Huế

Coordinates: 16°28′00″N 107°34′45″E / 16.46667°N 107.57917°E / 16.46667; 107.57917
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Huế, Vietnam
)
This article is about the city in Vietnam. For other uses, see Huế (disambiguation).

Huế
Trường Tiền Bridge
Official seal of Huế
Seal
Nickname(s): 
City of Romance, Festival City
Map
Huế is located in Vietnam
Huế
Huế
Location of Huế
Huế is located in Southeast Asia
Huế
Huế
Huế (Southeast Asia)
Huế is located in Asia
Huế
Huế
Huế (Asia)
Coordinates: 16°28′00″N 107°34′45″E / 16.46667°N 107.57917°E / 16.46667; 107.57917 16°28′N 107°35′E / 16.467°N 107.583°E / 16.467; 107.583
CountryVietnam Vietnam
RegionNorth Central Coast
Area
[1]
 • Total265.99 km2 (102.70 sq mi)
Elevation
15 m (49 ft)
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • Total652,572
 • Density2,453/km2 (6,350/sq mi)
ClimateAm
Websitewww.huecity.gov.vn

Huế (Vietnamese:

Champa Kingdom from 192 to 605. Following the conquest of city in 1307 by Vietnam, it was renamed to Huế. Huế (Thuận Hóa) was the capital of Đàng Trong from 1738 to 1775 and of Vietnam during the Nguyễn dynasty from 1802 to 1945. The city served as the old Imperial City and administrative capital for the Nguyễn dynasty and later functioned as the administrative capital of the protectorate of Annam during the French Indochina period. It contains a UNESCO-designated site, the Complex of Huế Monuments, which is a popular tourist attraction. Alongside its moat and thick stone walls the complex encompasses the Imperial City of Huế, with palaces and shrines; the Forbidden Purple City, once the emperor's home; and a replica of the Royal Theater.[2]

Nearly 4.2 million visitors had visited the city in 2019 and many of its historic landmarks are still undergoing restoration.[3]

History

Main article: Phú Xuân
Phú Diên Temple was constructed around the 8th century CE by Champa kings. Its remain was buried beneath the sand until being accidently rediscovered in 2001 by construction workers.

The oldest ruins in Huế belong to the Kingdom of Lâm Ấp, dating back to the 4th century AD. The ruins of its capital, the ancient city of Kandarpapura (lit. 'the city where Śiva burnt Kama'), is now located in Long Tho Hill, three kilometers to the west of the city. Kandarpapura might have only been established during the reign of Kandarpadharma (r. 629–640) and it was named after the king, certainly it may be not the name of the capital of former Lâm Ấp kingdom. Another Champa ruin in the vicinity, the ancient city of Hoa Chau is dated back to the 9th century.

In 1306, the King of Champa,

Thuận Hoá region.[4][5]

In 1592, the

Nguyễn Kim, feared a fate like Nguyen Uong's so he pretended to have a mental illness. He asked his sister Ngoc Bao, who was a wife of Trinh Kiem, to entreat Trinh Kiem to let Nguyen Hoang govern Thuan Hoa, the furthest south region of Vietnam at that time.[7]

Because Mac dynasty loyalists were revolting in Thuan Hoa, and Trinh Kiem was busy fighting the Mac dynasty's forces in northern Vietnam during this time, Ngoc Bao's request was approved, and Nguyen Hoang went south.

Trinh lords
.

The Nguyen lords chose

Nguyen Phuc Khoat proclaimed himself Vo Vương (Vo King or Martial King in Vietnamese).[10] Among westerners living in the capital at this period was the Portuguese Jesuit João de Loureiro from 1752 onwards.[13]

Hue City in 1875

However,

Imperial City capital of all of Vietnam.[10]

In 1802, Nguyen Phuc Anh (later Emperor Gia Long) succeeded in establishing his control over the whole of Vietnam, thereby making Hue the national capital.[19]

The second emperor of the Nguyen dynasty to rule from Huế, reigning from his birthday on 14 February 1820 until his death, on 20 January 1841 was

Confucian orthodoxy
.

Thanh Thai
and family at Hue Station, 1905
Hue Station, 1923
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) government was established with its capital at Ha Noi (Hanoi), in the north.[20]

While Bao Dai was proclaimed "Head of the

Saigon), in the south.[21]

Drawing of Huế citadel in the Nguyễn dynasty in the early 20th century.

The city was also the battleground for the

massacre at Hue
.

After the war's conclusion in 1975, many of the historic features of Huế were neglected because they were seen by the victorious communist regime and some other Vietnamese as "relics from the feudal regime"; the Communist Party of Vietnam (then Workers' Party of Vietnam) doctrine described the Nguyen dynasty as "feudal" and "reactionary". There has since been a change of policy, however, and many historical areas of the city are being restored and the city is being developed as a centre for tourism and transportation for central Vietnam.

Satellite picture of the city and the Perfume River

Geography

The city is located in central Vietnam on the banks of the

Danang, 14 km (8.7 mi) from Thuận An Seaport and Phu Bai International Airport and 50 km (31 mi) from Chân Mây Port
. The natural area is 71.68 km2 (27.68 sq mi) and the population in 2012 is estimated at 344,581 people. As of 2021, after the territorial expansion, the city has a total area of 265.99 km2 (102.70 sq mi) and the population is 652,572 people (including those who are not registered residents).

Located near Trường Sơn mountain range, Huế city is a plain area in the lower reaches of the Perfume and Bo rivers, with an average altitude of 3–4 m above sea level and often flooded when the river's headwaters Hương has medium and large rainfall. This plain area is relatively flat, although there are alternating hills and low mountains such as Ngự Bình mountain and Vong Canh[22] Hill.

Climate

Huế features a tropical monsoon climate (Am) under the Köppen climate classification, falling short of a tropical rainforest climate because there is less than 60 millimetres (2.4 in) of rain in March and April. The dry season is from February to August, with high temperatures of 35 to 40 °C (95 to 104 °F). The rainy season is from August to January, with a flood season from October onwards. The average rainy season temperature is 20 °C (68 °F), although it has fallen as low as 9.5 °C (49.1 °F).[23] The highest temperature recorded was 41.3 °C in May 1983, while the lowest was 8.8 °C in January 1934.

Climate data for Huế
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.6
(94.3) 		36.3
(97.3) 		38.6
(101.5) 		40.6
(105.1) 		41.3
(106.3) 		40.7
(105.3) 		40.2
(104.4) 		40.2
(104.4) 		39.7
(103.5) 		36.1
(97.0) 		35.4
(95.7) 		32.2
(90.0) 		41.3
(106.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.5
(74.3) 		24.5
(76.1) 		27.5
(81.5) 		31.1
(88.0) 		33.5
(92.3) 		34.7
(94.5) 		34.7
(94.5) 		34.2
(93.6) 		31.7
(89.1) 		29.0
(84.2) 		26.5
(79.7) 		23.8
(74.8) 		29.6
(85.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 19.9
(67.8) 		20.8
(69.4) 		23.1
(73.6) 		26.1
(79.0) 		28.2
(82.8) 		29.3
(84.7) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.8
(83.8) 		27.1
(80.8) 		25.3
(77.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		20.7
(69.3) 		25.1
(77.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 17.5
(63.5) 		18.2
(64.8) 		20.2
(68.4) 		22.7
(72.9) 		24.5
(76.1) 		25.3
(77.5) 		25.2
(77.4) 		25.1
(77.2) 		24.1
(75.4) 		22.8
(73.0) 		21.0
(69.8) 		18.6
(65.5) 		22.1
(71.8)
Record low °C (°F) 8.8
(47.8) 		9.5
(49.1) 		10.7
(51.3) 		14.1
(57.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		20.5
(68.9) 		19.8
(67.6) 		21.0
(69.8) 		19.1
(66.4) 		15.9
(60.6) 		12.9
(55.2) 		9.5
(49.1) 		8.8
(47.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 129.3
(5.09) 		63.3
(2.49) 		51.3
(2.02) 		58.9
(2.32) 		111.3
(4.38) 		103.4
(4.07) 		94.6
(3.72) 		138.8
(5.46) 		410.7
(16.17) 		772.7
(30.42) 		641.7
(25.26) 		349.9
(13.78) 		2,936.4
(115.61)
Average rainy days 15.5 11.6 10.2 9.2 11.7 9.3 8.5 10.7 16.3 20.8 20.9 20.2 165.1
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		89.6 89.9 87.8 84.1 79.1 75.4 74.1 76.4 83.6 87.7 89.1 90.2 83.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 104.0 110.3 140.8 175.9 230.9 232.5 236.7 209.9 169.2 130.6 101.2 76.0 1,916.1
Source 1: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[24]
Source 2: The Yearbook of Indochina[25]
Average sea temperature[26]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average temperature °C (°F) 24 °C (75 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 24 °C (75 °F) 26 °C (79 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) 30 °C (86 °F) 30 °C (86 °F) 30 °C (86 °F) 29 °C (84 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) 27 °C (81 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 27 °C (81 °F)

Government

Local People's Committee building in Huế (2012).

Administrative divisions

Hue comprises 36 administrative divisions, including 29 phường (urban wards):

  • An Cựu
  • An Đông
  • An Hòa
  • An Tây
  • Đông Ba
  • Gia Hội
  • Hương An
  • Hương Hồ
  • Hương Long
  • Hương Sơ
  • Hương Vinh
  • Kim Long
  • Phú Hậu
  • Phú Hội
  • Phú Nhuận
  • Phú Thượng
  • Phước Vĩnh
  • Phường Đúc
  • Tây Lộc
  • Thuận An
  • Thuận Hòa
  • Thuận Lộc
  • Thủy Biều
  • Thủy Vân
  • Thủy Xuân
  • Trường An
  • Vĩnh Ninh
  • Vỹ Dạ
  • Xuân Phú

and 7 xã (rural communes):

  • Hải Dương
  • Hương Phong
  • Hương Thọ
  • Phú Dương
  • Phú Mậu
  • Phú Thanh
  • Thủy Bằng

Culture

In the center of Vietnam, Hue was the royal capital of Vietnam for approximately 150 years (1802–1945),[27] and the royal lifestyle and customs have had a significant impact on the characteristics of the people of Hue. That impact can still be felt today.[citation needed]

Name-giving

See also:
Minh Mang § Imperial succession poem

Historically, the qualities valued by the royal family were reflected in its name-giving customs, which came to be adopted by society at large.[

Nguyên dynasty. The poem, "Đế hệ thi",[28] has been set as a standard frame to name every generation of the royal family, through which people can know the family order as well as the relationship between royal members. More importantly, the names reflect the essential personality traits that the royal regime would like their offspring to uphold. This name-giving tradition is proudly kept alive and nowadays people from Huế royal family branches (normally considered 'pure' Huế) still have their names taken from the words in the poem.[citation needed
]

Clothing

Festival in Huế

The design of the modern-day

national costume, developed from the costumes worn by civilians in Đàng Trong in the 18th century after the costume reform of lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát
. A court historian of the time described the rules of dress as follows:

Thường phục thì đàn ông, đàn bà dùng áo cổ đứng ngắn tay, cửa ống tay rộng hoặc hẹp tùy tiện. Áo thì hai bên nách trở xuống phải khâu kín liền, không được xẻ mở. Duy đàn ông không muốn mặc áo cổ tròn ống tay hẹp cho tiện khi làm việc thì được phép.

Outside court, men and women wear gowns with straight collars and short sleeves. The sleeves are large or small depending on the weather. There are seams on both sides running down from the sleeve, so the gown is not open anywhere. Men may wear a round collar and a short sleeve for more convenience.

— Đại Nam thực lục[nb 1]

This outfit evolved into the áo ngũ thân, a type of five-part costume popular in Vietnam in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Inspired by Paris fashions, Nguyễn Cát Tường and other artists associated with Hanoi University redesigned the ngũ thân to create the modern áo dài in the 1920s and 1930s.[29] While the áo dài and nón lá are generally seen as a symbol of Vietnam as a whole, the combination is seen by Vietnamese as being particularly evocative of Hue. Violet-coloured áo dài are especially common in Huế, the color having a special connection to the city's heritage as a former capital.[30][31]

Cuisine

Bun Bo Hue
, a typical noodle dish

The cuisine of Huế forms the heart of Central Vietnamese cuisine, but one of the most striking differences is the prominence of vegetarianism in the city. Several all-vegetarian restaurants are scattered in various corners of the city to serve the locals who have a strong tradition of eating a vegetarian meal twice a month, as part of their Buddhist beliefs. Nam Châu Hội Quán is a traditional dining hall. Hue dishes are known for their relatively small serving size with refined presentation, a vestige of its royal cuisine. Hue cuisine is notable for often being very spicy.[32]

Hue cuisine has both luxurious and popular rustic dishes. It consists of several distinctive dishes from small and delicate creations, originally made to please the appetites of Nguyen feudal lords, emperors, and their hundreds of concubines and wives.[33]

Besides

Bún Bò Huế
, other famous dishes include:

Additionally, Hue is also famous for it delicious sweet desserts such as Lotus seeds sweet soups, Lotus seed wrapped in logan sweet soup, Areca flower sweet soup, Grilled pork wrapped in cassava flour sweet soup, and Green sticky rice sweet soup.

Religion

Pagoda of the Celestial Lady

The imperial court practiced various religions such as Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. The most important altar was the Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth, where the monarch would offer each year prayers to the Heaven and Earth.

In Hue, Buddhism enjoyed stronger support than elsewhere in Vietnam, with more monasteries than anywhere else in the country serving as home to the nation's most famous monks.

In 1963,

Saigon to protest anti-Buddhist policies of the South Vietnamese government, setting himself on fire on a Saigon street. Photos of the self-immolation became some of the enduring images of the Vietnam War.[34]

Thích Nhất Hạnh, a world-famous Zen master who originated from Hue and lived for years in exile including France and the United States, returned to his home town in October 2018 and resided there at the Tu Hieu pagoda until his death in 2022.[35]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Vietnam
Complex of Huế Monuments
Thien Mu Pagoda, the largest pagoda in Hue and the official symbol of the city.[37]

A number of French-style buildings lie along the south bank of the

Hue High School for the Gifted
, the oldest high school in Vietnam, and Hai Ba Trung High School.

Imperial City of Huế, containing palaces and shrines

The

Vinh Moc tunnels
. Most of the hotels, bars, and restaurants for tourists in Hue are located in Pham Ngu Lao, Chu Van An and Vo Thi Sau street, which together form the backpacker district.

In the first 11 months of 2012, Hue received 2.4 million visitors, an increase of 24.6% from the same period of 2011. 803,000 of those 2.4 million visitors were foreign guests, an increase of 25.7%. Although tourism plays a key role in the city's socioeconomic development, it also has negative impacts on the environment and natural resource base.[38] For example, services associated with tourism, such as travel, the development of infrastructure and its operation, and the production and consumption of goods, are all energy-intensive.[39] Research by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network has identified traditional 'garden houses' as having the potential to increase tourist traffic and revenue. Apart from the environmental, economic and cultural benefits provided by garden houses, their promotion could pave the way for other low carbon development initiatives.[40]

Infrastructure

Huế Railway Station

Health

The

Hue Central Hospital, established in 1894, was the first Western hospital in Vietnam. The hospital, providing 2078 beds and occupying 120,000 square meters (30 acres), is one of three largest in the country along with Bach Mai Hospital in Hanoi and Cho Ray Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, and is managed by the Ministry of Health.[41]

Transportation

North-South Railway. Phu Bai International Airport
is just south of the city centre.

Sister cities

Gallery

  • Entrance of the Imperial City
    Entrance of the Imperial City
  • Imperial City
    Imperial City
  • Gate
    Gate
  • Nine Dynastic Urns
    Nine Dynastic Urns
  • Staircases at Hiem Lam Cac
    Staircases at Hiem Lam Cac
  • Imperial City, Gate
    Imperial City, Gate
  • Moat
    Moat
  • Lotus lake
    Lotus lake
  • Mandarin soldiers at Khải Định tomb
    Mandarin soldiers at Khải Định tomb
  • Perfume River
    Perfume River
  • Tomb of Emperor Khải Định
    Tomb of Emperor Khải Định
  • Trường Tiền Bridge
    Trường Tiền Bridge
  • Thế Miếu temple
    Thế Miếu temple
  • Meridian Gate
    Meridian Gate
  • Walls of Imperial City of Hue
    Walls of Imperial City of Hue

See also

Notes

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Đại Nam thực lục

Citations

  1. ^ a b "Nghị quyết 1264/NQ-UBTVQH14 2021 điều chỉnh địa giới hành chính cấp huyện Thừa Thiên Huế". thuvienphapluat.vn. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  2. ^ "Complex of Hué Monuments". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  3. ^ VnExpress. "Hue set to achieve federal city status by 2025 - VnExpress International". VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  4. ^ a b c Chapuis, p.85.
  5. ^ Phan Khoang, p.85.
  6. ^ Chapuis, p. 119.
  7. ^ a b Phan Khoang, pp.108–110.
  8. ^ Trần Trọng Kim, pp. 275–276.
  9. ^ Trần Trọng Kim, pp. 281–283.
  10. ^ a b c d e Ring & Salkin & La Boda, pp.362–364.
  11. ^ a b Trần Trọng Kim, p. 326
  12. ^ Van Nguyen-Marshall, Lisa B. Welch Drummond, Danièle Bélanger The Reinvention of Distinction: Modernity and the Middle Class in Urban Vietnam (ARI - Springer Asia Series) 2011 Page 23 "Imperial capitals, at Thăng Long (Hanoi) or Phú Xuân (Huê), had been centers of power, but with only modest populations and limited adjacent commercial sectors.
  13. ^ Nhung Tuyet Tran, Anthony Reid Việt Nam: Borderless Histories 2006 Page 223 "He did not, however, leave Asia, traveling instead around the region collecting botanical species, before eventually returning to Phú Xuân in 1752. He then remained at the Nguyễn political center for the next quarter-century, finally leaving at...."
  14. ^ George Edson Dutton The Tây Sơn Uprising: Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth-century Vietnam 2006 "Phú Xuân"
  15. ^ Trần Trọng Kim, pp. 337–338.
  16. ^ Trần Trọng Kim, pp. 339–340
  17. ^ Trần Trọng Kim, pp. 348–349.
  18. ^ Largo, p.105.
  19. ISBN 978-0-674-93721-5
    .
  20. ISBN 978-1-906098-09-4
    .
  21. ^ Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard (2001). The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 1036.
  22. ^ "Vong Canh Hill - Destination for travellers fancy exploring nature". Hue Smile Travel. 21 August 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  23. ^ Ishizawa, Yoshiaki; Kōno, Yasushi; Rojpojchanarat, Vira; Daigaku, Jōchi; Kenkyūjo, Ajia Bunka (1988). Study on Sukhothai: research report. Institute of Asian Cultures, Sophia University. p. 68.
  24. ^ "Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology" (PDF).
  25. ^ Annual statistics document Archived 18 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Haiphong Climate Guide, Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  27. ^ Nguyễn, Dac Xuan (2009). 700 năm Thuan Hoa-Phu Xuan-Hue. Việt Nam: Nhà xuất bản Trẻ.
  28. ^ vi:Minh Mạng[third-party source needed]
  29. ^ Ellis, Claire (1996), "Ao Dai: The National Costume", Things Asian, archived from the original on 5 July 2008, retrieved 2 July 2008
  30. ^ Bửu, Ý (19 June 2004). "Xứ Huế Người Huế". Tuổi Trẻ. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  31. ^ "Ao dai – Hue's piquancy". VietnamNet. 18 June 2004. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  32. ^ Ngoc, Huu; Borton, Lady (2006). Am Thuc Xu Hue: Hue Cuisine. Vietnam.
  33. ^ "Hue – A Panoramic View of the Ancient Capital – Asia Travel Blog". 30 November 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  34. ^ rpcpost (November 2007). "Hue, Vietnam: Try The Food". GoNOMAD Travel. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013.
  35. ^ "Thich Nhat Hanh Returns Home". Plum Village. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  36. Tuoi Tre
    News. 22 July 2014.
  37. ISBN 978-0-470-44721-5
    .
  38. ^ "Hue; Information & Statistics". Travel-Tourist-Information-Guide.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  39. ^ Advancing green growth in the tourism sector: The case of Hue, Vietnam Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Kyoko Kusakabe, Pujan Shrestha, S. Kumar and Khanh Linh Nguyen, the Asian Institute of Technology, Chiang Mai Municipality and the Hue Centre for International Cooperation, 2014
  40. ^ Advancing green growth in the tourism sector: The case of Hue, Vietnam Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Kyoko Kusakabe, Pujan Shrestha, S. Kumar and Khanh Linh Nguyen, the Climate and Development Knowledge Network, 2014
  41. ^ "OutLine of Hue Central Hospital". Japan International Cooperation Agency. Archived from the original on 17 June 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  42. ^ "شهرهای بندر انزلی و هوء در ویتنام خواهر خوانده شدند". www.aftabir.com (in Persian). aftabir. 19 July 2004. Archived from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  43. ^ a b "Hue, Vietnam". Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  44. ^ "Jumelages et coopérations" (in French). Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  45. ^ Chicha (23 May 2013). "บ้านพี่เมืองน้อง อยุธยา-เมืองกุม" [Sister City 'Ayutthaya-Muang Kum'] (in Thai). bangkokbiznews.com.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Huế.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hue.
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