the Netherlands.[18] Since then, individual members of the House of Orange-Nassau are also given their own arms by the reigning monarch, similar to the United Kingdom. This is usually the royal arms, quartered with the arms of the principality of Orange, and an in escutcheon of their paternal arms.[59]

  • Juliana of the Netherlands & Oranje-Nassau Personal Arms
    Juliana of the Netherlands & Oranje-Nassau Personal Arms
  • Beatrix of the Netherlands & Oranje-Nassau Personal Arms
    Beatrix of the Netherlands & Oranje-Nassau Personal Arms
  • William Alexander of the Netherlands and Oranje-Nassau Personal Arms
    William Alexander of the Netherlands and Oranje-Nassau Personal Arms
  • Arms for children of King William Alexander of the Netherlands
    Arms for children of King William Alexander of the Netherlands
  • Sons of Princess Margriet of the Netherlands, Pieter van Vollenhoven[60]
    Sons of Princess Margriet of the Netherlands, Pieter van Vollenhoven[60]

As sovereign Princes, the princes of Orange used an independent prince's crown or the princely hat. Sometimes, only the coronet part was used (see, here and here). After the establishment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and as the principality of Orange had been incorporated into France by Louis XIV, they used the Dutch Royal Crowns. The full coats of arms of the princes of Orange, later Kings of the Netherlands, incorporated the arms above, the crown, 2 lions as supporters and the motto "Je maintiendrai" ("I will maintain"), the latter taken from the Chalons princes of Orange, who used "Je maintiendrai Chalons".[2]: 35 

Coat of Arms of Frederick Henry, William II and William III as sovereign princes of Orange.[52]
Royal coat of arms of the Netherlands (1815–1907)[18]
Royal coat of arms of the Netherlands (1907–present)[18]

Lands and titles

Main articles:
King of the Netherlands § Terminology, title, and lineage; Style of the Dutch sovereign; and nl:Titels van de Nederlandse koninklijke familie § Historische titels van de Koning

Titles

Nieuwe Kerk
in Amsterdam

Besides being

King of France, the Habsburgs, or the States of the provinces of the Netherlands[61]

Style of the Dutch sovereign:

  • Count of Nassau-Dillenburg

Dietz , Vianden , Buren , Moers , Leerdam , and Culemborg (1748)

Cranendonck , Lands of Cuijk , Eindhoven , City of Grave , Lek , IJsselstein , Acquoy , Diest , Grimbergen /, Herstal , Warneton (Waasten (nl)) , Beilstein , Bentheim-Lingen , Arlay , Nozeroy , and Orpierre ;

  • Ter Eem
    ,

Bredevoort , Dasburg , Geertruidenberg, Hooge en Lage Zwaluwe , Klundert,

't Loo
, Montfort, Naaldwijk , Niervaart,
lands of Polanen
, Steenbergen , Sint-Maartensdijk , Turnhout & Zevenbergen ,
Willemstad
, Bütgenbach, Sankt Vith , and Besançon


A fuller listing with maps of the territories are in the Maps of the Lands of the House of Orange.

Standards

Main articles:
List of Dutch flags

The Dutch Royal Family also makes extensive use of royal standards that are based on their coats of arms, but not identical to them (as the British Royal Family does). Some examples from the Royal Family's website are:[18]

The standards of the ruling king or queen:

  • Royal Flag of the Netherlands (1815–1908)
    Royal Flag of the Netherlands (1815–1908)
  • Royal Standard of Wilhelmina, Juliana and Beatrix (1908–2013)
    Royal Standard of Wilhelmina, Juliana and Beatrix (1908–2013)
  • Royal Standard of the King
    Royal Standard of the King

The standards of the current sons of the former Queen, now Princess Beatrix and their wives and the Queen's husband:

  • Royal Standard of the Princes of the Netherlands (Sons of Queen Beatrix)
    Royal Standard of the Princes of the Netherlands (Sons of Queen Beatrix)
  • Standard of Claus von Amsberg as Royal consort of the Netherlands
    Standard of Claus von Amsberg as Royal consort of the Netherlands
  • Standard of Princess Maxima of the Netherlands
    Standard of Princess Maxima of the Netherlands
  • Standard of Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands
    Standard of Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands

A fuller listing can be found at the Armorial de la Maison de Nassau, section Lignée Ottonienne at the French Wikipedia.

Residences of the House of Orange

See also

For further about the Dutch Monarchy and the Dutch Royal House:

Traditionally, members of the Nassau family were buried in

Dutch monarchs, have been buried in that church. His great-grandson William the Third, King of England and Scotland and Stadtholder in the Netherlands, was buried in Westminster Abbey
.

In Robert A. Heinlein's 1956 science fiction novel Double Star, the House of Orange reigns over – but does not rule over – an empire of humanity that spans the entire Solar System.

Notes

  1. ^ In isolation, van is pronounced  [vɑn].

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Rowen, Herbert H. (1988). The princes of Orange: the stadholders in the Dutch Republic. Cambridge University Press.
  2. ^ a b c d Grew, Marion Ethel (1947). The House of Orange. 36 Essex Street, Strand, London W.C.2: Methuen & Co. Ltd.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Blok, Petrus Johannes (1898). History of the people of the Netherlands. New York: G. P. Putnam's sons.
  4. ^
    ISBN 0-19-820734-4
    paperback.
  5. ^ Motley, John Lothrop (1855). The Rise of the Dutch Republic. Harper & Brothers.
  6. ^ a b Motley, John Lothrop (1860). History of the United Netherlands from the Death of William the Silent to the Synod of Dort. London: John Murray.
  7. ^ a b c d Geyl, Pieter (2002). Orange and Stuart 1641–1672. Arnold Pomerans (trans.) (reprint ed.). Phoenix.
  8. ^
    ISBN 9780691052472
    .
  9. ^
    ISBN 0-15-518473-3
    .
  10. ^ Delff, Willem Jacobsz. "De Nassauische Cavalcade". From an engraving on exhibit in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  11. ISBN 9783830979692
    . Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  12. ^ He acquired Fulda, Corvey, Weingarten and Dortmund. He lost the possessions again after changing sides from France to Prussia in 1806 when he refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine. Cf. J. and A. Romein 'Erflaters van onze beschaving', Querido, 1979
  13. S2CID 155502574
    .
  14. ^ Couvée, D.H.; G. Pikkemaat (1963). 1813-15, ons koninkrijk geboren. Alphen aan den Rijn: N. Samsom nv. pp. 119–139.
  15. ^ Articles 24–49 of the Constitution of the Netherlands.
  16. ^ "Were A Monarch To Fall Dead", The Washington Post, 7 May 1905.
  17. ^ a b J.g. Kikkert (30 April 1997). "Het beatrixisme: zolang Beatrix de PvdA aan haar zijde weet te houden, is er voor Oranje weinig kou in de lucht". De Groene Amsterdammer. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "The Official Website of the Dutch Royal House in English". Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  19. ^ "Dutch Royal House – Movable Property". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
  20. ^ (in Dutch) Constitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands Article 40 (Dutch edition of WikiSource)
  21. ^ Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en (18 October 2012). "The Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands 2008". www.government.nl.
  22. ^ a b "In Pictures: The World's Richest Royals." Forbes. 7 July 2010. 30 September 2010.
  23. ^ "How Much Is Queen Elizabeth Worth?." Forbes 26 June 2001.
  24. ^ "Royal Flush." Forbes 4 March 2002.
  25. ^ "Monarchs and the Madoff Scandal." Forbes. 17 June 2009.
  26. ^ "In Pictures: The World's Richest Royals". Forbes.com. 30 August 2007. Retrieved 2010-03-05.
  27. ^ "Report: The World's Richest Royals." Forbes. April 29, 2011.
  28. ^ Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht (employed by Philip II: 1559 – 1567, employed by the States General: 1572 – 1584), Stadtholder of Friesland and Overijssel (1580–1584)
  29. ^ Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland (1585–1625), Utrecht, Guelders and Overijssel (1590–1625), Groningen (1620–1625)
  30. ^ Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel (1620–1625), Groningen and Drenthe (1640–1647)
  31. ^ Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel
  32. ^ Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht and Overijssel (1672–1702), Guelders (1675–1702), Drenthe (1696–1702)
  33. ^ William III invaded – on invitation – England and became king of England, Scotland and Ireland
  34. ^ Hereditary Stadtholder of Friesland (1711–1747), Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht and Overijssel (April/May 1747 – November 1747), Stadtholder of Groningen (1718–1747), Guelders and Drenthe (1722–1747), was formally voted the first Hereditary Stadtholder of the United Provinces (1747–1751)
  35. ^ Stadtholders of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe, became the direct male line ancestor of the Republic's hereditary Stadtholders, and later of the kings of the Netherlands.
  36. Guelders (under Philip II), architect of the Union of Utrecht
  37. ^ Stadtholder of Friesland (1584–1620), Groningen (1594–1620) and Drenthe (1596–1620)
  38. ^ Stadtholder of Friesland (1620–1632), Groningen and Drenthe (1625–1632)
  39. ^ Stadtholder of Friesland (1632–1640), Groningen and Drenthe (1632–1640)
  40. ^ Stadtholder of Friesland (1640–1664), Groningen and Drenthe (1650–1664)
  41. ^ In 1675 the State of Friesland voted to make the Stadtholdership hereditary in the house of Nassau-Dietz
  42. ^ Hereditary Stadtholder of Friesland (1707–1711) and Griningen (1708–1711)
  43. ^ a b c d e f g "wetten.nl – Regeling – Wet lidmaatschap koninklijk huis – BWBR0013729". wetten.overheid.nl.
  44. ^ "The Official Website of the Dutch Royal House in English". Retrieved 9 January 2024. The Royal House of the Netherlands is the House of Orange-Nassau.
  45. ^ Louda, Jiri; Maclagan, Michael (December 12, 1988), "Netherlands and Luxembourg, Table 33", Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe (1st (U.S.) ed.), Clarkson N. Potter, Inc.
  46. ^ Marek, Miroslav. "Nassau index page". genealogy.euweb.cz. Retrieved 5 September 2013.[self-published source]
  47. ISBN 1-85605-469-1
    .
  48. ^ "Official Website of the Dutch Royal House". Rijksvoorlichtingsdienst (RVD), The Hague, the Netherlands. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
  49. ^ Rietstap, Johannes Baptist (1875). Handboek der Wapenkunde. the Netherlands: Theod. Bom. p. 348. Prins FREDERIK: Het koninklijke wapen, in 't shcildhoofd gebroken door een rooden barensteel, de middelste hanger beladen met een regtopstaanden goud pijl.
  50. ^ Junius, J.H. (1894). Heraldiek. the Netherlands: Frederik Muller. p. 151. ...de tweede oon voert het koninklijk wapen gebroken door een barensteel van drie stukken met een zilveren pijl.
  51. ^ Junius, J.H. (1894). Heraldiek. the Netherlands: Frederik Muller. p. 151. ...is het wapen afgebeeld van de oudste dochter van den Koning der Nederlanden. De barensteel is van keel en beladen met een gouden koningskroon.
  52. ^
    ISBN 0-8063-4811-9
    . Retrieved 26 May 2015. Ecartelé : au 1. d'azur, semé de billettes d'or au lion d'or, armé et lampassé de gueules, brochant sur le tout (Maison de Nassau); II, d'or, au léopard lionné de gueules, arméc ouronné et lampassé d'azur (Katzenelnbogen); III, de gueules à la fasce d'argent (Vianden); IV, de gueules à deux lions passant l'un sur l'autre; sur-le-tout écartelé, aux I et IV de gueules, à la bande d'or (Châlon), et aux II et III d'or, au cor de chasse d'azur, virolé et lié de gueules (Orange); sur-le-tout-du-tout de cinq points d'or équipolés à quatre d'azur (Genève); un écusson de sable à la fasce d'argent brochant en chef (Marquis de Flessingue et Veere); un écusson de gueules à la fasce bretessée et contre-bretessée d'argent brochant en pointe (Buren). Cimier: 1er un demi-vol cont. coupé d'or sur gueles (Chalons), 2er une ramure de cerf d'or (Orange) 3er un demi-vol de sa, ch. d'un disque de armes de Dietz. Supports: deux lions d'or, arm. et lamp. de gueles. Devise: JE MAINTIENDRAI.
  53. ^ Anonymous. "Wapenbord van Prins Maurits met het devies van de Engelse orde van de Kouseband". Exhibit of a painted woodcut of Maurice's Arms encircled by the Order of the Garter in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  54. ^ Rietstap, Johannes Baptist (1861). Armorial général, contenant la description des armoiries des familles nobles et patriciennes de l'Europe: précédé d'un dictionnaire des termes du blason. G.B. van Goor. p. 746. a la exception de celebre prince Maurice qui portai les armes ...
  55. ^ Post, Pieter (1651). "Coat of Arms as depicted in "Begraeffenisse van syne hoogheyt Frederick Hendrick"". engraving, in the collection of. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  56. ^ a b c d e Rietstap, Johannes Baptist (1861). Armorial général, contenant la description des armoiries des familles nobles et patriciennes de l'Europe: précédé d'un dictionnaire des termes du blason. G.B. van Goor. p. 746.
  57. ^ ""Coat of Arms as depicted on the "Familiegraf van de Oranje-Nassau's in de Grote of Jacobijnerkerk te Leeuwarden"". Familiegraf van de Oranje-Nassau's in de Grote of Jacobijnerkerk te Leeuwarden. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  58. ^ "Wapens van leden van het Koninklijk Huis". Coats of Arms of the Dutch Royal Family, Website of the Dutch Monarchy, the Hague. Rijksvoorlichtingsdienst (RVD), the Hague, the Netherlands. Retrieved 30 April 2012. Het wapen van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (Rijkswapen) en dat van de Koningen der Nederlanden (Koninklijk wapen) is vanaf de oprichting van het Koninkrijk in 1815 identiek. Het Wapen werd in 1907 gewijzigd en laatstelijk vastgesteld bij Koninklijk Besluit van 23 april 1980, nr. 3 (stb. 206) bij de troonsaanvaarding van Koningin Beatrix. De beschrijving van het wapenschild in het eerste artikel is dwingend voorgeschreven, de in het tweede en derde artikel beschreven uitwendige versierselen zijn facultatief. In de praktijk wordt de basisuitvoering van het wapen wel het Klein Rijkswapen genoemd. Het Koninklijk Wapen wordt sinds 1907 gekenmerkt door een gouden klimmende leeuw met gravenkroon. De blauwe achtergrond (het veld) is bezaaid met verticale gouden blokjes. De term bezaaid geeft in de heraldiek aan dat het aantal niet vaststaat, waardoor er ook een aantal niet compleet zijn afgebeeld. Het wapenschild wordt gehouden door twee leeuwen die in profiel zijn afgebeeld. Op het wapenschild is een Koningskroon geplaatst. Op een lint dat onder het wapenschild bevestigd is, staat de spreuk 'Je Maintiendrai'. Bij Koninklijk Besluit van 10 juli 1907 (Stb. 181) werd het Koninklijk Wapen, tevens Rijkswapen, aangepast. De leeuw in het schild en de schildhoudende leeuwen droegen vóór die tijd alle drie de Koninklijke kroon, maar raakten deze kwijt nu de toegevoegde purperen hermelijn gevoerde mantel, gedekt door een purperen baldakijn, een Koningskroon ging dragen. De schildhouders waren vóór 1907 bovendien aanziend in plaats van en profiel.
  59. ^ "Wapens van leden van het Koninklijk Huis". Coats of Arms of the Dutch Royal Family, Website of the Dutch Monarchy, the Hague. Rijksvoorlichtingsdienst (RVD), the Hague, the Netherlands. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  60. ^ Klaas. "Maurits van Vollenhoven". Article on Maurits van Vollenhoven, 18-09-2008 10:28. klaas.punt.nl. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  61. ISBN 90-73714-18-4
    .

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House of Orange-Nassau
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