Hoxnian Stage
Hoxnian | |
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Usage information | |
Celestial body | Age |
Stratigraphic unit | Stage |
The Hoxnian Stage was a middle
History
The Hoxnian Stage is named after Hoxne in the English county of Suffolk where some of the deposits created were first found. It was identified and dated with palynology or pollen evidence in the biostratigraphy and later updated with aminostratigraphic techniques.[8] Based on stratigraphic information the Hoxnian happened after the Anglian glacial as Anglian soil is frequently found underneath Hoxnian deposits.[9]
Similarly timed interglacials
The Hoxnian stage has often been correlated to the
The Hoxnian stage has also been equated to the
Humans
During the Hoxnian human activity was constrained by the dense forests so humans travelled along rivers and created settlements in valleys.[9] The Beeches Pit site revealed humans possibly selected sites rich with flint for toolmaking.[9]
Environment
The Hoxnian is an interglacial phase meaning the warm periods in between glacial periods. Interglacial phases are heavily vegetated with woodlands interspersed with open areas.[13] Site deposits are often found over Anglian soil which dates to MIS 12.[9] Most sites have been found in valleys with signs of river deposits.[9] During the interglacial the valleys would have been surrounded by dense forests.[14]
Hoxnian sites
Beeches Pit, West Stow, Suffolk is a site dated to MIS 11 and under 40 km from other sites for the Lower Paleolithic and Middle Paleolithic.[15] Beeches Pit is considered a site of special interest because not only were shells and plant remains found but animal bones that were burnt.[15] The sites around Hitchin, Hertfordshire are associated with lakes caused by the melting of glaciers that settled in holes.[9] When archaeologists dug up the sites they found dense soil full of gravel.[14] The gravel is hypothesized to come from the creation of hand axes.[14] At Marks Tey, Essex the lake soil was rich with pollen spanning all of the Hoxnian and remnants of gravel and artefacts.[14]
See also
- Ice age
- Glacial period
- Last glacial period
- Timeline of glaciation
References
- ISBN 978-0-14-101813-3.
- .
- ISBN 0-470-86927-5.
- ^ a b Gibbard, P. L.; Boreham, S.; Cohen, K. M. & Moscariello, A. (2007). "Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years v. 2007b" (jpg version 844 KB). Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy. Cambridge, England: Department of Geography, University of Cambridge.
- Lisiecki, L. E. (2005). Ages of MIS boundaries.LR04 Benthic StackBoston University, Boston, MA
- S2CID 12788441.
- ISBN 978-0-415-67455-3.
- PMID 20119485.
- ^ ISSN 0267-8179.
- ^ Böse et al. (2012), Quaternary Glaciations of Northern Europe, Quaternary Science Reviews 44, page 17-22.
- .
- ^ .
- ISSN 1099-1417.
- ^ ISSN 0267-8179.
- ^ .
Further reading
- Bowen, D.Q. (1978). Quaternary geology: a stratigraphic framework for multidisciplinary work. Oxford UK: Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-020409-3.
- Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L.; Rose, J., eds. (1991). Glacial deposits in Great Britain and Ireland. Rotterdam: Balkema. ISBN 978-90-6191-875-2.
- Mangerud, J.; Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P. (2004). Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 1: Part I Europe. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-51462-7.
External links
- Aber, J.S. (2006). "Regional Glaciation of Kansas and Nebraska". Emporia KS: Emporia State University.
- Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (2007). "Global correlation tables for the Quaternary". Cambridge, England: Department of Geography, University of Cambridge.
- Hallberg, G.R., ed. (1980). "Pleistocene stratigraphy in east-central Iowa" (PDF). Technical information Series. no. 10. Ames IA: Iowa Geological Survey Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF 15.6 MB) on 2010-07-13.
- Hallberg, G.R., ed. (1980). "Illinoian and Pre-Illinoian stratigraphy of southeast Iowa and adjacent Illinois" (PDF). Technical information Series. no. 11. Ames IA: Iowa Geological Survey Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF 19.3 MB) on 2010-07-13.
- Roy, M.; Clark, P.U.; Barendregt, R.W.; Glasmann, J.R.; Enkin, R.J. (2004). "Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central United States" (PDF). Geological Society of America Bulletin. 116 (1–2): 30–41. doi:10.1130/B25325.1. Archived from the original(PDF 1.2 MB) on 2018-09-28. Retrieved 2010-03-20.