Hudson Valley
Hudson Valley | |
---|---|
Region | |
Part of a series on |
Regions of New York |
---|
The Hudson Valley (also known as the Hudson River Valley) comprises the valley of the
History
Pre-Columbian era
The Hudson Valley was inhabited by indigenous peoples long before European settlers arrived. The
Hudson River exploration
In 1497, John Cabot traveled along the coast and claimed the entire country for England; he is credited with the Old World's discovery of continental North America.[4] Between then and about 1609, exploration took place around New York Bay, but not into the Hudson Valley. In 1609, the Dutch East India Company financed English navigator Henry Hudson in his attempt to search for the Northwest Passage. During this attempt, Henry Hudson decided to sail his ship up the river that would later be named after him. As he continued up the river, its width expanded, into Haverstraw Bay, leading him to believe he had successfully reached the Northwest Passage. He also proceeded upstream as far as present-day Troy before concluding that no such strait existed there.[5]
Colonization
After Henry Hudson realized that the Hudson River was not the
Under British colonial rule, the Hudson Valley became an agricultural hub, with manors being developed on the east side of the river. At these manors, landlords rented out land to their tenants, letting them take a share of the crops grown while keeping and selling the rest of the crops.[9] Tenants were often kept at a subsistence level so that the landlord could minimize his costs. Landlords held immense political power in the colony due to driving such a large proportion of the agricultural output. Meanwhile, land west of Hudson River contained smaller landholdings with many small farmers living off the land. A large crop grown in the region was grain, which was largely shipped downriver to New York City, the colony's main seaport, for export back to Great Britain. In order to export the grain, colonial merchants were given monopolies to grind the grain into flour and export it.[9] Grain production was also at high levels in the Mohawk River Valley.[9]
Revolutionary War
The Hudson River was a key river during the Revolutionary War. The Hudson's connection to the Mohawk River allowed travelers to get to the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River eventually. In addition, the river's close proximity to Lake George and Lake Champlain would allow the British navy to control the water route from Montreal to New York City.[10] In doing so, the British, under General John Burgoyne's strategy, would be able to cut off the patriot hub of New England (which is on the eastern side of the Hudson River) and focus on rallying the support of loyalists in the South and Mid-Atlantic regions. The British knew that total occupation of the colonies would be unfeasible, which is why this strategy was chosen.[11] As a result of the strategy, numerous battles were fought along the river, including several in the Hudson Valley.[12]
Industrial Revolution
In the early 19th century, popularized by the stories of Washington Irving, the Hudson Valley gained a reputation as a somewhat gothic region characterized by remnants of the early days of the Dutch colonization of New York (see "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"). The area is also associated with the Hudson River School, a group of American Romantic painters who worked from about 1830 to 1870.[13]
Following the building of the Erie Canal, the area became an important industrial center. The canal opened the Hudson Valley and New York City to commerce with the Midwest and Great Lakes regions.[14] However, in the mid 20th century, many of the industrial towns went into decline.[15]
The first railroad in New York, the
The
During the Industrial Revolution, the Hudson River Valley became a major location for production. The river allowed for fast and easy transport of goods from the interior of the Northeast to the coast. Hundreds of factories were built around the Hudson, in towns including Poughkeepsie, Newburgh, Kingston, and Hudson. The
Tourism became a major industry as early as 1810. With convenient steamboat connections in New York City and numerous attractive hotels in romantic settings, tourism became an important industry. Early guidebooks provided suggestions for travel itineraries. Middle-class people who read James Fenimore Cooper's novels or saw the paintings of the Hudson River School were especially attracted to the region.[20]
Geology and physiography
The Hudson River valley runs primarily north to south down the eastern edge of New York State, cutting through a series of rock types including Triassic sandstones and redbeds in the south and much more ancient Precambrian gneiss in the north (and east). In the Hudson Highlands, the river enters a fjord cut during previous ice ages. To the west lie the extensive Appalachian Highlands. In the Tappan Zee region, the west side of the river has high cliffs produced by an erosion-resistant diabase; the cliffs range from 400 to 800 feet (120 to 240 m) in height.[21]
The Hudson Valley is one
During the last ice age, the valley was filled by a large glacier that pushed south as far as Long Island. Near the end of the last ice age, the Great Lakes drained south down the Hudson River, from a large glacial lake called Lake Iroquois.[23] Lake Ontario is the remnant of that lake. Large sand deposits remain from where Lake Iroquois drained into the Hudson; these are now part of the Rome Sand Plains.
Due to its resemblance, the Hudson River often has been described as "America's Rhine". In 1939, the magazine Life described the river as such, comparing it to the 40-mile (64 km) stretch of the Rhine in Central and Western Europe.[24]
Major industries
Agriculture
The Hudson Valley has a long agricultural history and agriculture was its main industry when the region was first settled. Around the 1700s,
By the 1970s, the United States'
Winemaking
The Hudson Valley is one of the oldest winemaking and grape-growing regions in the United States, with its first vineyards planted in 1677 in current-day New Paltz.[26] The region has experienced a resurgence in winemaking in the 21st century. Many wineries are located in the Hudson Valley, offering wine-tasting and other tours.[28] Numerous wine festivals are held in the Hudson Valley, with themes often varying by season.[29] Rhinebeck is home to the Hudson Valley Wine & Food Fest, hosted at the Dutchess County Fairgrounds.[30]
The region has sunlight, moisture, chalky soil, and drainage conducive to grape growing, especially grapes used in Champagne.[27]
Tech Valley
Tourism
The Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area promotes historic, natural, and cultural sites in 11 counties.
Regions
The Hudson Valley is divided into three regions: Upper, Middle, and Lower. The following is a list of the counties within the Hudson Valley sorted by region.[38] The Lower Hudson Valley is typically considered part of the Downstate New York region due to its geographical and cultural proximity to New York City.
Lower Hudson
Upper Hudson/
Infrastructure
Major interstates in the Hudson Valley include
Hudson River crossings in the Hudson Valley region from south to north include the
The Hudson Valley is served by two airports with commercial airline service: Westchester County Airport (HPN) near White Plains and Stewart International Airport (SWF) near Newburgh.
Rail service
Sports
The
See also
Notes
- ^ Capital District region, while Sullivan County is sometimes considered to be a part of the Catskill region.
References
Citations
- ^ "Mountains, Valleys and the Hudson River". Hudson Valley Tourism. 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Alfieri, J.; Berardis, A.; Smith, E.; Mackin, J.; Muller, W.; Lake, R.; Lehmkulh, P. (June 3, 1999). "The Lenapes: A study of Hudson Valley Indians" (PDF). Poughkeepsie, New York: Marist College. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Levine, David (June 24, 2016). "Hudson Valley's Tribal History". Hudson Valley Magazine. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
- ^ History of the County of Hudson, Charles H. Winfield, 1874, p. 1-2
- ^ Cleveland, Henry R. "Henry Hudson Explores the Hudson River". history-world.org. International World History Project. Archived from the original on January 12, 2006. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b c d "Dutch Colonies". nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
- ^ Varekamp, Johan Cornelis; Varekamp, Daphne Sasha (Spring–Summer 2006). "Adriaen Block, the discovery of Long Island Sound and the New Netherlands colony: what drove the course of history?" (PDF). Wrack Lines. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
- ^ Roberts, Sam (August 25, 2014). "350 Years Ago, New Amsterdam Became New York. Don't Expect a Party". The New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
- ^ . Retrieved January 4, 2017.
- ^ Mansinne, Major Andrew Jr. "The West Point Chain and Hudson River Obstructions in the Revolutionary War" (PDF). desmondfishlibrary.org. Desmond Fish Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
- ISBN 9780742544284. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
- ISBN 9780547166292.
- ISBN 978-0-231-13641-9.
- ISBN 0-8135-2271-4.
- ISBN 0-275-96339-X.
- ^ "The Hudson River Guide". www.offshoreblue.com. Blue Seas. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
- ISBN 9781438125183. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
- ^ Hunter, Louis C. (1985). A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia.
- ^ Falkenstein, Michelle (June 28, 2022). "Brick collectors of the Hudson Valley". www.timesunion.com. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
- ^ Richard H. Gassan, The Birth of American Tourism: New York, the Hudson Valley, and American Culture, 1790–1835 (2008)
- ^ Van Diver, B. B. (1985). Roadside Geology of New York. Mountain Press, Missoula. Pp. 59-63.
- ^ "Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U. S." U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
- ^ Eyles, N. Ontario Rocks: Three Billion Years of Environmental Change. Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside.
- ^ "The Hudson River: Autumn Peace Broods over America's Rhine". Life. October 2, 1939. p. 57. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
- ISSN 0002-1482.
- ^ a b c "The Hudson Valley's Farm-to-Table Movement is Growing Faster Than Ever". June 25, 2014.
- ^ ISBN 9780823216772.
- ^ "The Roots of American Wine since 1677". HUDSON VALLEY WINE COUNTRY.ORG. Archived from the original on October 11, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
- ^ "The Roots of American Wine since 1677 - Calendar of Festivals and Events". HUDSON VALLEY WINE COUNTRY.ORG. Archived from the original on October 12, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
- ^ "Home". hudsonvalleywinefest.com.
- ^ a b "About Tech Valley". Tech Valley Chamber Coalition. Archived from the original on November 3, 2008. Retrieved September 27, 2009.
- ^ a b Larry Rulison (July 10, 2015). "Made in Albany: IBM reveals breakthrough chip made at SUNY Poly". Albany Times-Union. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
- ^ Keshia Clukey (June 27, 2014). "Better than advertised: Chip plant beats expectations". Albany Business Review. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
- ^ "Fab 8 Overview". GLOBALFOUNDRIES Inc. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
- ^ Freeman Klopott; Xu Wang; Niamh Ring (September 27, 2011). "IBM, Intel Start $4.4 Billion in Chip Venture in New York". 2011 Bloomberg. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
- ^ John Jordan (January 2016). "$1.2 Billion Project Could Make Westchester a Biotech Destination". Hudson Gateway Association of Realtors. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
- ^ Steve Ditlea (May 7, 2015). "Westchester's Unexpected Powerhouse Position In the Biotech Industry - Four years after our initial look at Westchester's biotech industry, the sector has gone from fledgling to behemoth". Today Media. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
All around, there are signs of a Biochester bloom:
- ^ Silverman, B et al; Frommer's New York State Frommer's 2009, p196
- ^ "New York Yankees announce new Minor League affiliation structure". MLB.com. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
- ^ "Boulders' Home Park Renamed Clover Stadium". OurSports Central. January 25, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
Further reading
- Donaldson Eberlein, Harold; Van Dyke Hubbard, Cortlandt (1942). Historic houses of the Hudson valley. New York: Architectural Book Pub. Co. OCLC 3444265.
- ISBN 978-0-912882-99-4.
- Howat, John K. (1972). The Hudson River and Its Painters. New York: ISBN 978-0-670-38558-4.
- Jacobs, Jaap and L.H. Roper (eds.) (2014). The Worlds of the Seventeenth-Century Hudson Valley. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
- Levine, David (2020). The Hudson Valley: The First 250 Million Years. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot.
- Marks, Alfred H. (1973). Literature of the Mid Hudson Valley: A Preliminary Study. New Paltz, New York: Center for Continuing Education, State University College. OCLC 1171631.
- McMurry, James; Jones, Jeff (1974). The Catskill Witch and Other Tales of the Hudson Valley. Syracuse, New York: ISBN 978-0-8156-0105-0.
- Mylod, John (1969). Biography of a River: The People and Legends of the Hudson Valley. New York: Hawthorn Books. OCLC 33563.
- Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),Exploring Historic Dutch New York. New York: Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-399-24521-3.
- Vernon, Benjamin. The History of the Hudson River Valley (New York: Overlook, 2016. xiv, 625 pp.
- Wallkill Valley Publishing Association (1904). The Historic Wallkill and Hudson River Valleys. Walden, New York: Wallkill Valley Publishing Association. OCLC 13418978.
- OCLC 297188.
- Wilkinson Reynolds, Helen (1965). Dutch houses in the Hudson Valley before 1776. New York: OCLC 513732.
External links
- Hudson Valley Directory at hudsonvalleydirectory.com
- Hudson River Valley Greenway at hudsongreenway.ny.gov
- Hudson River Valley Heritage: digital collection of historical materials, at hrvh.org
- Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area at hudsonrivervalley.com