Huelva

Huelva is home to Recreativo de Huelva, the oldest football club in Spain.

History

Protohistory

At least up to the 1980s and 1990s, the mainstream historians' view was that Huelva began as an autochthonous Tartessian settlement (possibly the very same Tartessos mentioned in Greek sources); later opinions have held that it was a multi-ethnic enclave, mixing natives with peoples with a mainly Phoenician, and later Greek, extraction.^[6] However, following the finding of Phoenician archaeological materials in the Méndez Núñez-Las Monjas site, the chronology as to the Phoenician presence was reassessed. The evidence favours solely viewing Huelva-Onoba as a very early Phoenician colony, a development which was parallel to a certain "dismantling" of the idea of Tartessos as a mainly autochthonous archaeological culture, even though the tentative identification of Huelva with Tartessos was not discarded, but rather kept.^[7] Tartessos has also been identified with the biblical Tarshish.^[8]

First contacts with the local Phoenician presence have been hypothesised to have taken place as early as 1015 to 975 BCE.^[9] However, remains such as those found in the Méndez Núñez-Las Monjas go so far as to show a likely Phoenician settlement of the 9th century BCE, especially to resemble a founding date of a Tyrian settlement from the reign of Ithobaal I between 875 and 850,^{[further explanation needed][9]} although the Méndez Núñez-Las Monjas' archaeological finds have been brought forward as evidence of a 10th-century BCE founding chronology in the era of Hiram I (c. 975–950).^[9][10] The outpost was presumably populated mainly by continental Phoenicians, with some possible addition of the likes of Eteocypriots, Cypriot Phoenicians and Sardinian Phoenicians.^[11]

As a Phoenician outpost, it facilitated local exports such as silver, copper, purple dye and salted fish, while it also served as node in the trade routes connecting the Northern Atlantic, the Southern Atlantic and the Mediterranean.^[12] Population notably increased from the mid-8th century BCE onward, possibly connected to the arrival of refugees fleeing from Tiglath-Pileser III and, overall, from the economic crisis and social unrest induced by the Assyrian subjugation of the Levant.^[13]

It was called ʿunʿu baʿl ("

The place was called both Onoba Æstuaria^[16] or Onuba (used on coinage) during Roman times, or, simply, Onoba.^[17] It was put in the Roman province of Hispania Bætica. According to the Antonine Itinerary: it was a maritime town between the Anas, (modern Guadiana) and Bætis (modern Guadalquivir); it was on the estuary of the Luxia (modern Odiel), and on the road from the mouth of the Anas to Augusta Emerita (modern Mérida).^[18] There are still some Roman remains. Huelva hosted a mint; and many coins have been found there bearing the name of the town as Onuba.^[19]

Middle Ages

Soon after the beginning of the

Early modern history

It suffered substantial damage in the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.

Huelva became a leading fishing town in Andalusia in the 16th century (thriving in the sardine and tuna markets).^[27] The town became a provincial capital in 1833.^[27]

Modern history

Mines in the countryside still send copper and

Rio Tinto.^[28]

Huelva acquired the status of city (ciudad) by means of a royal decree on 17 September 1876.^[29]

The ore-smelting caused severe sulfur dioxide pollution and was frequently met by the protests of local farmers, peasants and miners, allied under the anarchist Syndicalist leader Maximiliano Tornet. On 4 February 1888, the Pavi Regiment of the Spanish Army opened fire on demonstrators at the village plaza of Rio Tinto. Historians estimate the number of deaths at 100 to 200.^[30] One hundred years later, environmentalists defending the nearby village of Nerva referred to 1888 as the "year of shots", in their protests against the provincial government's plans to site a large waste dump in a disused mine in the 1990s.^[31]

The local football club,

Rio Tinto Group. Nicknamed the Decano

of Spanish football, it is the longest-playing football club in Spain.

The

Francoist repression took a heavy toll, with an estimated total of 6,019 deaths all over the province for the rearguard and post-war repression.^[33]

During

Twenty-five years after the city was declared a Polo de Desarrollo Industrial ("Pole of Industrial Development") in 1964, the population had nearly doubled.[35]

Geography

Location

Huelva is in the Southwest of the

A rather wide estuary in ancient times, the estuary of Huelva progressively silted up to a large extent.^[36]

Transportation

Huelva is home to Grupo Damas, a provincial bus company. Huelva's train station is now a shadow of its former self, and exists on a spur line. There are no trains to Portugal. The

Huelva does not have an airport. The closest airports to the city are Faro Airport (93 km as the crow flies) and Seville Airport (95 km).^[37]

Demographics

Huelva had a population of 149,410 in 2010. The city experienced a population boom in the nineteenth century, due to the exploitation of mineral resources in the area, and another with the construction of the Polo de Desarrollo (industrial hub) in the 1960s. It had a population of 5,377 inhabitants in 1787, which had risen to only 8,519 by 1857. From 1887, the city experienced rapid growth, reaching 21,539 residents in 1900, 56,427 in 1940, and 96,689 in 1970. Rapid expansion occurred in the following decades, and the population reached 141,479 by 1991.

From 1997 to 2007, immigration both from abroad and from the surrounding area sustained population growth. In 2007, the city reached a population of 145,000, while the metropolitan area had nearly 232,000 inhabitants, encompassing the surrounding areas of Aljaraque, Moguer, San Juan del Puerto, Punta Umbría, Gibraleón, and Palos de la Frontera. The 2006 census recorded a foreign-born population of almost 5,000 people in the urban centre, the majority of whom were of Moroccan origin.

Climate

Huelva and its metropolitan area have a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa), characterized by mild and wet winters and long warm to hot and dry summers. The average annual temperature is 23.9 °C (75.0 °F) during the day and 12.4 °C (54.3 °F) at night. The average annual precipitation is 525 mm (20.7 in) per year, there are about 52 rainy days per year. Extreme temperatures have been 43.8 °C (110.8 °F) recorded on 25 July 2004 and −3.2 °C (26.2 °F) recorded on 28 January 2005 at Ronda Este. Huelva is warmer than places on the immediate coastline, with cooler maritime air warming up in summer over the river delta.

The most well-known artists in Huelva have been the poet and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature Juan Ramón Jiménez, the sculptor Antonio León Ortega, the writer Nicolas Tenorio Cerero and the painter Daniel Vázquez Díaz.
Other outstanding artists from Huelva include the painters José Caballero, Pedro Gómez y Gómez, Antonio Brunt, Mateo Orduña Castellano, Pablo Martínez Coto, Manuel Moreno Díaz, Juan Manuel Seisdedos Romero, Francisco Doménech, Esperanza Abot, José María Labrador, Sebastián García Vázquez, Pilar Barroso, Juan Carlos Castro Crespo, Lola Martín, Antonio Gómez Feu, Rafael Aguilera, and Florencio Aguilera Correa. Miguel Báez y Espuny [1], called el Litri, is a retired bullfighter very famous from Huelva, his son, named Miguel Báez Spínola, was also a very renowned bullfighter retired in 1999.

Sports

The city is home to Recreativo de Huelva, the oldest football club in Spain.^{[citation needed]}

Events

• Carnaval, fiesta
• Festival de Cine Iberoamericano de Huelva
• Columbian Festivals, fiesta first week of August
• Fiestas de la Cinta, between 3–8 September
• San Sebastián, festival 20 January
• Semana Santa (Easter Week)
• Virgen de la Cinta, fiesta 8 September
• El Rocio Romeria pilgrimage, every seventh August, a statue of the Virgin of el Rocio travels at night from El Rocio to Almonte.^[39]

Nearby

Near Huelva, in the Huelva River estuary, lies Herculis Insula, mentioned by Strabo (iii. p. 170), called Ἡράκλεια by Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v.), now Isla Saltés.

Notable people

• Cinta Pérez (born 1985), former footballer
• Carolina Marín (born 1993), professional badminton player

Twin towns – sister cities

Huelva is twinned with:

• España
• Italia^[40]
• Italia
• Hungría
• Faro, Portugal
• Estados Unidos
• Estados Unidos
• España
• España
• Canadá
• Rumania
• Tangier, Marruecos^[41]
• México (2010)^[42][43]
• España
• Safi, Morocco, Marruecos^[44]

See also

• Costa de la Luz
• Tourist Mining Train
• Tharsis railway line
• Riotinto Railway
• Rio Tinto Company Limited

References

Informational notes

Citations

1. ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
2. ^ "Huelva". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
3. ^ "Huelva". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
4. ^ Manuel Garrido Palacios. Diccionario de palabras de andar por casa (Huelva y provincia) (in Spanish). p. 317.
5. ISSN 0079-8215
   .
6. ^ Ferrer Albelda & Prados Pérez 2018, p. 234.
7. ^ Ferrer Albelda & Prados Pérez 2018, pp. 234–235.
8. ^ Ferrer Albelda & Prados Pérez 2018, p. 235.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Padilla-Monge 2016, p. 99.
10. ^ Mederos Martín 2006, p. 167.
11. ^ Padilla-Monge 2016, p. 100.
12. ^ Mederos Martín 2006, pp. 167, 171.
13. ^ Padilla-Monge 2016, p. 101.
14. ^ Rufete Tomico 2001, pp. 162, 189.
15. ^ Rufete Tomico 2001, pp. 189–190.
16. ^ Greek: Ὄνοβα Αἰστουάρια, Ptolemy, ii. 4. § 5.
17. ^ Strabo, iii. p. 143, Pomponius Mela, iii. 1. § 5.
18. ^ Antonine Itinerary, p. 431
19. Enrique Florez, Med. ii. pp. 510, 649; Théodore Edme Mionnet, i. p. 23, Suppl. p. 39; Sestini, Med. Isp. p. 75, ap. Friedrich August Ukert
    , vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 340.
20. ^ Amat Cortés, Joan (2008). "La ocupación árabe de Besalú". Quaderns de les Assemblees d'Estudis (10).
21. ^ ^{a b} Mazzoli-Guintard, Christine (2004). "Alejandro Garcia Sanjuán. — La Huelva islámica, una ciudad del Occidente de al- Andalus (siglos VIII-XIII). Séville, Univ. de Sévilla-Excmo, 2002 (Historia y Geografia, 61)". Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale (47): 191–192.
22. ^ García-Arreciado Batanero 1988, p. 175.
23. ^ González Arce 2018, p. 46.
24. ISBN 978-84-17066-07-9
    .
25. ^
    ISSN 1136-6877
    .
26. ISBN 978-84-17066-07-9
    .
27. ^ ^{a b} Mojarro Bayo 2010, p. 307.
28. ^ ^{a b c} Ben Macintyre, Operation Mincemeat; How a Dead Man and a Bizarre Plan Fooled the Nazis and Assured an Allied Victory, Harmony Books, Chapter 8
29. ISBN 978-84-96826-92-2
    .
30. ^ David Avery, Not on Queen Victoria's Birthday: The Story of the Rio Tinto Mines, Collins, London, 1974. p. 207; 6, pp. 83 ff.
31. ^ Joan Martinez-Alier, Mining conflicts, environmental justice, and valuation, in Journal of Hazardous Materials 86 (2001) 153–170
32. ^
    ISBN 978-84-16621-80-4
    .
33. ISBN 978-84-939926-0-6
    .
34. ^ Gladwell, Malcolm, Pandora's Briefcase, The New Yorker, 10 May 2010, reprised 2015.07.26 by Henry Finder in a New Yorker newsletter
35. ^ Martínez Chacón, Alfonso (1992). "La ciudad de Huelva : evolución, estructura y problemática actual" (PDF). Huelva en su Historia. 4: 317.
36. ^ Cano García & Jordá Borrell 2003, p. 49.
37. ^ "Huelva: Stations". Travelinho.com.
38. ^ "Guía resumida del clima en España (1981–2010)". Archived from the original on 26 May 2013.
39. ^ The Daily Dish, by Andrew Sullivan, retrieved on 20 August 2012
40. ^ Diario ABC. "El hermanamiento Huelva-Génova más cerca". Retrieved 28 February 2010.
41. ^ ANMAR. "Red de hermanamientos entre ciudades marroquíes y andaluzas". Retrieved 28 February 2010.
42. ^ "Copia archivada". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
43. ^ "Copia archivada". Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
44. ^ Ayuntamiento de Huelva. "Ayuntamiento de Huelva - Gabriel Cruz anuncia el hermanamiento entre Huelva y Safí". Retrieved 25 July 2022.

Bibliography

• Cano García, Gabriel; Jordá Borrell, Rosa (2003). "Antiguos puertos e islas en el litoral andaluz: cartografía, toponimia e historia" (PDF). Cuadernos de Geografía (73): 39–54.
  ISSN 0210-086X
  .
• Ferrer Albelda, Eduardo; Prados Pérez, Eduardo (2018). "Tarteso = Huelva: una identificación controvertida". In Campos Jara, Pedro (ed.). Arqueología y territorio en la provincia de Huelva: veinte años de las Jornadas de Aljaraque (1998-2017). pp. 217–248.
  ISBN 978-84-8163-584-3
  .
• González Arce, José Damián (2018). "La adaptación de la fiscalidad aduanera a los intereses repobladores, comerciales y políticos. Andalucía, 1241-1550".
  ISSN 0018-2141
  .
• Mederos Martín, Alfredo (2006). "Fenicios en Huelva, en el siglo X AC, durante el reinado de Hîrâm I de Tiro" (PDF). SPAL: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla (15). Seville:
  ISSN 1133-4525
  .
• Padilla-Monge, Aurelio (2016). "Huelva y el inicio de la colonización fenicia de la Península Ibérica". Pyrenae. 47 (1). Barcelona:
  ISSN 0079-8215
  .
• Rufete Tomico, Pilar (2001). "El final de Tartessos y el periodo Turdetano en Huelva" (PDF). Huelva Arqueológica (17): 3–204.
  ISSN 0211-1187
  .

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Huelva.

This article is in the world's first Encyclopedia NH Book 3.7.

• Información sobre la Sierra de Aracena
• Huelva – Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
• City of Huelva Andalucia Destination
• Huelva municipal government Official Website (in Spanish)
• City of Huelva Andalucia Destination
• Port Authority of Huelva Official web page with information about the port, its history and technical characteristics.
• Maps
  • "Maps of Huelva". Justspain.org. 30 May 2007.
  • Antonio Delgado (21 October 2006). "Huelva.es ::: Ayuntamiento de Huelva (España)". Archived from the original on 21 October 2006.
• Guía de autores onubenses (Local writers) Juntadeandalucia.es. Juan David Ayllón Burguillo (in Spanish)
• Doñana Natural Park (in Spanish)
• Sierra de Aracena Natural Park (in Spanish)
• Moodle Centros Huelva