Huaxia
| Huaxia | ||
|---|---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin Huáxià | | |
| Bopomofo | ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ | |
| Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Hwashiah | |
| Wade–Giles | Hua2-hsia4 | |
| IPA | [xwǎɕjâ] | |
| Wu | ||
| Romanization | gho ya | |
| Gan | ||
| Romanization | fa4 ha5 | |
| Hakka | ||
| Romanization | fa11 ha55 | |
| Yue: Cantonese | ||
| Jyutping | waa4 haa6 | |
| Southern Min | ||
| Hokkien POJ | hôa-hā | |
| Middle Chinese | ||
| Middle Chinese | hwæ hæX | |
| Old Chinese | ||
| Baxter–Sagart (2014) | *N-qʷʰˤra[a] [ɢ]ˤraʔ | |
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Huaxia (
pre-Qin ethnic ancestors of Han
people.
Etymology
The earliest extant authentic
According to
Zuo zhuan", xià (夏) "grand" signified the "greatness" (大) in the ceremonial etiquettes of the central states, while huá (華) "flower" or "blossom" was used in reference to the "beauty" (美) in the clothing that those states' denizens wore.[e][14][15][16]
History
Origin
barbaric peoples around them.[20] The Huaxia identity arose in the Eastern Zhou period as a reaction to the increased conflict with the Rong and Di peoples who migrated into the Zhou lands and extinguished some Zhou states.[21]
Modern usage
Although still used in conjunction, the
Chinese characters
for hua and xia are also used separately as autonyms.
The official Chinese names of both the
Zhōnghuá Mínzú which is an all Chinese nationality in the sense of a multi-ethnic national identity
.
The term Huaren (華人) for a Chinese person is an abbreviation of Huaxia with ren (人, person).[24] Huaren in general is used for people of Chinese ethnicity, in contrast to Zhongguoren (中國人) which usually (but not always) refers to citizens of China.[23] Although some may use Zhongguoren to refer to the Chinese ethnicity, such usage is not common in Taiwan.[23] In overseas Chinese communities in countries such as Singapore and Malaysia, Huaren or Huaqiao (overseas Chinese) is used as they are also not citizens of China.[25][26]
See also
- Xia dynasty, the first dynasty according to traditional Chinese historiography.
- Yanhuang, an ethnic group located around the Yellow River.
- Yan Huang Zisun, literally the "Descendants of Yan and Huang"
- Zhongyuan, the central regions associated with Huaxia.
- Names of China
- Zhonghua
- Hua–Yi distinction
- Kokutai, a similar concept of the Japanese people
Notes
- ^ Tentative; 华; 華; huá; 'to flower' is derived from 华; 華 ~ 花; huā; 'flower', for which Laurent Sagart proposed a revised OC pronunciation *Cə-pʰˤra (2021) from *qʷʰˤra (2014).[1]
- Shujing.[3]
- ^ For instance, Du Yu explains zhuxia 諸夏 "the various grand states" and zhuhua 諸華 "various flourishing states" as zhongguo "the central states"[6][7][8][9]
- ^ Kong Yingda annotates this Zuozhuan's passage 裔不謀夏，夷不亂華。 "the borderers may not plot against the grand domains; the aliens may not sow chaos among the flourishing countries."[13]
References
- ^ Sagart, Laurent (14 February 2021) "Specks of dust, brooms and comets", in Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian
- ^ Shujing, "Wu Cheng" quote: "華夏蠻貊，罔不率俾。" Legge's translation: "Our flowery, and great land, and the tribes of the south and north, equally follow and consent with me."
- ^ Zhi, Chen (2004)."From Exclusive Xia to Inclusive Zhu-Xia: The Conceptualisation of Chinese Identity in Early China" in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 14(03) p. 190 of 185 - 205
- ^ Zuo zhuan, "Duke Xiang, year 26, zhuan". text: "楚失華夏．" translation: "Chu lost [the political allegiance of / the political influence over] the flourishing and grand [states]."
- ^ Shi, Jie (2020). Modeling Peace: Royal Tombs and Political Ideology in Early China, chapter 3 "Integration of Ethnic Han and non-Han". New York: Columbia University Press. note 8 to chapter 3. page 341 of 466
- Zuozhuan "Duke Min - 1st year - zhuan" quote: "諸夏親暱不可棄也" translation: "The various grand states are close intimates and can not be abandoned"
- ^ Du Yu, Chunqiu Zuozhuan - Collected Explanations, "Vol. 4" p. 136 of 186. quote: "諸夏中國也"
- ^ Zuozhuan "Duke Xiang - 4th year - zhuan" quote: "諸華必叛" translation: "The various flourishing states would surely revolt"
- ^ Chunqiu Zuozhuan - Collected Explanations, "Vol. 15". p. 102 of 162 quote: "諸華中國"
- ^ Zhi (2004). p. 198
- ^ Esherick, Joseph (2006). "How the Qing Became China". Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World. Rowman & Littlefield.
- ^ Shi (2020) p. 140, 142 of 466
- ^ Zuozhuan, "Duke Ding - 10th year - zhuan"
- ^ Chunqiu Zuozhuan Zhengyi, "vol. 56" quote: "夏，大也。中國有禮儀之大，故稱夏；有服章之美，謂之華。華、夏一也。" p. 70 of 118
- ISBN 978-986-7640-65-9.
古時炎黃之胄常自稱,「華夏」有時又作「諸夏」《左傳》定公十年(西元前 500 年)有:裔不謀夏,夷不亂華。對於此句其疏曰:中國有禮儀之大,故稱夏;有服章之美,謂之華。
- ISBN 978-1-107-16786-5.
To quote an ancient text, "there is grand ceremonial etiquette so it is called xia (夏), and there is the beauty of apparel which is called hua (华)."[1] (And that's how China is also called huaxia [华夏].) [...] [1] 'The Tenth Year of Duke Ding of Lu' (定公十年), Zuo Qiuming's Commentary on Spring and Autumn Annals (左傳), explained by Yan Shigu (顏師古, 581–645).
- ^ Sima Qian's discussion on "Annals of Xia" in Records of the Grand Historian: "禹爲姒姓，其後分封，用國爲姓，…"
- S2CID 156043981.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-79234066-9.
During the Warring States (475–221 BC), feudalism was developed and the Huaxia nationality grew out of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou nationalities in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. The Han evolved from the Huaxia.
- ISBN 978-0-521-73164-5.
Initially, Huaxia seems to have been a somewhat elastic cultural marker, referring neither to race nor ethnicity nor any particular country but rather to "civilized," settled, literate, agricultural populations adhering to common ritual standards, in contrast to "barbarians."
- ISBN 978-1-10713402-7.
- ISBN 978-0-521-73164-5.
Zhongguo — […] Today, Zhongguo is probably the closest Chinese-language equivalent to the English word China. Even so, both the modern People's Republic of China, on the mainland, and the Republic of China (confined to the island of Taiwan since 1949) are still officially known, instead, by a hybrid combination of the two ancient terms Zhongguo and Huaxia: Zhonghua 中華.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-13504635-4.
- ISBN 978-1-13473908-0.
Huaren 華人 equivalent to a 'Chinese person'—hua 華 is the abbreviation of Huaxia, a synonym of Zhongguo 中國 (China), and ren 人 is 'person'.
- ISBN 978-981-230-110-9.
- ISBN 978-9971-69-599-6.