House wren

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House wren
Northern house wren
Bandelier National Monument (New Mexico, US)

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Troglodytidae
Genus: Troglodytes
Species:
T. aedon
Binomial name
Troglodytes aedon
Vieillot, 1809
  Breeding
  Migration
  Nonbreeding
  Year-round

The house wren (Troglodytes aedon) is a very small bird of the wren family, Troglodytidae. It occurs from Canada to southernmost South America, and is thus the most widely distributed native bird in the Americas.[2] It occurs in most suburban areas in its range and it is the single most common wren. Its taxonomy is highly complex and some subspecies groups are often considered separate species. The name troglodytes means "hole dweller", and is a reference to the bird's tendency to disappear into crevices when hunting insects or to seek shelter.

Taxonomy

The house wren was

type locality was designated as New York City by Harry Oberholser in 1934.[5][6]

There are 32 recognised subspecies.[7] These are sometimes divided into three distinct groups and one or several distinct island-endemic subspecies. Some or all of these are sometimes considered as distinct species.

  • Northern house wren, Troglodytes (aedon) aedon group – Canada to southern United States
  • Southern house wren, Troglodytes (aedon) musculus group – southern Mexico, Central and South America
  • Brown-throated wren, Troglodytes (aedon) brunneicollis group – southern United States and central ranges of Mexico
  • Cozumel wren, Troglodytes (aedon) beani –
    Cozumel Island off the Yucatán Peninsula
    , Mexico

It has also been suggested that the

biogeographical structure among these populations.[8]

Three additional taxa from more oceanic islands have traditionally been included in the house wren, but are now considered as separate species:[7]

Description

Adult house wrens are about 11 to 13 cm (4.3 to 5.1 in) long, with a 15 cm (5.9 in) wingspan and weigh about 10 to 12 g (0.35 to 0.42 oz).

culmen is 1.1 to 1.3 cm (0.43 to 0.51 in) and the tarsus is 1.6 to 1.8 cm (0.63 to 0.71 in).[2] The subspecies vary greatly, with upper parts ranging from dull greyish-brown to rich rufescent-brown, and the underparts ranging from brown, over buff and pale grey, to pure white. All subspecies have blackish barring to the wings and tail, and some also to the flanks. All subspecies show a faint eye-ring and eyebrow and have a long, thin bill with a blackish upper mandible, and a black-tipped yellowish or pale grey lower mandible. The legs are pinkish or grey. The short tail is typically held cocked.[10]

This bird's rich bubbly song is commonly heard during the nesting season but rarely afterwards. There is marked geographical variation in the song, though somewhat more gradual than in the bird's outward appearance that can strikingly differ, e.g., on neighboring islands in the Caribbean.[8] Birds from far north and south of the species' range nonetheless have songs that differ markedly.[11]

  • Northern house wren song recorded in Rondeau Provincial Park (Ontario, Canada)
  • Southern house wren, São Paulo Botanic Garden (Brazil)
    Southern house wren, São Paulo Botanic Garden (Brazil)
  • Southern house wren song recorded in
    Petropolis
    (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
  • Northern house wren San Luis Obispo (California, USA)
    Northern house wren
    San Luis Obispo
    (California, USA)
  • Northern house wren recorded at Richardson Nature Center, Bloomington, Minnesota
  • Juvenile with missing tail feathers, (East Hartford, Connecticut, USA)
    Juvenile with missing tail feathers, (East Hartford, Connecticut, USA)

Behavior and ecology

House wren
Canto del Cucarachero
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In

mixed-species feeding flocks.[15]

Breeding

Audubon's illustration of nesting house wrens

The nesting habits do not seem to differ significantly between the northern and southern house wrens. They usually construct a large cup nest in various sorts of cavities, taking about a week to build. The nest is made from small dry sticks and is usually lined with a variety of different materials. These include: feather, hair, wool, spider cocoons, strips of bark, rootlets, moss, and trash. The male wren finds dry sticks, which he adds to the nest. Once he is done, the female inspects the nest; but if she does not approve of the construction, she will throw any unwanted sticks to the ground. After this process, the female lines the nest. Nest cavities are usually a few meters above ground at most,[16][17] but occasionally on cliffs as high up as 15 m (49 ft) and more at least in southern populations[verification needed]; they may be natural or man-made, often using bird houses.

House wrens are feisty and pugnacious animals considering their tiny size. They are known to occasionally destroy the

eggs of other birds nesting in their territory by puncturing the eggshell. Females that sang more songs to conspecifics that were simulated by playback lost fewer eggs to ovicide by other wrens. Female bird song in this species is, therefore, thought to have a function in competition and is not only displayed by males.[18] They are also known to fill up other birds' nests within its territory with sticks to make them unusable.[19]

Adult bringing food for young (note begging calls)
House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) peering out from a nest box
House Wren peering out from a nesting box

Depending on the exact population, the house wrens'

predation was found to be light in the Southern Andean Yungas, with predation of nestling young being almost insignificant.[22] Known predators of house wrens at the nest include cats, rats, opossums, woodpeckers, foxes, raccoons, squirrels, snakes and owls. Adults away from the nests can usually avoid these predators although both small hawks and owls occasionally take free-flying adult wrens.[23]

Migrant populations are nesting within 6 weeks of returning from winter quarters, leaving theoretically time for a second brood.

montane forest of northwestern Argentina and similar habitat, the southern house wren breeds in the rainy summer months from late October to late December.[22]

In Washington, D.C. area, house wren parents made significantly more feeding trips per hour in suburban backyards compared to rural backyards. Yet rural nestlings grew at a faster rate than their suburban counterparts. In addition, suburban parents spent less time brooding (sitting on the nest) compared to rural parents. Such results suggest that suburban backyard habitats offer house wrens food for nestlings that is inferior in either quality or quantity to what rural habitats offer. Food items may, for example, be smaller in suburban habitats, and force adults to make more trips to the box.[25]

In South Temperate Argentina, southern house wrens dispersed more frequently between-seasons than within a season, with females dispersing more often than males. Widowed and single males dispersed more frequently than paired males, whilst within-season divorce increased the breeding success of females but not males.[26]

Conservation status

Turnaround video of a Martinique house wren specimen, Naturalis Biodiversity Center

The house wren may have been displaced somewhat in some northern parts of its range by the introduction of the

IUCN,[1]
though this would certainly not hold true for several of the island population if they turn out to be true species.

Some taxa, especially from the

hurricanes
:

The Saint Vincent house wren (Troglodytes aedon musicus) of

Saint Vincent was close to extinction in the mid-late 20th century; it has since recovered and today is not uncommon.[8]

As remarked above, these are variously placed in T. musculus if that is considered distinct, or as one or several distinct species.

In culture

Birds of America (published, London 1827–38) as Plate 83. The image was engraved and colored by the Robert Havell, London workshops. The limited 1985 edition by Audubon is available for purchase at the New York History Society.[27]

Troglodytes Aedon was one of the two pets of King Friday the XIII in Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. Trog, as the King called him, was a wooden wren on a stick, and Trog had his own song. King Friday's other pet was a mockingbird (a wooden mockingbird on a stick) named Mimus Polyglottos (see Neighborhood of Make-Believe).

Brazilian footballer Garrincha earned his nickname from one of the names the house wren has in Rio de Janeiro.[28]

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2017) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Troglodytes aedon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103886826A111242743. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0300090598
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5
    .
  4. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4
    .
  5. ^ Oberholser, Harry C. (1934). "A revision of the North American House Wrens" (PDF). Ohio Journal of Science. 34 (2): 86–96 [87].
  6. ^ Mayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1960). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 9. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 422.
  7. ^
    Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, hyliotas, wrens & gnatcatchers"
    . IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d e f VanderGaast, Jay & Jaramillo, Alvaro (2005). Field Guides Incorporated Trip List – Lesser Antilles April 9, 2005 to April 23, 2005 Archived April 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ^ House Wren, Life History, Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved on 2013-03-18.
  10. ^ Peterson, Roger Tory (1947). A Field Guide to the Birds: Eastern Land and Water Birds, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, p. 121.
  11. JSTOR 1369567
    .
  12. ^ a b Ohio Ornithological Society (2004). Annotated Ohio state checklist Archived 2004-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "Troglodytes aedon (House wren)". Animal Diversity Web.
  14. ^ "House Wren | Audubon Field Guide". Retrieved 2024-04-20.
  15. doi:10.1590/S0034-71081999000100010
  16. ^ Jean-Claude Belles-Isles and Jaroslav Picman (1986). "Nesting Losses and Nest Site Preferences in House Wrens" (PDF). The University of New Mexico.
  17. ^ McCabe, Robert A. (1965). "Nest Construction by House Wrens" (PDF). The University of New Mexico.
  18. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.12.019
    .
  19. ^ Renkl, Margaret (July 2016). "Red in Beak and Claw". The New York Times.
  20. ^
    ISBN 84-87334-72-5
  21. ^ "Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes)". Garden Bird - Quality Bird Food Supplier. 14 March 2017.
  22. ^
    S2CID 3675989
    .
  23. ^ Brown, J. (2001). Troglodytes aedon, Animal Diversity Web. Accessed March 18, 2013.
  24. Wilson Bulletin
    . 18 (2): 47–60.
  25. S2CID 56553553. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2013-04-23.
  26. doi:10.1111/ibi.12438
    .
  27. ^ "House Wren Princeton Print". New-York Historical Society NYHistory Store. Retrieved 2019-01-17.
  28. ISBN 978-8571644939
    .

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to the house wren.
Wikispecies has information related to Troglodytes aedon.
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