House of Tudor
House of Tudor | |
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Parent house | Tudors of Penmynydd |
Country | |
Founded | 1485 |
Founder | Henry VII (first Tudor king) |
Final ruler | Elizabeth I |
Titles |
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Dissolution | 24 March 1603 |
The House of Tudor (
Henry VII (a descendant of
In total, the Tudor monarchs ruled their domains for 117 years. Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547) was the only son of Henry VII to live to the age of maturity, and he proved a dominant ruler. Issues around royal succession (including marriage and the succession rights of women) became major political themes during the Tudor era, as did the
Ascent to the throne
The Tudors descended from
The descendants of an illegitimate child of English royalty would normally have no claim on the throne, although Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396, when John Beaufort was 25. The church then retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate by way of a
Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's descendants from his first marriage, the House of Lancaster, during the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses. However the descent from the Beauforts did not necessarily render Henry Tudor (Henry VII) heir to the throne, nor did the fact that his paternal grandmother, Catherine of Valois, had been Queen of England due to her first marriage to Henry V (although, this did make Henry VII a nephew of Henry VI).
The legitimate claim was that of Henry Tudor's wife,
Family connections and the Wars of the Roses
Henry Tudor had, however, something that the others did not. He had an army which defeated the last Yorkist king,
Henry Tudor, as Henry VII, and his son by Elizabeth of York, Henry VIII eliminated other claimants to the throne, including his first cousin once removed, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury,[7] and her son Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu, as well as Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter.
On 1 November 1455, John Beaufort's granddaughter,
This name is sometimes given as Tewdwr, the Welsh form of
Owen Tudor was one of the bodyguards for the
Henry VI ennobled his half-brothers: Edmund became Earl of Richmond on 15 December 1449[10] and was married to Lady Margaret Beaufort, the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, the progenitor of the house of Lancaster; Jasper became Earl of Pembroke on 23 November 1452.[10] Edmund died on 3 November 1456. On 28 January 1457, his widow Margaret, who was only 13 at the time, gave birth to a son, Henry Tudor, at her brother-in-law's residence at Pembroke Castle.
Henry Tudor, the future Henry VII, spent his childhood at Raglan Castle, the home of Lord Herbert, a leading Yorkist. Following the murder of Henry VI and death of his son, Edward, at the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471, Henry became the person upon whom the Lancastrian cause rested. Concerned for his young nephew's life, Jasper Tudor took Henry to Brittany for safety.
Lady Margaret remained in England and remarried, living quietly while advancing the Lancastrian (and her son's) cause. Capitalizing on the growing unpopularity of Richard III (King of England from 1483), she was able to forge an alliance with discontented Yorkists in support of her son. Two years after Richard III was crowned, Henry and Jasper sailed from the mouth of the Seine to the Milford Haven Waterway and defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485.[9] Upon this victory, Henry Tudor proclaimed himself King Henry VII.
Family tree of the principal members of the house of Tudor Red text indicates Monarch of Scotland .
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Henry VII
Upon becoming king in 1485, Henry VII moved rapidly to secure his hold on the throne. On 18 January 1486 at Westminster Abbey, he honoured a pledge made three years earlier and married Elizabeth of York,[11] daughter of King Edward IV. They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt. The marriage unified the warring houses of Lancaster and York and gave the couple's children a strong claim to the throne. The unification of the two houses through this marriage is symbolised by the heraldic emblem of the Tudor rose, a combination of the white rose of York and the red rose of Lancaster.
Henry VII and Elizabeth of York had several children, four of whom survived infancy:
- Arthur, Prince of Wales (born 1486, died 1502)
- Henry, Duke of York(born 1491, died 1547)
- Margaret (born 1489, died 1541), who married James IV of Scotland
- Louis XII of France
Henry VII's foreign policy had an objective of dynastic security: he formed an alliance with Scotland with the marriage in 1503 of his daughter Margaret to James IV of Scotland, and with Spain through the marriage of his son Arthur to
Henry VII limited his involvement in European politics. He went to war only twice: once in 1489 during the French–Breton War and the invasion of Brittany, and in 1496–1497 in revenge for Scottish support of Perkin Warbeck and for the Scottish invasion of northern England. Henry VII made peace with France in 1492 and the war against Scotland was abandoned because of the Cornish rebellion of 1497. Henry VII made peace with James IV in 1502 with the Treaty of Perpetual Peace, paving the way for the marriage of his daughter Margaret.[12]
One of the main concerns of Henry VII during his reign was the re-accumulation of the funds in the royal treasury. England had never been one of the wealthier European countries, and after the Wars of the Roses this was even more true. Through his strict monetary strategy, he was able to leave a considerable amount of money in the Treasury for his son and successor, Henry VIII. Although it is debated whether Henry VII was a great king, he certainly was a successful one if only because he restored the nation's finances, strengthened the judicial system and successfully denied all other claimants to the throne, thus further securing it for his heir.[13]
Henry VIII
The new King
When Henry first came to the throne, he had very little interest in actually ruling; rather, he preferred to indulge in luxuries and to partake in sports. He let others control the kingdom for the first two years of his reign, and then when he became more interested in military strategy, he took more interest in ruling his own realm.[14] In his younger years, Henry was described[by whom?] as a man of gentle friendliness, gentle in debate, and who acted as more of a companion than a king. He was tall, handsome and cultured and generous in his gifts and affection and was said to be easy to get along with.[15] The Henry that many people picture when they hear his name is the Henry of his later years, when he became obese, volatile, and was known for his great cruelty.[16]
Catherine did not bear Henry the sons he was desperate for; her first child, a daughter, was stillborn, and her second child, a son named Henry, Duke of Cornwall, died 52 days after birth. A further set of stillborn children followed, until a surviving daughter, Mary, was born in 1516. When it became clear to Henry that the Tudor line was at risk, he consulted his chief minister Cardinal Wolsey about the possibility of annulling his marriage to Catherine. Along with Henry's concern that he would not have an heir, it was also obvious to his court that he was becoming tired of his aging wife, who was six years older than he was. Wolsey visited Rome,[when?] where he hoped to get the Pope's consent for an annulment. However, the Holy See was reluctant to rescind the earlier papal dispensation and felt heavy pressure from Catherine's nephew, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, in support of his aunt. Catherine contested the proceedings, and a protracted legal battle followed. Wolsey fell from favour in 1529 as a result of his failure to procure the annulment, and Henry appointed Thomas Cromwell in his place as chief minister c. 1532.
Despite his failure to produce the results that Henry wanted, Wolsey actively pursued the annulment (divorce was synonymous with annulment at that time). However, Wolsey never planned that Henry would marry Anne Boleyn, with whom the king had become enamoured while she served as a lady-in-waiting in Queen Catherine's household. It is unclear how far Wolsey was actually responsible for the English Reformation, but it is very clear that Henry's desire to marry Anne Boleyn precipitated the schism with Rome. Henry's concern about having an heir to secure his family line and to increase his security while alive would have prompted him to ask for an annulment sooner or later, whether Anne had precipitated it or not. Only Wolsey's sudden death at Leicester[17] on 29 November 1530 on his journey to the Tower of London saved him from the public humiliation and inevitable execution he would have suffered upon his arrival at the Tower.[18]
Break with Rome
In order to allow Henry to dissolve his marriage and marry Anne Boleyn, the English parliament enacted laws breaking ties with Rome, and declaring the king Supreme Head of the Church of England (from
Protestant alliance
Henry married again, for a third time, to
In 1540, Henry married for the fourth time to the daughter of a Protestant German duke, Anne of Cleves, thus forming an alliance with the Protestant German states. Henry was reluctant to marry again, especially to a Protestant, but he was persuaded when the court painter Hans Holbein the Younger showed him a flattering portrait of her. She arrived in England in December 1539, and Henry rode to Rochester to meet her on 1 January 1540. Although the historian Gilbert Burnet claimed that Henry called her a Flanders Mare, there is no evidence that he said this; in truth, court ambassadors negotiating the marriage praised her beauty. Whatever the circumstances were, the marriage failed, and Anne agreed to a peaceful annulment, assumed the title My Lady, the King's Sister, and received a large settlement, which included Richmond Palace, Hever Castle, and numerous other estates across the country. Although the marriage made sense in terms of foreign policy, Henry was still enraged and offended by the match. Henry chose to blame Cromwell for the failed marriage, and ordered him beheaded on 28 July 1540.[21] Henry kept his word and took care of Anne in his last years alive; however, after his death Anne suffered from extreme financial hardship because Edward VI's councillors refused to give her any funds and confiscated the homes she had been given. She pleaded to her brother to let her return home, but he only sent a few agents who tried to assist in helping her situation and refused to let her return home. Anne died on 16 July 1557 in Chelsea Manor.[22]
The fifth marriage was to the young
By the time Henry conducted another marriage with his final wife Catherine Parr in July 1543, the old Roman Catholic advisers, including the Duke of Norfolk, had lost all their power and influence. Norfolk himself was still a committed Catholic, and he was nearly persuaded to arrest Catherine for preaching Lutheran doctrines to Henry while she attended his ill health. However, she managed to reconcile with the King after vowing that she had only argued about religion with him to take his mind off the suffering caused by his ulcerous leg. Her peacemaking also helped reconcile Henry with his daughters Mary and Elizabeth and fostered a good relationship between her and Edward.
Edward VI
Henry died on 28 January 1547. His
England under Lord Somerset
Although Henry had specified a group of men to act as regents during Edward's minority,
Edward VI was taught that he had to lead religious reform. In 1549, the Crown ordered the publication of the
Problematic succession
Edward VI died on 6 July 1553, at the age of 15. With his death, the direct male line of the House of Tudor ended.
Jane
The dying Edward VI, under the pressure of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, named his cousin and Northumberland's daughter-in-law,
Mary I
Mary soon announced her intention to marry the Spanish prince,
Mary married Philip at
Mary's dream of a new, Catholic
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I, who was staying at Hatfield House at the time of her accession, rode to London to the cheers of both the ruling class and the common people.
When Elizabeth came to the throne, there was much apprehension among members of the council appointed by Mary, because many of them (as noted by the Spanish ambassador) had participated in several plots against Elizabeth, such as her imprisonment in the Tower, trying to force her to marry a foreign prince and thereby sending her out of the realm, and even pushing for her death.[31] In response to their fear, she chose as her chief minister Sir William Cecil, a Protestant, and former secretary to Lord Protector the Duke of Somerset and then to the Duke of Northumberland. Under Mary, he had been spared, and often visited Elizabeth, ostensibly to review her accounts and expenditure. Elizabeth also appointed her personal favourite, the son of the Duke of Northumberland Lord Robert Dudley, her Master of the Horse, giving him constant personal access to the queen.
Early years
Elizabeth had a long, turbulent path to the throne. She had a number of problems during her childhood, the main one being after the execution of her mother, Anne Boleyn. When Anne was beheaded, Henry declared Elizabeth illegitimate and she would, therefore, not be able to inherit the throne. Henry returned her to the line of succession in the Third Succession Act of 1543. After the death of her father, she was raised by his widow, Catherine Parr and her new husband Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley. Seymour may have groomed and sexually abused her, but their relationship was seen instead as an affair and caused scandal. During the interrogations, she answered truthfully and boldly and all charges were dropped. Seymour, however, was executed on 20 March 1549. Elizabeth was an excellent student, well-schooled in Latin, French, Italian, and somewhat in Greek, and was a talented writer.[32][33] She was supposedly a very skilled musician as well, in both singing and playing the lute. After the rebellion of Thomas Wyatt the Younger in 1554, Elizabeth was imprisoned in the Tower of London. No proof could be found that Elizabeth was involved and she was released and retired to the countryside until the death of her half-sister, Mary I of England.[34]
Imposing the Church of England
Elizabeth was a moderate Protestant; she was the daughter of
Pressure to marry
Even though Elizabeth was only twenty-five when she came to the throne, she was absolutely sure of her God-given place to be the queen and of her responsibilities as the 'handmaiden of the Lord'. She never let anyone challenge her authority as queen, even though many people, who felt she was weak and should be married, tried to do so.
Numerous threats to the Tudor line occurred during Elizabeth's reign. In 1569, a group of Earls led by
There are many reasons debated as to why Elizabeth never married. It was rumoured that she was in love with Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, and that on one of her summer progresses she had birthed his illegitimate child. This rumour was just one of many that swirled around the two's long-standing friendship. However, more important to focus on were the disasters that many women, such as her mother Anne Boleyn, suffered due to being married into the royal family. Her sister Mary's marriage to Philip brought great contempt to the country, for many of her subjects despised Spain and Philip and feared that he would try to take complete control. Recalling her father's disdain for Anne of Cleves, Elizabeth also refused to enter into a foreign match with a man that she had never seen before, so that also eliminated a large number of suitors.[35]
Last hopes for a Tudor heir
Despite the uncertainty of Elizabeth's – and therefore the Tudors' – hold on England, she never married. The closest she came to marriage was between 1579 and 1581, when she was courted by
By far the most dangerous threat to the Tudor line during Elizabeth's reign was the
While Elizabeth declined physically with age, her running of the country continued to benefit her people. In response to famine across England due to bad harvests in the 1590s, Elizabeth introduced the
Elizabeth never named a successor. However, her chief minister Sir
The House of Tudor survives through the female line, first with the
Before and after comparisons
Public interference regarding the Roses dynasties was always a threat until the 17th century Stuart/Bourbon re-alignment occasioned by a series of events such as the execution of
The Tudors made no substantial changes in their foreign policy from either Lancaster or York, whether the alliance was with Aragon or Cleves, the chief foreign enemies continuing as the
The essential difference between the Tudors and their predecessors, is the nationalization and integration of
In essence, the Tudors followed a composite of Lancastrian (the court party) and Yorkist (the church party) policies. Henry VIII tried to extend his father's balancing act between the dynasties for opportunistic interventionism in the Italian Wars, which had unfortunate consequences for his own marriages and the Papal States; the King furthermore tried to use similar tactics for the "via media" concept of Anglicanism. A further parallelism was effected by turning Ireland into a kingdom and sharing the same episcopal establishment as England, whilst enlarging England by the annexation of Wales. The progress to Northern/Roses government would thenceforth pass across the border into Scotland, in 1603, due not only to the civil warring, but also because the Tudors' own line was fragile and insecure, trying to reconcile the mortal enemies who had weakened England to the point of having to bow to new pressures, rather than dictate diplomacy on English terms.
Rebellions against the Tudors
The following English rebellions took place against the House of Tudor:
- Yorkist risings against Henry VII (1486–1487)[36]
- The first was the Rebellion of the Stafford brothers and Viscount Lovell of 1486, which collapsed without fighting.[37]
- In 1487, Yorkists led by Battle of Stoke.[39]
- Yorkshire Rebellion (1489)[36] — Rioting led by Sir John Egremont was suppressed by Thomas, Earl of Surrey but not before Henry, Earl of Northumberland was killed collecting taxes for the War in Brittany.[36]
- Cornish Rebellion (1497)[36]
- The first was the Rebellion of the
- Rebellions against Henry VIII
- The Amicable Grant Rebellion (1525)[36]
- The Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)[36]
- The
- Rebellions against Edward VI's "protectors"
- The Western Rebellion or Prayer Book Rebellion (1549)[41]
- Kett's Rebellion (1549)[41]
- The
- Rebellions against Mary I
- Wyatt's Rebellion (1554)[41]
- Rebellions against Elizabeth I
Tudor monarchs of England and Ireland
The six Tudor monarchs were:
Portrait | Name | Birth | Accession date | Marriages | Death | Claim |
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Henry VII | 28 January 1457 Pembroke Castle |
22 August 1485 (crowned at Westminster Abbey on 30 October 1485) |
Elizabeth of York | 21 April 1509 Richmond Palace aged 52 |
Descent from Edward III of England through his mother Lady Margaret Beaufort. | |
28 June 1491 Greenwich Palace
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21 April 1509 (crowned at Westminster Abbey on 24 June 1509) |
(1) Catherine of Aragon (2) Anne Boleyn (3) Jane Seymour (4) Anne of Cleves (5) Catherine Howard (6) Catherine Parr |
28 January 1547 Palace of Whitehall aged 55 |
Son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York | ||
Edward VI[α]
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12 October 1537 Hampton Court Palace |
28 January 1547 (crowned at Westminster Abbey on 20 February 1547) |
— | 6 July 1553 Greenwich Palace aged 15 |
Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour | |
Jane[α] (disputed) |
1537 Bradgate Park |
10 July 1553 (never crowned) |
Lord Guildford Dudley | 12 February 1554 executed at the Tower of London aged 16–17 |
Granddaughter of Henry VIII's sister, Mary Brandon (née Tudor), Duchess of Suffolk ; succeeded on the claim that Mary and Elizabeth were illegitimate, per Edward VI's will.
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Mary I[α] | 18 February 1516 Palace of Placentia |
19 July 1553 (crowned at Westminster Abbey on 1 October 1553) |
Philip II of Spain | 17 November 1558 St James's Palace aged 42 |
Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon | |
Elizabeth I[α]
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7 September 1533 Greenwich Palace |
17 November 1558 (crowned at Westminster Abbey on 15 January 1559) |
— | 24 March 1603 Richmond Palace aged 69 |
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn |
Armorial
Before the succession
Earlier arms of the Tudors as Welsh noble house.
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Coat of arms of Edmund Tudor, first Earl of Richmond. As he was the son of a princess of France and a minor Welsh Squire, the grant of these arms to him by his half-brother Henry VI recognises his status as part of the Lancastrian Royal Family.
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Coat of arms of Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford, and Earl of Pembroke, brother of Edmund Tudor
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Coat of arms as sovereigns
Coat of arms of Henry VII of England (1485–1509) & Henry VIII of England (1509–1547) in the first part of his reign
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Coat of arms of Henry VIII (1509–1547) in the later part of his reign & Edward VI (1547–1553)
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Coat of arms of Mary I (1554–1558) impaled with those of her husband, Philip II of Spain
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Coat of arms Elizabeth I (1558–1603) with her personal motto: "Semper eadem" or "always the same"
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As Prince of Wales,
Coat of arms of the Tudor Princes of Wales (1489–1547)
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Tudor badges
The Welsh Dragon supporter honoured the Tudors' Welsh origins. The most popular symbol of the house of Tudor was the Tudor rose (see top of page). When Henry Tudor took the crown of England from Richard III in battle, he brought about the end of the Wars of the Roses between the House of Lancaster (whose badge was a red rose) and the House of York (whose badge was a white rose). He married Elizabeth of York to bring all factions together.
On his marriage, Henry adopted the Tudor Rose badge conjoining the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. It symbolised the Tudor's right to rule as well the uniting of the kingdom after the Wars of the Roses. It has been used by every English, then British, monarch since Henry VII as a royal badge.
Royal roses, badges of England showing the red rose of Lancaster, the white rose of York, and the combined Tudor rose.
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Tudor rose, royal badge of England combining the red rose of Lancaster and white rose of York.
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Tudor rose uncrowned.
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Tudor dragon badge symbolizing the Tudor's Welsh heritage and the Welsh union with England.
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Tudor portcullis badge taken from their Beaufort ancestors.
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Crowned Fleur de lys (Tudor crown) showing the claim to crown of France.
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Crowned harp of Ireland (Tudor crown) showing the Tudors as Kings of Ireland. The harp was later quartered into the royal arms.
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Tudor monograms
The Tudors also used monograms to denote themselves:
Royal monogram of King Henry VIII of England.
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Royal monogram of Queen Elizabeth I of England.
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Lineage and the Tudor name
The Tudor name
As noted above Tewdur or Tudor is derived from the words tud "territory" and rhi "king". Owen Tudor took it as a surname on being knighted. It is doubtful whether the Tudor kings used the name on the throne. Kings and princes were not seen as needing a name, and a "Tudor" name for the royal family was hardly known in the sixteenth century. The royal surname was never used in official publications, and hardly in 'histories' of various sorts before 1584. ... Monarchs were not anxious to publicise their descent in the paternal line from a Welsh adventurer, stressing instead continuity with the historic English and French royal families. Their subjects did not think of them as 'Tudors', or of themselves as 'Tudor people'".[42] Princes and Princesses would have been known as "of England". The medieval practice of colloquially calling princes after their place birth (e.g. Henry of Bolingbroke for Henry IV or Henry of Monmouth for Henry V) was not followed. Henry VII was likely known as "Henry of Richmond" before his taking of the throne. When Richard III called him "Henry Tudor" it was to stress his Welshness and his unfitness for the throne as opposed to himself, "Richard Plantagenet", a "true" descendant of the royal line.
Patrilineal descent
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Notes:
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Royal lineage
The Tudors' claim to the throne combined the Lancastrian claim in their descent from the Beauforts and the Yorkist claim by the marriage of Henry VII to the heiress of Edward IV.
Royal Lineage (Simplified) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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– King of England – Scottish Royal Family
– House of Lancaster – House of York – House of Tudor – Tudor king or queen of England
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In popular culture
Numerous feature films are based on Tudor history.[43][44] Queen Elizabeth has been in special favorite for filmmakers for generations. According to Elizabeth A. Ford and Deborah C. Mitchell, images of Elizabeth I move: "fast-forward across film history, unforgettable, iconic images: the stately bearing; the red wigs; the high forehead; the long, aristocratic nose; the alabaster makeup; the pearl-drop earrings; the stiff, ornate ruffs; the fingers dripping with jewels; and the gowns, with yards and yards of white satin, purple velvet, gold, and silver ornamented and sparkling with rubies, diamonds, and more pearls. Even a schoolchild would be hard-pressed to mistake her for any other monarch."[45]
- The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939), film starring Bette Davis, Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland
- A Man for All Seasons, a play by Robert Bolt produced for radio, television and stage which premiered in 1960
- Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), British costume drama
- Elizabeth R (1971), BBC television drama serial
- Elizabeth (1998), film starring Cate Blanchett
- Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007), sequel
- The Other Boleyn Girl (2001), a historical novel by Philippa Gregory, based on Mary Boleyn, the sister of Queen Anne Boleyn
- Henry VIII (2003), a two-part British television serial starring Ray Winstone
- Elizabeth I(2005), television drama
- Queen Elizabeth I, starring Anne-Marie Duff
- The Tudors (2007–2010), a British-/Irish-/Canadian-produced historical fiction television series loosely based upon the reign of Henry VIII.
- The King's Daughter: A Novel of the First Tudor Queen (2008), by Sandra Worth, chronicles the origins of Tudor rule.
- Elizabeth I of England.
- Battle of Bosworth, and the beginning of the Tudor period.
- Horrible Histories: Terrible Tudors[46]
- The 2017 musical Six is inspired by the stories of Henry VIII's six wives.
- The 50-year special episode of Doctor Who "The Day of the Doctor" features Elizabeth I as one of secondary characters.
- Wolf Hall, Bring Up the Bodies and The Mirror and the Light: a trilogy of novels by Hilary Mantel, the first two of which were also adapted as Wolf Hall (TV series), which portray the dynastic, political and religious upheavals of the first part of the reign of Henry VIII from the viewpoint of Thomas Cromwell, for a time Henry's chief minister and adviser.
See also
- England and Wales
- Elizabethan era
- Mid-Tudor Crisis
- Richmond Castle
- Tudor architecture
- Tudor conquest of Ireland
- Tudor navy
- Tudor Revival architecture
References
- ^ "Tudor Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
- ^ "House of Tudor 2010. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 March 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online". Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ "History explorer: Stephen and Matilda's fight for the throne". HistoryExtra. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ^ "Alchin, Linda. "Lords and Ladies". King Henry II. Lords and Ladies, n.d. Web. 6 February 2014". Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Barrow, Mandy. "Timeline of the Kings and Queens of England: The Plantagenets". Project Britain: British Life and Culture. Mandy Barrow, n.d. Web. 6 February 2014". Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Needham, Mark. "Family tree of Henry (II, King of England 1154–1189)". TimeRef.com. TimeRef.com, n.d. Web. 6 February 2014". Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ Zimmer, Stefan (2006). "Some Names and Epithets in "Culhwch ac Olwen"". Studi Celtici. 3: 163–179. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2016. (See p. 11, n. 34 in the online version.)
- ^ a b "History – Wales under the Tudors". BBC. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- ^ a b Griffith, Ralph A. and Roger Thomas . The Making of the Tudor Dynasty (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985), 33.
- ^ Williams 1973, p. 25.
- ^ a b Kinney & Swain 2001, p. 335.
- ^ "Henry VII". Tudorhistory.org. 5 February 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- ^ "The Life of King Henry VIII (1491–1547). Biography of Henry Tudor, King of England". Luminarium.org. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- ^ "An Introduction to Tudor England". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ Lipscomb, Suzannah (2009). "Who was Henry?". History Today. 59 (4): 14–20. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
Popular perceptions of Henry VIII, according to focus groups consulted by the market research agency BDRC for Historic Royal palaces, are that he was a fat guy who had six, or maybe eight wives, and that he killed a lot of them.
- ^ "Leicester City Council – History of the Abbey; Cardinal Wolsey". 2012. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ^ Smith, p. 18-21.
- ^ Tittler & Jones 2004, p. 37.
- ^ Tittler & Jones 2004, p. 36.
- ^ Loades 1991, p. 4.
- ^ Warnicke, Retha (2005). "Anne of Cleves, Queen of England". History Review (51): 39–40.
- ^ Loades 1991, pp. 4–8.
- ^ "History of the Monarchy > the Tudors > Edward VI". Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
- ^ Mackie 1952, pp. 480–485.
- ^ Morrill, John S. “Lady Jane Grey.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 8 Feb. 2020, www.britannica.com/biography/Lady-Jane-Grey.
- ^ Editors, History.com. “Lady Jane Grey Deposed as Queen of England.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 9 Feb. 2010, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/lady-jane-grey-deposed.
- ^ Garvin 1935, p. 185.
- ^ Kinney & Swain 2001, p. 471.
- ^ Castor, Helen (2010). "Exception to the Rule". History Today. 60 (10): 37–43.
- ^ a b Jones, Norman (2008). "Advice to Elizabeth". History Today. 58 (11): 14–20.
- ^ "Poet: Queen Elizabeth I – All poems of Queen Elizabeth I". Poemhunter.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- ^ "Queen Elizabeth I". The Poetry Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- ^ Garvin 1935, p. 255–256.
- ^ Warnicke, Retha (2010). "Why Elizabeth I Never Married". History Review (67): 15–20.
- ^ a b c d e f O'Day 2012, p. 27.
- ^ Chrimes 1999, p. 69.
- ^ Chrimes 1999, p. 72.
- ^ Williams 1973, p. 62.
- ^ Chrimes 1999, pp. 69–70.
- ^ a b c d e O'Day 2012, p. 28.
- .
The 'Tudor' name for the royal family was hardly known in the sixteenth century. The almost obsessive use of the term by historians is therefore profoundly misleading about how English people of the time thought of themselves and of their world, the more so given the overtones of glamour associated with it. The royal surname was never used in official publications, and hardly in 'histories' of various sorts before 1584. Monarchs were not anxious to publicize their descent in the paternal line from a Welsh adventurer, stressing instead continuity with the historic English and French royal families. Their subjects did not think of them as 'Tudors', or of themselves as 'Tudor people'. Modern concepts such as 'Tudor monarchy' are misleading in suggesting a false unity over the century. Subjects did not identify with their rulers in the way 'Tudor people' suggests. Nor did they situate themselves in a distinct 'Tudor' period of history, differentiated from a hypothetical 'middle ages'. While 'Tudor' is useful historian's shorthand we should use the word sparingly and above all make clear to readers that it was not a contemporary concept.
- ISBN 9781598842982. Archivedfrom the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
- ^ Bruce, Sarah (2016). The Henry VIII of England Handbook: Everything You Need To Know About Henry VIII of England. pp. 119, 133, 152, 190-91.
- ^ Ford, Elizabeth A. and Mitchell, Deborah C., Royal Portraits in Hollywood: Filming the Lives of Queens (2009) pp 226–94 and see pp 126–56 For Mary Queen of Scots.
- ^ Terry Deary, Horrible Histories: Terrible Tudors (Scholastic Australia, 2012).
Sources
- Amin, Nathen (2017). The House of Beaufort: The Bastard Line that Captured the Crown.
- Black, J. B. (1958). The Reign of Elizabeth: 1558–1603 (2nd ed.).
- Bridgen, Susan (2001). New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603.
- Cunningham, Sean (2007). Henry VII.
- de Lisle, Leanda (2013). Tudor: The Family Story 1437–1603.
- Fraser, Antonia (1992). The Wives of Henry VIII.
- Garvin, Katharine, ed. (1935). The Great Tudors. E.P. Dutton and Co. ISBN 0-8414-4503-6.
- Guy, John (1990). Tudor England.
- —— (2010). The Tudors: A Very Short Introduction.
- —— (2013). The Children of Henry VIII. Oxford University Press.
- Kinney, Arthur F.; Swain, David W. (2001). Tudor England: An Encyclopedia. Garland. ISBN 0-8153-0793-4.
- Levine, Mortimer (1968). Tudor England 1485–1603. Cambridge University Press.
- —— (1973). Tudor Dynastic Problems 1460–1571. Allen & Unwin.
- OL 1881929M.
- MacCaffrey, Wallace T. (1993). Elizabeth I.
- Mackie, J. D. (1952). The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558.
- Mears, N. (2003). Courts, Courtiers, and Culture in Tudor England. The Historical Journal, 46(3), 703–722.
- Neale, J. E. (1934). Queen Elizabeth I: A Biography.
- Ridley, Jasper (1985). Henry VIII.
- — (1989). Elizabeth I : the shrewdness of virtue.
- Scarisbrick, J. J. (1968). Henry VIII.
- Tittler, Robert; Jones, Norman (2004). A Companion to Tudor Britain. Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-23618-X.
- Tudor England: Facts and Information About The Tudors. (n.d.). Retrieved April 4, 2024, from https://englishhistory.net/tudor/
- White, Max Abraham (2018). The Tudors: From Henry VII To Elizabeth I (A2 History Revision). ISBN 978-1720833017.
- Williams, Neville (1973). The Life and Times of Henry VII. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-297-76517-2.
Further reading
- Chrimes, Stanley B. (1999) [1972], Henry VII, New Haven: Yale University Press, second ed., ISBN 978-0-520-02266-9
- Guy, John (ed). The Tudor Monarchy. St Martin's Press, 1997.
- Jones, Michael K. and Malcolm G. Underwood, "Beaufort, Margaret, countess of Richmond and Derby (1443–1509)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. Accessed 27 August 2007.
- O'Day, Rosemary (2012), The Routledge Companion to the Tudor Age, Routledge, pp. 27–28, ISBN 978-1-136-96253-0
- Ross, Josephine (1979), The Tudors: England's Golden Age, Putnam, ISBN 978-1898799238
- Thomas, R. S. "Tudor, Edmund, first earl of Richmond (c.1430–1456)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. Accessed 27 August 2007.
- Turton, Godfrey. The Dragon’s Breed: The Story of the Tudors from Earliest Times to 1603. Peter Davies, 1970.
- The Wars of the Roses : peace and conflict in fifteenth-century England
- This realm of England, 1399 to 1688 OCLC 24849088
External links
- History lectures, essays and lectures by John Guy[permanent dead link]
- Tudor treasures from The National Archives
- Tudor Place
- Tudor History
- The Tudors at the Royal Family website
- Tudor History
- "The Tudor delusion": an article in The Times Literary Supplement by Clifford S. L. Davies, arguing that we are wrong even to talk about "the Tudors", 11 June 2008.
- The Family Tree of the Tudors and the Stuarts in Pictures