House of Stuart
Stuart Stewart | |
---|---|
Royal house | |
Parent family | Clan Stewart |
Country | Scotland, England, Ireland, Great Britain |
Founded | c. 1371 (653 years ago) |
Founder | Robert II of Scotland (1371–1390) |
Final ruler | Anne, Queen of Great Britain (1702–1714) |
Titles | List
|
Dissolution | 1807 |
Cadet branches |
The House of Stuart, originally spelled Stewart, was a
In 1503,
In total, nine Stewart/Stuart monarchs ruled Scotland alone from 1371 until 1603, the last of whom was James VI, before his accession in England. Two Stuart queens ruled the isles following the
After the loss of the throne, the descendants of James VII and II continued for several generations to attempt to reclaim the Scottish and English (and later British) throne as the rightful heirs, their supporters being known as
Background
The ancestral origins of the Stuart family are obscure—their probable ancestry is traced back to
When the civil war in the
History
Stewart of Stewart | Stewart of Albany | |
---|---|---|
Stewart of Barclye | Stewart of Garlies | Stewart of Minto |
Stewart of Atholl | Stewart of Bute | Stuart of Bute |
Stewart of Ardvorlich | Stewart of Physgill | Stewart of Rothesay |
The sixth High Steward of Scotland,
In 1503, James IV attempted to secure peace with England by marrying King Henry VII's daughter, Margaret Tudor. The birth of their son, later James V, brought the House of Stewart into the line of descent of the House of Tudor, and the English throne. Margaret Tudor later married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and their daughter, Margaret Douglas, was the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. In 1565, Darnley married his half-cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, the daughter of James V. Darnley's father was Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, a member of the Stewart of Darnley branch of the House. Lennox was a descendant of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, also descended from James II, being Mary's heir presumptive. Thus Darnley was also related to Mary on his father's side and because of this connection, Mary's heirs remained part of the House of Stuart. Following John Stewart of Darnley's ennoblement for his part at the Battle of Baugé in 1421 and the grant of lands to him at Aubigny and Concressault, the Darnley Stewarts' surname was gallicised to Stuart.
Both Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley had strong claims on the English throne through their mutual grandmother Margaret Tudor. This eventually led to the accession of the couple's only child
In feudal and dynastic terms, the Scottish reliance on French support was revived during the reign of
Present-day
The Royal House of Stuart became extinct with the death of Cardinal
List of monarchs
Monarchs of Scotland
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2012) |
Portrait | Name | From | Until | Relationship with predecessor |
---|---|---|---|---|
Robert II | 22 February 1371 | 19 April 1390 | Nephew Robert I .
| |
Robert III | 19 April 1390 | 4 April 1406 | Son of Robert II. | |
James I | 4 April 1406 | 21 February 1437 | Son of Robert III. | |
James II | 21 February 1437 | 3 August 1460 | Son of James I. | |
James III | 3 August 1460 | 11 June 1488 | Son of James II. | |
James IV | 11 June 1488 | 9 September 1513 | Son of James III. | |
James V | 9 September 1513 | 14 December 1542 | Son of James IV. | |
Mary | 14 December 1542 | 24 July 1567 | Daughter of James V. | |
James VI | 24 July 1567 |
27 March 1625 | Son of Mary, Queen of Scots. |
Monarchs of England, Scotland, and Ireland
From the Acts of Union 1707, which came into effect on 1 May 1707, the last Stuart monarch, Anne, became Queen of Great Britain and Ireland.
Portrait | Name | From | Until | Relationship with predecessor |
---|---|---|---|---|
James VI and I |
24 March 1603 | 27 March 1625 | Great-great grandson of Henry VII of England. King of Scotland alone until inheriting the titles King of England and Ireland, including claim to France from the extinct Tudors. | |
Charles I | 27 March 1625 | 30 January 1649 (executed) | Son of James VI and I | |
Charles II | 30 January 1649 (de jure); 2 May 1660 (de facto) | 6 February 1685 | Son of Charles I. Prohibited by Parliament from assuming the throne during a republican period of government known as the Commonwealth of England, but then accepted as king in 1661. | |
James VII and II | 6 February 1685 | 11 December 1688 | Brother of Charles II, who died without legitimate issue. Son of Charles I. Overthrown at the Revolution of 1688. Died in 1701. | |
Mary II |
13 February 1689 | 28 December 1694 | Daughter of James II & VII, who was still alive and pretending to the throne. Co-monarch was William III & II who outlived his wife. | |
Anne | 8 March 1702 | 1 August 1714 | Sister of Mary II. daughter of James II & VII. Name of state changed to Great Britain with the political Acts of Union 1707, though family has used title since James I & VI. Died childless, rights pass to House of Hanover. |
Family tree
Round provided a family tree[7] to embody his essential findings, which is adapted below.
Alan, Dapifer Dolensis (Seneschal or Steward of Dol) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Alan, Dapifer Dolensis, Took part in First Crusade, 1097. | Flaald Occurs at Monmouth, 1101/2 | Rhiwallon Monk of St Florent. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Alan Fitz Flaad, Founder of Sporle Priory | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Jordan Fitz Alan, Dapifer in Brittany, Benefactor of Sele Priory. | William Fitz Alan, Lord of Oswestry Founder/benefactor of Haughmond Abbey, Died 1160 | Walter fitz Alan Dapifer Regis Scotiae, Founder of Paisley Abbey, Died 1177 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Alan Fitz Jordan, Dapifer Dolensis. | William Fitz Alan II, Lord of Oswestry and Clun | Alan the Steward Senescallus Regis Scotiae | |||||||||||||||||||||
Origin
- Alan fitz Flaad
- William FitzAlan, Lord of Oswestry
- William Fitz Alan, 1st Lord of Oswestry and Clun
- William Fitz Alan, 2nd Lord of Oswestry and Clun
- John Fitzalan, Lord of Oswestry
- John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel
- House of FitzAlan
- Jordan fitz Alan, Seneschal of Dol
- Walter fitz Alan, 1st High Steward of Scotland
- Alan fitz Walter, 2nd High Steward of Scotland
- Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland
- Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland
- James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland
- Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland
- Robert II of Scotland
- John Stewart of Ralston
- Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland
- John Stewart of Bonkyll
- Alexander Stewart of Bonkyll
- Earls of Angus (extinct 1361)
- Alan Stewart of Dreghorn
- Stewart of Darnley
- Earls of Lennox
- Stewart of Garlies
- Earls of Galloway
- Stewart of Burray
- Stewart of Physgill (Phisgal)
- Stewart of Minto
- Stewart of Tongrie
- Stewart of Barclye
- Stewart of Darnley
- Walter Stewart of Garlies and Dalswinton
- John Stewart of Dalswinton
- Walter Stewart of Garlies and Dalswinton
- John Stewart of Dalswinton
- James Stewart of Pearston
- Stewart of Pearston
- Stewart of Lorn
- Earls of Atholl
- Earls of Buchan
- Earls of Traquair (illegitimate)
- Stewart of Pearston
- John Stewart of Daldon
- Robert Stewart of Daldowie
- Alexander Stewart of Bonkyll
- James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland
- Walter Bailloch
- Robert Stewart, Lord of Darnley
- Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland
- Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland
- Alan fitz Walter, 2nd High Steward of Scotland
- Simon fitz Alan
- William FitzAlan, Lord of Oswestry
House of Stewart
- Robert II of Scotland
- Robert III of Scotland
- David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay
- James I of Scotland
- Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay
- James II of Scotland
- James III of Scotland
- James IV of Scotland
- James, Duke of Rothesay
- Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay
- James V of Scotland
- James, Duke of Rothesay
- Arthur, Duke of Albany
- Mary, Queen of Scots
- Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross
- James Stewart, Duke of Ross
- John Stewart, Earl of Mar
- James IV of Scotland
- Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany
- David Stewart, Earl of Moray
- John Stewart, Earl of Mar
- James III of Scotland
- Sir John Stewart (illegitimate)
- Stewart of Ballechin
- Walter, Lord of Fife
- Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany
- Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany
- Robert Stewart
- Walter Stewart
- Lords Avandale
- Lords Stuart of Ochiltree
- Barons Castle Stewart
- Lords Stuart of Ochiltree
- Lords Avandale
- Alasdair Stewart
- James Mor Stewart
- James "Beag" Stewart (illegitimate)
- Stewart of Balquhidder
- Stewart of Ardvorlich
- Stewart of Glen Buckie
- Stewart of Gartnafuaran
- Stewart of Annat
- Stewart of Balquhidder
- James "Beag" Stewart (illegitimate)
- John Stewart, Earl of Buchan
- Robert Stewart, Earl of Ross
- Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany
- Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, the Wolf of Badenoch
- Illegitimate sons
- Stewart of Atholl
- Illegitimate sons
- David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn
- Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl
- Alan Stewart, 4th Earl of Caithness
- David Stewart, Master of Atholl
- John Stewart, Sheriff of Bute (illegitimate)
- Robert III of Scotland
House of Stuart
Descended from the Stewarts of Darnley (Stewarts of Lennox)
- Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots
- James VI and I
- Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales
- Charles I of England
- Charles II of England
- James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth (illegitimate)
- Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth (illegitimate)
- Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland (illegitimate)
- Dukes of Cleveland (extinct 1774)
- Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton (illegitimate)
- George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland(illegitimate)
- Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans (illegitimate)
- Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond (illegitimate)
- James II of England
- Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge
- James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge
- Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal
- Edgar, Duke of Cambridge
- Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge
- James Francis Edward Stuart
- James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick (illegitimate)
- House of FitzJames
- Dukes of Berwick
- Dukes of Fitz-James (extinct 1967)
- House of FitzJames
- Henry FitzJames (illegitimate)
- Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester
- Charles II of England
- Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne
- James VI and I
See also
- Jacobitism, for more on the legitimist House of Stuart, following the Glorious Revolution
- John Barbour, the first Stewart court poet and genealogist
- List of Scottish monarchs
- List of British monarchs
- Clan Stewart
- Barony and Castle of Corsehill Stewarton in Ayrshire and the Stuart connection
- Armorial of the House of Stuart
Notes
- ^ titular claim rather than de facto
- ^ Title assumed by James V of Scotland, in correspondence with Irish chieftains, as a challenge to Henry VIII, who had recently been declared 'King of Ireland.'
- ^ The Earls of Galloway are the senior surviving line of the Stuarts. They are descended from a line which originated from the second son of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, and are not members of the Stewart/Stuart royal line; however, they are part of the peerage.
References
- ^ "J.H. Round: The Origin of the Stewarts: Part 1". MedievalGenealogy.org.uk. Retrieved on 13 November 2008.
- ^ a b c Bartlett, England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225, 544.
- ^ Lieber, Encyclopædia Americana, 30.
- ^ a b c King, The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign, 249.
- Daily Telegraph. Archived from the originalon 8 April 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
- ^ The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ "Studies in peerage and family history". New York Longmans, Green. 1901.
Sources
- King, Edmund (1994). The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820364-0.
- ISBN 0-7486-1802-3.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49411. Retrieved 11 October 2010. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- Round, J. Horace (1901). Studies in Peerage and Family History. Westminster, London: Archibald Constable & Co Ltd.
Further reading
- Addington, Arthur C. The Royal House of Stuart: The Descendants of King James VI of Scotland (James I of England). 3v. Charles Skilton, 1969–76.
- Cassavetti, Eileen. The Lion & the Lilies: The Stuarts and France. Macdonald & Jane's, 1977.