Howard Hanson

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Howard Hanson
George Foster Peabody Award

Howard Harold Hanson (October 28, 1896 – February 26, 1981)

George Foster Peabody Award for Outstanding Entertainment in Music in 1946.[2][3]

Early life and education

Two-story Queen Anne house
Hanson's boyhood home in Wahoo, Nebraska is on the National Register of Historic Places.

Hanson was born in Wahoo, Nebraska, to Swedish immigrant parents, Hans and Hilma (née Eckstrom) Hanson. In his youth he studied music with his mother. Later, he studied at Luther College in Wahoo, receiving a diploma in 1911, then at the Institute of Musical Art, the forerunner of the Juilliard School, in New York City, where he studied with the composer and music theorist Percy Goetschius in 1914.[1][4][5]

Afterward he attended

Peter C. Lutkin and Arne Oldberg. Hanson also studied piano, cello, and trombone. He earned his BA degree in music from Northwestern in 1916, and began his teaching career as a teacher's assistant.[6][4][7]

Career

In 1916, Hanson was hired for his first full-time position as a music theory and composition teacher at the

In 1921 Hanson was the first winner of the Prix de Rome in Music (the

Upon returning from Rome, Hanson's conducting career expanded. He made his premiere conducting the

Rochester, New York in 1924, he conducted his Symphony No. 1. This performance brought him to the attention of George Eastman.[12]

Eastman School of MusicUniversity of Rochester – general view

In 1924, Eastman chose Hanson to be director of the Eastman School of Music. Eastman, inventor of the Kodak camera and roll film, was also a major philanthropist, and used some of his great wealth to endow the Eastman School of Music at the University of Rochester.[12][13]

Hanson held the position of director for forty years, during which he created one of the most prestigious music schools in America.[1] He accomplished this by improving the curriculum, bringing in better teachers, and refining the school's orchestras.[14] Also, he balanced the school's faculty between American and European teachers, even when this meant passing up composer Béla Bartók. Hanson offered a position to Bartók teaching composition at Eastman, but Bartók declined as he did not believe that one could teach composition. Instead, Bartók wanted to teach piano at the Eastman School, but Hanson already had a full staff of piano instructors.[citation needed]

External audio
audio icon You may hear Howard Hanson conducting his Symphony No. 1 in E minor Op. 21 (Nordic) with the Eastman-Rochester Symphony Orchestra in 1944 Here on archive.org
audio icon You may hear Howard Hanson conducting music by Samuel Barber with his Eastman-Rochester Symphony Orchestra in 1965
Here on archive.org

In 1925, Hanson established the American Composers Orchestral Concerts. He followed that in 1931 by establishing the annual Festivals of American Music. These week long concerts were free to the public and featured established works by American composers as well as premiers of new compositions. They included performances of: orchestral works, chamber music, band and wind ensemble music, vocal and chamber music, opera and ballet. The festival concerts were eagerly anticipated by audiences in Rochester until 1971 and were also broadcast regularly over national radio networks from the Eastman Theater. Critics have often observed that over the course of four decades "more music has been played at these concerts than in all the rest of the United States put together."[15]

Hanson's interest in educating the general public through innovative means became apparent as early as 1938. At this time he engaged the talents of student ensembles at the Eastman School to present Milestones in the History of Music on the radio. This weekly series of programs presented a sweeping survey of the history of Western music which was broadcast locally in Rochester, New York on

Peabody Award for outstanding service to music was awarded to Hanson, the Eastman School and WHAM in 1946. Hanson also engaged his student ensembles to present a similar series for the CBS radio network which he entitled Milestones in American Music. This series presented orchestral, choral and chamber music composed by eighty two American composers from the mid 19th century to modern times. As Hanson himself indicated this was "the first attempt at a rather complete presentation of the American picture in music."[3]

Later in 1939, he founded the

Hanson estimated that more than 2000 works by over 500 American composers were premiered during his tenure at the Eastman School.

To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Serge Koussevitzky commissioned Hanson's Symphony No. 2, the "Romantic", and premiered it on November 28, 1930. This work was to become Hanson's best known. One of its themes is performed at the conclusion of all concerts at the Interlochen Center for the Arts.[20] Now known as the "Interlochen Theme", it is conducted by a student concertmaster after the featured conductor has left the stage. Traditionally, no applause follows its performance.[21] It is also widely known for its use in the final scene and end credits of the 1979 Ridley Scott film Alien.[22]

External image
image icon Photograph of Howard Hanson conducting in New York City in 1959
Here on Getty images

In some ways Hanson's opera Merry Mount (1934) may be considered the first fully American opera. It was written by an American composer and an American librettist on an American story, and was premiered with a mostly American cast at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 1934.[23] The Opera received fifty curtain calls at its Met premiere, a record that still stands. In 1935, he wrote "Three Songs from Drum Taps", based on the poem by Walt Whitman.[24][25]

Frederick Fennell, conductor of the Eastman Wind Ensemble, described Hanson's first band composition, the 1954 Chorale and Alleluia as "the most awaited piece of music to be written for the wind band in my twenty years as a conductor in this field". Chorale and Alleluia is still a required competition piece for high school bands in the New York State School Music Association's repertoire list.[26][citation needed]

By 1957, Hanson was inspired once again by the poetry of Walt Whitman and completed his Song of Democracy to mark the hundredth anniversary of the National Education Association and the fiftieth anniversary of the Music Educator's National Conference. Hanson conducted its official premier with the

Constitution Hall a month later.[27][28] By synthesizing his own musical idealism with Whitman's robust optimism, Hanson composed a work which reflects the boundless possibilities of youthful creativity. The work incorporates a clear signature motto to his "Romantic" Symphony during the orchestral prelude as well as a largely harmonic setting for the chorus which culminates in a fervent hymn.[27] Following its premier, Song of Democracy became a particularly favorite composition among all-city high school choruses and promoted the ideal vision of an inclusive democratic society which embodies tolerance and a respect for human rights.[28]

During the 1950s and 1960s Howard Hanson continued to adapt innovative techniques in an effort to educate as large an audience as possible, even as revolutionary changes in mass media emerged in America. For example, he collaborated with the

American National Theatre and Academy along with Virgil Thomson, William Schuman and Milton Katims.[29] This panel consisted of leading composers and academics who evaluated candidates for the Department of State's Cultural Presentations program.[30] Musicians who were accepted into this program represented America's cultural diplomacy initiatives in concert venues throughout the world during the Cold War.[30] Later in the 1960s, he also hosted and conducted the Los Angeles Philharmonic in several series of young peoples concerts for school children in the Los Angeles area.[3] In 1960, Hanson also published a book Harmonic Materials of Modern Music (1960).[31] Though not an example of integral music theory, it contained fruitful ideas and analytic algorithms which were incorporated in later theories such as set theory of Allen Forte. The idea of 'modal modulation' (Hanson's term) echoed in the Yuri Kholopov's 'variable mode' doctrine.[32][33]

External audio
audio icon You may hear Howard Hanson conducting Aaron Copland's Music for the Theatre – Suite in Five Parts for Small Orchestra (1925) with his Eastman-Rochester Symphony Orchestra in 1940 Here on archive.org

Following his retirement as Director of the Eastman School of Music in 1964, Hanson was appointed as the first director of the newly established Institute for American Music at the University of Rochester. In this new role, Hanson continued his efforts to foster a widespread understanding and appreciation of American music through performances, publications and recordings. Operating funds for the institute were largely derived from royalties generated from compositions and recordings which were executed by Hanson during his tenure at the Eastman School. Following his death in 1981, Hanson's wife Peggy assumed his responsibilities at the institute until her passing in 1996.[34] It has been observed that nearly every American composer since World War I is indebted in some degree to Howard Hanson for his efforts to educate the public and future generations of professional musicians about American music.[1][35][4][7]

Hanson was elected as a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1935, President of the Music Teachers' National Association from 1929 to 1930, and President of the National Association of Schools of Music from 1935 to 1939. From 1946 to 1962, he was active in United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). UNESCO commissioned Hanson's Pastorale for Oboe and Piano, and Pastorale for Oboe, Strings, and Harp, for the 1949 Paris conference of the world body.[36]

During the course of his career Hanson also served as a guest conductor for several leading orchestras including: the

Eastman Theater in Rochester, New York. In addition, he was the founder of the Eastman Philharmonia orchestra at the Eastman School of Music.[1] This ensemble consisted of elite upperclassmen from the Eastman School of Music and was noted for concertizing throughout the country.[37] Under Hanson's leadership, it was selected to participate in the United States Department of State's international cultural exchange program during the 1961–1962 season. Hanson took the Eastman Philharmonia on a European tour which passed through Paris, Cairo, Moscow, and Vienna, among other cities. The tour showcased the growth of serious American music for Europe and the Middle East.[38]
Hanson's performances with the orchestra received critical acclaim in thirty four cities and sixteen countries throughout Europe, the Middle East and Russia.[37]

Marriage

Hanson met Margaret Elizabeth Nelson at her parents' summer home on

Lake Chautauqua at the Chautauqua Institution in New York. Hanson dedicated the Serenade for Flute, Harp, and Strings, to her; the piece was his musical marriage proposal, as he could not find the spoken words to propose to her. They married on July 24, 1946, in the same house where they had first met.[39]

Legacy and honors

Popular culture

Excerpts from Hanson's Second Symphony were used to accompany several exterior sequences and the end credits in the released versions of

20th Century Fox. This highlighted music can still be found on all DVD, Blu-Ray and 4K versions of Alien.[49]
The version used in the film is the 1967 recording by the National Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Charles Gerhardt. Apparently, Hanson told Gerhardt that, of all the available recordings, he found Gerhardt's to be the most 'sympathetic'.

Death

Hanson died at Strong Memorial Hospital in Rochester, New York at the age of 84. He was survived by his wife Margaret Elizabeth Nelson. [1]

Compositional style

Hanson's music has been described as part of the

Antonin Dvorák.[52] In addition, his early symphonies have been characterized as "splendidly effusive, gorgeously orchestrated, rich in harmonic texture".[53]

It should also be noted, however, that Hanson's compositions also incorporated experimentation with modern musical idioms.

Gregorian chants.[54] In addition, he made extensive use of extended tertian chords, motoric ostinati in rapid passages and alternating triadic chords.[54] Several of his liturgical and choral compositions also reflected themes derived from Swedish Lutheran hymns.[4] Elements of Nordic austerity identified in his music have also prompted some observers to compare him to Jean Sibelius.[4]

It has also been noted that one of Hanson's hallmarks as a composer is his utilization of melodic lines which flow seamlessly in a manner which is almost improvisational, unpretentious, and very American.[55] The composer and critic David Owens indicated that Hanson clearly embraced the use of tonal beauty in his compositions in order to give expression to a conservative musical ideal. By carefully blending his use of tonality with a masterful understanding of orchestral depth, Hanson succeeded in producing compositions which Owen described as being both memorable and compelling.[56]

Perhaps Hanson described his music best when he portrayed it as metaphorically "springing from the soil of the American midwest. It is music of the plains rather than of the city and reflects, I believe, something of the broad prairies of my native Nebraska."[7][57]

Works

External audio
audio icon You may hear Howard Hanson's Serenade for Flute, Harp and Strings Op. 35 conducted by Eugene Ormandy and the Philadelphia Orchestra in 1947 on archive.org

Included among Hanson's compositions are the following works:[58]

Opera

Orchestral

  • Symphonic Prelude (1916)
  • Symphonic Legend (1917)
  • Symphonic Rhapsody (1919)
  • Before the Dawn, Symphonic Poem (1920)
  • Exaltation, Symphonic Poem, Op. 20 (1920)
  • Symphony No. 1 in E minor, Op. 21 ("Nordic") (1922)
  • Lux aeterna, Symphonic Poem for Orchestra with Viola Obbligato, Op. 24 (1923–26)
  • Pan and the Priest, Symphonic Poem with Piano Obbligato, Op. 26 (1926)
  • Organ Concerto, Op. 27 (1926)
  • Symphony No. 2 in D major Op. 30 ("Romantic") (1930)
  • Suite from the Opera "Merry Mount," Op. 31 (1938)
  • Symphony No. 3 Op. 33 (1936–38)
  • Symphony No. 4 Op. 34 ("Requiem") (1943; won Pulitzer Prize)
  • Serenade for Flute, Harp and Strings Op. 35 (1945)
  • Pastorale for Oboe, Harp and Strings Op. 38 (1949)
  • Fantasy-Variations on a Theme of Youth (1951)
  • Symphony No. 5 Op. 43, "Sinfonia Sacra" (1955)
  • Elegy in Memory of Serge Koussevitzky Op. 44 (1956)
  • Mosaics (1957)
  • Summer Seascape (1958)
  • Bold Island Suite (1961)
  • For the First Time (1963)
  • Symphony No. 6 (1967)
  • Dies Natalis (1967)
  • Symphony No. 7 ("A Sea Symphony") (1977)
  • Ballet Nymphs and Satyr (1979)

Choral

  • A Prayer of the Middle Ages
  • North and West, Symphonic poem with Chorus Obligato (1923)
  • The Lament for Beowulf, Op. 25 (1925)
  • Heroic Elegy for wordless chorus and orchestra (1927)
  • Three Songs from Drum Taps (Walt Whitman), Op. 32 for baritone, chorus & orchestra (1935)
  • The Cherubic Hymn, Op. 37 for chorus and orchestra (1949)
  • How Excellent Thy Name Op. 41, (1952)
  • Song of Democracy, Op. 44 (1957) for wind ensemble, string orchestra and SATB Choir
  • Song of Human Rights, Op. 49 (1963) (text from the Preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
  • The One Hundred Fiftieth Psalm (Praise Ye The Lord) for chorus and orchestra (1965)
  • The One Hundred Twenty First Psalm for baritone, chorus and orchestra (1968)
  • Streams in the Desert for chorus and orchestra (1969)
  • The Mystic Trumpeter for narrator, chorus and orchestra (1970)
  • New Land, New Covenant oratorio (1976)

Band

  • Centennial March (1966)
  • Chorale and Alleluia (1954)
  • Dies Natalis II (1972)
  • Laude
  • Variations on an Ancient Hymn

Concertante

  • Concerto for Piano and Orchestra in G Major, Op. 36 (1948)
  • Concerto for organ, harp & strings in C, Op 22/3 (1921)
  • Summer Seascape No.2 for Viola and String Orchestra (1965)

Chamber

  • Quintet in F minor, for 2 Violins, Cello and Piano (1916)
  • Concerto da Camera in C Minor for Piano and String Quartet (1917), Op. 7
  • String Quartet (1923), Op. 23
  • Serenade for Flute, Harp and Strings (1946), Op. 35
  • Pastorale for Oboe and Piano (1949), reorchestrated as alternative Pastorale for Oboe, Harp and Strings (1950), both Op. 38
  • Fantasy Variations on a Theme of Youth (1951)
  • Elegy for Viola and String Quartet (1966)

Keyboard

  • Poèmes érotiques, Op. 9
  • Sonata in A Minor, Op. 11
  • Three Miniatures for Piano, Op. 12
  • Symphonic Rhapsody, Op. 14
  • Three Etudes, Op. 18
  • Two Yuletide Pieces, Op. 19

Music theory

Discography

  • A boxed set of Howard Hanson conducting the Eastman Philharmonia in his symphonies, piano concerto, etc., is available on the Mercury label. A companion set from Mercury, a compilation of Hanson conducting lesser known American works, is also available.
  • His Symphony No. 2 is probably his most recorded work. In addition to the composer's own recording, those by Erich Kunzel, Leonard Slatkin, Gerard Schwarz and Charles Gerhardt are also popular. Also, the Interlochen Center for the Arts uses part of this symphony as its theme (see detailed explanation above).
  • Naxos Records
    released a recording of the 1934 world premiere performance of Merry Mount in 1999. For copyright reasons it was not made available in the United States.

Recordings by Howard Hanson conducting his own compositions with the Eastman-Rochester Orchestra include:[59]

  • Elegy in Memory of Serge Koussevitzky Op. 44 – Mercury Records (SR90150) – Hanson conducting the Eastman-Rochester Orchestra (1957)
  • The Lament for Beowulf Op. 25 – Mercury Records (SR90192) – Hanson conducting the Eastman-Rochester Orchestra (1958)
  • Song of Democracy Op. 44 – Mercury Records (#432 0008-2) – Hanson conducting the Eastman-Rochester Orchestra (1957)
  • Symphony No. 1 in E Minor Op. 21 (Nordic) – Mercury Records (#432 008-2) – Hanson conducting the Eastman- Rochester Orchestra (1960)
  • Symphony No. 2 in D-Flat Major Op. 30 (Romantic) – Mercury Records (#432 0008-2)- Hanson conducting the Eastman-Rochester Orchestra (1958)
  • Symphony No. 3 Op. 33 – Mercury Records (SR90449) – Hanson conducting the Eastman-Rochester Orchestra (1963)

Notable students

During the course of his forty-year tenure as Director of the Eastman School of Music, Howard Hanson also served as a member of the faculty of Composition. Several of his students won the Pulitzer Prize for Music including: Dominick Argento, John La Montaine and Robert Ward. In addition, several of his students enjoyed widespread recognition as composers including: Wayne Barlow, Jack Beeson, William Bergsma, Ulysses Kay, Kent Kennan, Peter Mennin, Louis Mennini, W. Francis McBeth, Gardner Read, and Margaret Vardell Sandresky.[60][61][62][63][64]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i The New York Times – Obituaries. Harold C. Schonberg. February 28, 1981 p. 10119 Howard Hanson is Dead; Composer and Teacher
  2. ^ Swedes In America (Adolph B. Benson; Naboth Hedin. New York: Haskel House Publishers. 1969)
  3. ^ .
  4. ^ .
  5. ^ Nebraska State Historical Society – "Music From the Soil of the American Midwest –" Erich Backenberg. Nebraska HistoryHoward Hanson – Educator, Composer, Conducto, Vol. 81 (Spring 2000) pp. 23–34 Nebraska State Historical Society – "Music From the Soil of the American Midwest -" Howard Hanson on nebraska.gov
  6. ^ Howard Hanson (Modern Classical, Inc.)
  7. ^ a b c Nebraska State Historical Society – "Music From the Soil of the American Midwest -" Erich Backenberg. Nebraska HistoryHoward Hanson – Educator, Composer, Conducto, Vol. 81 (Spring 2000) pp. 23-34 Nebraska State Historical Society – "Music From the Soil of the American Midwest -" Howard Hanson on nebraska.gov
  8. ^ Hanson, Howard (Harold), May you 17, 2018, Encyclopedia.com
  9. .
  10. ^
  11. ^ Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia – Charles E. Lutton Man of Music Award Recipients – Howard Hanson 1954 and The Eastman School of Music on sinfonia.org
  12. ^
  13. ^ American Works for Solo Winds Works by Bernard Rogers, Wayne Barlow, Burrill Phillips and Homer Keller conducted by Howard Hanson on Archive.org
  14. ^ The New Criterion; July 2002. "Perfect Moments at Interlochen," by Jay Nordlinger. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  15. ^ About this Recording: Howard Hanson (1896–1981), Symphony No. 2 ‘Romantic’ (Naxos Digital Services Ltd.)
  16. .
  17. .
  18. ^
  19. ^
  20. ^
  21. ^
  22. ^ The Whistling Blackbird: Essays and Talks on New Music. Morris, Robert. 2010 p. 31
  23. .
  24. ^ Eastman School of Music – History of the Howard Hanson Institute For American Music on esm.rochester.edu
  25. ^
  26. ^ Howard Hanson profile Archived March 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary Composer Biographies website; accessed November 30, 2015.
  27. ^ Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia – Charles E. Lutton Man of Music Award Recipients – Howard Hanson 1954 on sinfonia.org
  28. ^ University of Georgia – "Peabody Stories that Matter: WHAM Radio and Howard Hanson on peabodyawards.com
  29. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  30. ^ Musical Leader Volumes 90–91 1958 p. 39. Howard Hanson and the Lancaster Symphony Orchestra Composer's Award
  31. ^ "Howard Hanson". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  32. ^ "1976 Distinguished Nebraskans Award Recipient (The Nebraska Society of Washington, D.C., Inc.)". Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
  33. .
  34. ^ Cohen, Allen Howard Hanson in Theory and Practice pp. 24–25 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004)
  35. ^ "Dr. Bob Prescribes: Howard Hanson, Symphony No. 2 | Robert Greenberg | Speaker, Composer, Author, Professor, Historian".
  36. ^
  37. ^ Onmusic Dictionary – Profile of Howard Hanson on dictionary.onmusic.org
  38. ^ Howard Hanson's discography on worldcat.org
  39. ^ "The American Bandmaster's Association – Past Presidents #56 – Biography of W. Francis McBeth: a student of Howard Hanson- Eastman School of Music" on americanbandmasters.org
  40. ^ Encyclopedia of Arkansas – William Francis McBeth Biography – McBeth studied at the Eastman School of Music on encyclopediaofarkansas.net
  41. ^ The Eastman School of Music Archives – W. Francis McBeth Papers (1961–1992) See Biographical note on page 203 "He studied at the Eastman School of Music with Bernard Rogers and Howard Hanson during the summers of 1959 to 1964" on esm.rochester.edu
  42. .

Sources

External links

Preceded by Director of the Eastman School of Music
1924–1964
Succeeded by
Preceded by
Raymond Wilson (Acting Director)