Hugh Trevor-Roper
Vivian Hunter Galbraith | |
---|---|
Successor | Michael Howard |
Spouse |
Alexandra Howard-Johnston
(m. 1954; died 1997) |
Relatives | Patrick Trevor-Roper (brother) |
Military career | |
Allegiance | United Kingdom |
Service/ | British Army |
Rank | Major |
Unit | Intelligence Corps |
Battles/wars | World War II |
Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton,
Trevor-Roper was a polemicist and essayist on a range of historical topics, but particularly England in the 16th and 17th centuries and Nazi Germany. In the view of John Kenyon, "some of [Trevor-Roper's] short essays have affected the way we think about the past more than other men's books".[1] This is echoed by Richard Davenport-Hines and Adam Sisman in the introduction to One Hundred Letters from Hugh Trevor-Roper (2014): "The bulk of his publications is formidable ... Some of his essays are of Victorian length. All of them reduce large subjects to their essence. Many of them ... have lastingly transformed their fields." On the other hand, his biographer Adam Sisman also writes that "the mark of a great historian is that he writes great books, on the subject which he has made his own. By this exacting standard Hugh failed."[2]
Trevor-Roper's most commercially successful book was titled The Last Days of Hitler (1947). It emerged from his assignment as a British intelligence officer in 1945 to discover what happened in the last days of
Trevor-Roper's reputation was "severely damaged" in 1983 when he authenticated the Hitler Diaries shortly before they were shown to be forgeries.[3]
Early life and education
Trevor-Roper was born at Glanton, Northumberland, England, the son of Kathleen Elizabeth Davidson (died 1964) and Bertie William Edward Trevor-Roper (1885–1978), a doctor, descended from Henry Roper, 8th Baron Teynham and second husband of Anne, 16th Baroness Dacre.[4] Trevor-Roper "enjoyed (but not too seriously) ... that he was a collateral descendant of William Roper, the son-in-law and biographer of Sir Thomas More ... as a boy he was aware that only a dozen lives (several of them those of elderly bachelors) separated him from inheriting the Teynham peerage."[5]
Trevor-Roper's brother,
In 1937, he moved from Christ Church to Merton College, Oxford to become a research fellow.[9][10][11] His first book was a 1940 biography of Archbishop William Laud, in which he challenged many of the prevailing perceptions surrounding Laud.
Military service and the Second World War
Trevor-Roper was a member of the University of Oxford's
During the
He formed a low opinion of most pre-war professional intelligence officers, but a higher one of some of the post-1939 recruits. In The Philby Affair (1968) Trevor-Roper argues that the Soviet spy Kim Philby was never in a position to undermine efforts by the chief of the Abwehr, German Military Intelligence, Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, to overthrow the Nazi regime and negotiate with the British government.[14]
Investigating Hitler's last days
In November 1945, Trevor-Roper was ordered by
For the most part Trevor-Roper relied on investigations and interviews by hundreds of British, American and Canadian intelligence officers.
The book was cleared by British officials in 1946 for publication as soon as the war crimes trials ended. It was published in English in 1947; six English editions and many foreign language editions followed.
Anti-communism
In June 1950, Trevor-Roper attended a conference in Berlin of
Historical debates and controversies
Trevor-Roper was famous for his lucid and acerbic writing style. In reviews and essays he could be pitilessly sarcastic, and devastating in his mockery. In attacking Arnold J. Toynbee's A Study of History, for instance, Trevor-Roper accused Toynbee of regarding himself as a Messiah complete with "the youthful Temptations; the missionary Journeys; the Miracles; the Revelations; the Agony".[23]
For Trevor-Roper, the major themes of early modern Europe were its intellectual vitality, and the quarrels between Protestant and Catholic states, the latter being outpaced by the former, economically and constitutionally.
Trevor-Roper argued that
English Civil War
In Trevor-Roper's opinion, the dispute between the Puritans and the Arminians was a major, although not the sole, cause of the English Civil War.[24] For him, the dispute was over such issues as free will and predestination and the role of preaching versus the sacraments; only later did the dispute become a matter of the structure of the Church of England.[24] The Puritans desired a more decentralised and egalitarian church, with an emphasis on the laity, while the Arminians wished for an ordered church with a hierarchy, an emphasis on divine right and salvation through free will.[24]
As a historian of early modern Britain, Trevor-Roper was known for his disputes with fellow historians such as Lawrence Stone and Christopher Hill, whose materialist (and in some measure "inevitablist") explanations of the English Civil War he attacked. Trevor-Roper was a leading player in the historiographical storm over the gentry (also known as the Gentry controversy), a dispute with the historians R. H. Tawney and Stone, about whether the English gentry were, economically, on the way down or up, in the century before the English Civil War and whether this helped cause that war.
Stone, Tawney and Hill argued that the gentry were rising economically and that this caused the Civil War. Trevor-Roper argued that while office-holders and lawyers were prospering, the lesser gentry were in decline. A third group of history men around J. H. Hexter and Geoffrey Elton, argued that the causes of the Civil War had nothing to do with the gentry. In 1948, a paper put forward by Stone in support of Tawney's thesis was vigorously attacked by Trevor-Roper, who showed that Stone had exaggerated the debt problems of the Tudor nobility.[26] He also rejected Tawney's theories about the rising gentry and declining nobility, arguing that he was guilty of selective use of evidence and that he misunderstood the statistics.[26][27]
World War II and Hitler
Trevor-Roper attacked the philosophies of history advanced by Arnold J. Toynbee and E. H. Carr, as well as his colleague A. J. P. Taylor's account of the origins of World War II. Another dispute was with Taylor and Alan Bullock over the question of whether Adolf Hitler had fixed aims. In the 1950s, Trevor-Roper was ferocious in his criticism of Bullock for his portrayal of Hitler as a "mountebank" instead of the ideologue Trevor-Roper believed him to be.[28] When Taylor offered a picture of Hitler similar to Bullock's, in his 1961 book The Origins of the Second World War, the debate continued. Another feud was with the novelist and Catholic convert Evelyn Waugh, who was angered by Trevor-Roper's repeated harsh attacks on the Catholic Church.[29]
In the
Trevor-Roper was a very firm "intentionist" who treated Hitler as a serious, if slightly deranged thinker who, from 1924 until his death in 1945, was obsessed with "the conquest of Russia, the extermination of the Slavs, and the colonization of the English".[33] In his 1962 essay "The Mind of Adolf Hitler", Trevor-Roper again criticized Bullock, writing "Even Mr. Bullock seems content to regard him as a diabolical adventurer animated solely by an unlimited lust for personal power ... Hitler was a systematic thinker and his mind is, to the historian, as important as the mind of Bismarck or Lenin".[34] Trevor-Roper maintained that Hitler, on the basis of a wide range of antisemitic literature, from the writings of Houston Stewart Chamberlain to The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, had constructed a racist ideology that called for making Germany the world's greatest power and the extermination of perceived enemies like the Jews and Slavs.[34]
Trevor-Roper wrote that the mind of Hitler was "a terrible phenomenon, imposing indeed in its granite harshness and yet infinitely squalid in its miscellaneous cumber, like some huge barbarian monolith; the expression of giant strength and savage genius; surrounded by a festering heap of refuse, old tins and vermin, ashes and eggshells and ordure, the intellectual detritus of centuries".[34] Cesarani wrote that Trevor-Roper regarded Hitler, in marked contrast to Bullock, as a man who was serious about what he said but at the same time, Trevor-Roper's picture of Hitler as a somewhat insane leader, fanatically pursuing lunatic policies, meant paradoxically that it was hard to take Hitler seriously, at least on the basis of Trevor-Roper's writings.[35] Cesarani stated that Trevor-Roper was sincere in his hatred and contempt for the Nazis and everything they stood for but he had considerable difficulty when it came to writing about the complicity and involvement of traditional German elites in National Socialism, because the traditional elites in Germany were so similar in many ways to the British Establishment, which Trevor-Roper identified with so strongly.
In this respect, Cesarani argued that it was very revealing that Trevor-Roper in The Last Days of Hitler was especially damning in his picture of the German Finance Minister, Count Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk, who Trevor-Roper noted "had been a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford, but he had acquired none of its values".[36] Cesarani wrote "Thus, to Trevor-Roper the values of Oxford University stood at the opposite pole to those of Hitler's Reich, and one reason for the ghastly character of Nazism was that it did not share them".[36] Cesarani noted that while Trevor-Roper supported the Conservatives and ended his days as a Tory life-peer, he was broadly speaking a liberal and believed that Britain was a great nation because of its liberalism.[37] Because of this background, Cesarani wrote that Trevor-Roper naturally saw the liberal democracy Britain as anathema to Nazi Germany.[37] Cesarani concluded "... to maintain the illusion of virtuous British liberalism, Hitler had to be depicted as either a statesman like any other or a monster without equal, and those who did business with him as, respectively, pragmatists or dupes. Every current of Nazi society that made it distinctive could be charted, while the anti-Jewish racism that it shared with Britain was discreetly avoided".[38]
General crisis of the 17th century
A notable thesis propagated by Trevor-Roper was the "
The "general crisis" thesis generated controversy between supporters of this theory, and those, such as the Marxist historian
to become advocates of the pros and cons of the theory.At times the discussion became quite heated; the
First World War
In 1973, Trevor-Roper in the foreword to a book by
Backhouse frauds
In 1973, Trevor-Roper was invited to visit Switzerland to examine a manuscript entitled Décadence Mandchoue written by the
For an example, Backhouse claimed in Décadence Mandchoue that the wives and daughters of British diplomats in Beijing had trained their dogs and tamed foxes to perform cunnilingus on them, which the fascistic Backhouse used as evidence of British "decadence", which in turn explained why he was supporting Germany and Japan in the Second World War. Trevor-Roper regarded Décadence Mandchoue with considerable distaste calling the manuscript "pornographic" and "obscene" as Backhouse related in graphic detail sexual encounters he claimed to have had with the French poet Paul Verlaine, the Irish playwright Oscar Wilde, Wilde's lover Lord Alfred Douglas, the French poet Arthur Rimbaud, the Russian ballet dancer Vaslav Nijinsky, the British Prime Minister Lord Rosebery and the Empress Dowager Cixi of China whom the openly gay Backhouse had maintained had forced herself on him.[48]
Backhouse also claimed to have been the friend of the Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy and the French actress Sarah Bernhardt. For the next two years, Trevor-Roper went on an odyssey that took him all over Britain, France, Switzerland, the United States, Canada and China as he sought to unravel the mystery of just who the elusive Backhouse was. Backhouse had between 1898 and his death in 1944 worked as a sinologist, the business agent for several British and American companies in China, a British spy, gun-runner and translator before finally ending his days in World War II China as a fascist and a Japanese collaborator who wished fervently for an Axis victory which would destroy Great Britain.[48] Trevor-Roper noted that despite Backhouse's homosexuality and Nazi Germany's policy of persecuting homosexuals, Backhouse's intense hatred of his own country together with his sadistic-masochistic sexual needs meant that Backhouse longed to be "ravished and possessed by the brutal, but still perverted masculinity of the fascist Führerprinzip".[49]
The end result was one of Trevor-Roper's most successful later books, his 1976 biography of Backhouse, originally entitled A Hidden Life but soon republished in Britain and the US as The Hermit of Peking. Backhouse had long been regarded as a world's leading expert on China. In his biography, Trevor-Roper exposed the vast majority of Sir Edmund's life-story and virtually all of his scholarship as a fraud. In Décadence Mandchoue, Backhouse spoke of his efforts to raise money to pay the defence lawyers for Wilde while he was an undergraduate at Oxford. Trevor-Roper established that while Backhouse did indeed raise money for the Wilde defence fund, he spent it all on buying expensive jewellery, especially pearl necklaces, which were a special passion of Backhouse's. It was this embezzlement of the money Backhouse had raised for the Wilde defence fund that led to him fleeing Britain in 1895. The discrediting of Backhouse as a source led to much of China's history being re-written in the West. Backhouse had portrayed Prince Ronglu as a friend of the West and an enemy of the Boxers when the opposite was true.[50]
Trevor-Roper noted that in the "diary" of Ching Shan, which Backhouse claimed to have looted from Ching's house just before it was burned down by Indian troops in the
Oxford activities
In 1960, Trevor-Roper waged a successful campaign against the candidacy of
Debates on African history
Another aspect of Trevor-Roper's outlook on history and on scholarly research that has inspired controversy, is his statement about the historical experiences of pre-literate societies. Following Voltaire's remarks on the fall of the Roman Empire at the hands of barbarian tribes, he asserted that Africa had no history prior to
Many historians now argue, against Trevor-Roper, that historical evidence should also include
"Hitler Diaries" hoax
The nadir of his career came in 1983, when as a director of The Times, Trevor-Roper (by now Baron Dacre of Glanton) made statements that authenticated the so-called Hitler Diaries.[66] Others were unsure: holocaust denier David Irving, for example, initially decried them as forgeries but subsequently changed his mind and declared that they could be genuine, before finally stating that they were a forgery. Historians Gerhard Weinberg and Eberhard Jäckel had also expressed doubt regarding the authenticity of the diaries.[67]
Within two weeks, forensic scientist Julius Grant demonstrated that the diaries were forgeries. The ensuing fiasco gave Trevor-Roper's enemies the opportunity to criticise him openly, while Trevor-Roper's initial endorsement of the diaries raised questions about his integrity: The Sunday Times, a newspaper to which he regularly contributed book reviews and of which he was an independent director, had already paid a considerable sum for the right to serialise the diaries if and only if they were genuine.[citation needed]
Trevor-Roper explained that he had been given assurances (that turned out to be false) about how the diaries had come into the possession of their "discoverer", and about the age of the paper and ink used in them and of their authenticity. Nonetheless, this incident prompted the satirical magazine Private Eye to nickname him "Hugh Very-Ropey", "Lord Lucre of Claptout", or more concisely, "Lord Facre".
Despite the shadow this cast over his later career, he continued to write and publish and his work remained well received.[68]
Election as Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge
In 1980 at the age of 67, he became
Lord Dacre, far from being a romantic Tory ultra, turned out to be an anti-clerical Whig with a preference for free speech over superstition. He did not find it normal that fellows should wear mourning on the anniversary of General Franco’s death, attend parties in SS uniform or insult black and Jewish guests at high table. For the next seven years, Trevor-Roper battled to suppress the insurgency of the Cowling clique ("a strong mind trapped in its own glutinous frustrations"), and to bring the college back to a condition in which students might actually want to go there. Neither side won this struggle, which soon became a campaign to drive Trevor-Roper out of the college by grotesque rudeness and insubordination.[25]
In a review of Adam Sisman's 2010 biography of Trevor-Roper, the Economist wrote that the picture of Peterhouse in the 1980s was "startling", stating the college had become under Cowling's influence a sort of right-wing "lunatic asylum", who were determined to sabotage Trevor-Roper's reforms.[69] In 1987 he retired complaining of "seven wasted years".[70]
Festschrift
In 1981 a
Personal life
On 4 October 1954, Trevor-Roper married Lady Alexandra Henrietta Louisa Howard-Johnston (9 March 1907 – 15 August 1997),[73] eldest daughter of Field Marshal The 1st Earl Haig by his wife, the former Hon. Dorothy Maud Vivian. Lady Alexandra was a goddaughter of Queen Alexandra and had previously been married to Rear-Admiral Clarence Dinsmore Howard-Johnston, by whom she had had three children. There were no children by his marriage with her.[74]
Trevor-Roper was made a
In his last years he had suffered from failing eyesight, which made it difficult for him to read and write. He underwent cataract surgery and obtained a magnifying machine, which allowed him to continue writing. In 2002, at the age of 88, Trevor-Roper submitted a sizable article on
Posthumous books
Five books by Trevor-Roper were published posthumously. The first was Letters from Oxford, a collection of letters written by Trevor-Roper between 1947 and 1959 to his close friend the American art collector
The third book was The Invention of Scotland: Myth and History, a critique written in the mid-1970s of what Trevor-Roper regarded as the myths of Scottish nationalism. It was published in 2008. The fourth book collecting together some of his essays on History and the Enlightenment: Eighteenth Century Essays was published in 2010. The fifth book was The Wartime Journals, edited by Richard Davenport-Hines, published in 2011. The Wartime Journals are from the journals that Trevor-Roper kept during his years in the Secret Intelligence Service.
Works
- Archbishop Laud, 1573–1645, 1940.
- The Last Days of Hitler, 1947 (revised editions followed, until the last in 1995)
- "The Elizabethan Aristocracy: An Anatomy Anatomized," Economic History Review (1951) 3 No 3 pp. 279–298 in JSTOR
- Secret Conversations, 1941–1944 (published later as Hitler's Table Talk, 1941–1944), 1953.
- Historical Essays, 1957 (published in the United States in 1958 as Men and Events).
- "The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century", Past and Present, Volume 16, 1959 pp. 31–64.
- "Hitlers Kriegsziele", in Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitsgeschichte, Volume 8, 1960 pp. 121–133, translated into English as "Hitler's War Aims" pages 235–250 from Aspects of the Third Reich edited by H.W. Koch, London: Macmillan Ltd, 1985.
- "A. J. P. Taylor, Hitler and the War", Encounter, Volume 17, July 1961 pp. 86–96.
- "E. H. Carr's Success Story", Encounter, Volume 84, Issue No 104, 1962 pp. 69–77.
- Blitzkrieg to Defeat: Hitler's War Directives, 1939–1945, 1964, 1965.
- Essays in British history presented to Sir Keith Feiling edited by H.R. Trevor-Roper; with a foreword by Lord David Cecil (1964)
- The Rise of Christian Europe (History of European Civilization series), 1965.
- Hitler's Place in History, 1965.
- The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century: Religion, the Reformation, and Social Change, and Other Essays, 1967.
- The Age of Expansion, Europe and the World, 1559–1600, edited by Hugh Trevor-Roper, 1968.
- The Philby Affair: Espionage, Treason and Secret Services, 1968.
- The Romantic Movement and the Study of History: the John Coffin memorial lecture delivered before the University of London on 17 February 1969, 1969.
- The European Witch-Craze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, 1969
- The Plunder of the Arts in the Seventeenth Century, 1970.
- The Letters of Mercurius, 1970. (London: John Murray)
- Queen Elizabeth's First Historian: William Camden and the Beginning of English "Civil History", 1971.
- "Fernand Braudel, the Annales, and the Mediterranean," The Journal of Modern History Vol. 44, No. 4, December 1972
- "Foreword" pages 9–16 from 1914: Delusion or Design The Testimony of Two German Diplomats edited by John Röhl, 1973.
- A Hidden Life: The Enigma of Sir Edmund Backhouse (published in the US, and in later Eland editions in the UK, as The Hermit of Peking: The Hidden Life of Sir Edmund Backhouse), 1976.
- Princes and Artists: Patronage and Ideology at Four Habsburg Courts, 1517–1633, 1976.
- History and Imagination: A Valedictory Lecture Delivered before the University of Oxford on 20 May 1980, 1980.
- Renaissance Essays, 1985.
- Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans: Seventeenth Century Essays, 1987.
- The Golden Age of Europe: From Elizabeth I to the Sun King, edited by Hugh Trevor-Roper, 1987.
- From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution, 1992.
- Edward Gibbon – The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 1 introduction (London: Everyman's Library, 1993).
- Letters from Oxford: Hugh Trevor-Roper to Bernard Berenson. Edited by Richard Davenport-Hines. L.: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006, ISBN 0-297-85084-9.
- Europe’s Physician: The Various Life of Sir Theodore De Mayerne, 2007, ISBN 0-300-11263-7.
- The Invention of Scotland: Myth and History, 2008, ISBN 0-300-13686-2
- History and the Enlightenment: Eighteenth Century Essays, 2010, ISBN 0-300-13934-9
Primary sources
- Letters from Oxford: Hugh Trevor-Roper to Bernard Berenson edited by Richard Davenport-Hines (2007)
- My Dear Hugh: Letters from Richard Cobb to Hugh Trevor-Roper and Others edited by Tim Heald (2011) [NB does not contain any letters written by Trevor-Roper]
- One Hundred Letters From Hugh Trevor-Roper, edited by Richard Davenport-Hines, and Adam Sisman (2013) except and text search Corrected paperback edition, 2015.
- The Wartime Journals: Hugh Trevor-Roper, Edited by Richard Davenport-Hines, 2011 ISBN 1-84885-990-2. Corrected paperback edition, 2015.
- Dacre made an After Dark in 1989[78]
See also
- List of books by or about Adolf Hitler
- Historiography of the United Kingdom
Notes
- ^ Quoted at Adam Sisman, Hugh Trevor-Roper (2010) p. 414
- ^ Adam Sisman, Hugh Trevor-Roper (2010) p. 375
- ISBN 9781936274253.
- ^ Hugh Trevor-Roper: The Biography, Adam Sisman, Hachette, p. 1
- ^ One Hundred Letters from Hugh Trevor-Roper, ed. Richard Davenport-Hines, Adam Sisman, Oxford University Press, Introduction
- ^ Beran, Michael Knox (30 January 2003). "H. R. Trevor-Roper, R.I.P." National Review. Archived from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ISBN 9781851244676.
- ^ "Oxford Freemasons". Bodleian Libraries Shop. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- Who Was Who. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ a b "Lord Dacre of Glanton". The Daily Telegraph (obituary). 27 January 2003. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- )
- ^ a b "No. 34606". The London Gazette. 10 March 1939. p. 1640.
- ^ "No. 35099". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 March 1941. p. 1436.
- ^ a b P. R. J. Winter, "A Higher Form of Intelligence: Hugh Trevor-Roper and Wartime British Secret Service," Intelligence & National Security (Dec 2007), 22#6 pp 847–880,
- ISBN 978-1849540780. (Updated and extended version of Action This Day: From Breaking of the Enigma Code to the Birth of the Modern Computer Bantam Press 2001)
- ^ MI5 Security Service (2005) Hitler's last days
- ISBN 0-297-84555-1
- ^ a b Parker (2014)
- ^ Douglas (2014)
- Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil, (1999) page 63
- ^ Rosenbaum, Ron Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil, (1999) pp. 63 & 66.
- ISBN 9781400069767.
- ^ Sisman, 2010
- ^ ISBN 1-884964-33-8.
- ^ a b Ascherson, Neal (19 August 2010). "The Liquidator". London Review of Books. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
- ^ a b Brown, Kenneth "Tawney, R.H." pages 1172–1173 from The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing page 1173.
- ^ H. R. Trevor-Roper, "The Elizabethan Aristocracy: An Anatomy Anatomized," Economic History Review (1951) 3#3 pp. 279–298 in JSTOR
- ISBN 9780571276868.
- ^ Sisman, (2010) pp 178, 261, 291
- ISBN 9781135690113.
- ^ Cesarani, David "From Bullock to Kershaw: Some Peculiarities of British Historical Writing About the Nazi Persecution and Mass Murder of the Jews" page 339–354 from Holocaust Historiography In Context edited by David Bankier and Dan Michman, Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2008 page 341.
- ^ Cesarani, David "From Bullock to Kershaw: Some Peculiarities of British Historical Writing About the Nazi Persecution and Mass Murder of the Jews" page 339-354 from Holocaust Historiography In Context edited by David Bankier and Dan Michman, Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2008 pages 342–343.
- ^ Cesarani, David "From Bullock to Kershaw: Some Peculiarities of British Historical Writing About the Nazi Persecution and Mass Murder of the Jews" page 339–354 from Holocaust Historiography In Context edited by David Bankier and Dan Michman, Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2008 page 345.
- ^ a b c Cesarani, David "From Bullock to Kershaw: Some Peculiarities of British Historical Writing About the Nazi Persecution and Mass Murder of the Jews" page 339–354 from Holocaust Historiography In Context edited by David Bankier and Dan Michman, Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2008 page 346.
- ^ Cesarani, David "From Bullock to Kershaw: Some Peculiarities of British Historical Writing About the Nazi Persecution and Mass Murder of the Jews" page 339–354 from Holocaust Historiography In Context edited by David Bankier and Dan Michman, Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2008 pages 345–346.
- ^ a b Cesarani, David "From Bullock to Kershaw: Some Peculiarities of British Historical Writing About the Nazi Persecution and Mass Murder of the Jews" page 339–354 from Holocaust Historiography In Context edited by David Bankier and Dan Michman, Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2008 page 352.
- ^ a b Cesarani, David "From Bullock to Kershaw: Some Peculiarities of British Historical Writing About the Nazi Persecution and Mass Murder of the Jews" page 339–354 from Holocaust Historiography In Context edited by David Bankier and Dan Michman, Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2008 pages 352–353.
- ^ Cesarani, David "From Bullock to Kershaw: Some Peculiarities of British Historical Writing About the Nazi Persecution and Mass Murder of the Jews" page 339–354 from Holocaust Historiography In Context edited by David Bankier and Dan Michman, Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2008 page 354.
- ^ a b Rabb, Theodore K., The Struggle for Stability in Early Modern Europe, New York: Oxford University Press, 1975, page 18.
- ^ Rabb, Theodore K., The Struggle for Stability in Early Modern Europe, New York: Oxford University Press, 1975, pages 20–21 & 25–26.
- ^ Rabb, Theodore K., The Struggle for Stability in Early Modern Europe, New York: Oxford University Press, 1975, page 22.
- ^ Rabb, Theodore K., The Struggle for Stability in Early Modern Europe, New York: Oxford University Press, 1975, pages 22–23.
- ^ Rabb, Theodore K., The Struggle for Stability in Early Modern Europe, New York: Oxford University Press, 1975, page 26.
- ^ Trevor-Roper, Hugh "Foreword" to 1914: Delusion or Design? page 11
- ^ Trevor-Roper, Hugh "Foreword" to 1914: Delusion or Design? page 10
- ^ Trevor-Roper, Hugh "Foreword" to 1914: Delusion or Design? pages 9–10
- ^ Trevor-Roper, Hugh "Foreword" to 1914: Delusion or Design? pages 13–15
- ^ a b Trevor-Roper, Hugh The Hermit of Peking, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1976 pages 295–296.
- ^ Trevor-Roper, Hugh, The Hermit of Peking, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1976, page 295.
- ^ Trevor-Roper, Hugh, The Hermit of Peking, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1976, page 268.
- ^ French: "C'est pire qu'un crime, c'est une faute." Commonly attributed to Talleyrand, more likely spoken by Fouché.
- ^ a b c Trevor-Roper, Hugh, The Hermit of Peking, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1976, page 203.
- ^ "Guest Speaker: Nigel Lawson". Standpoint. August 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ^ "What's New About African History?" John Edward Philips, History News Network, 6 April 2006
- ^ Hugh Trevor-Roper (1965). The Rise of Christian Europe. Internet Archive. Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.
- ^ Hugh Trevor-Roper, "The Past and Present: History and Sociology", Past and Present 42 (1969): 6.
- ^ R. Hunt Davis, "Interpreting the Colonial Period in African History", African Affairs 72, no. 289 (1973): 383–400.
- ^ Gus Deveneaux, "The Frontier in Recent African History", The International Journal of African Studies 11, no. 1 (1978): 63–85.
- ^ Shepard Krech III, "The State of Ethnohistory", Annual Review of Anthropology 20 (1991): 345.
- S2CID 145062805.
- ^ Kenneth C. Wylie, "The Uses and Misuses of Ethnohistory", Journal of Interdisciplinary History 3, no. 4 (1973): 707–720.
- ^ Alan Gailey, "The Nature of Tradition", Folklore 100, no. 2 (1989): 143–161.
- ^ Deveneaux, 67.
- ^ Mount, Ferdinand (2006). "Voltaire of St Aldates, The". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 7 January 2008.
- ^ Finn Fugelstad, "The Trevor-Roper Trap or the Imperialism of History. An Essay", History in Africa 19 (1992): 309–326.
- ISBN 9780394553368.
- ^ Richard J. Evans, Telling Lies About Hitler: The Holocaust, History and the David Irving Trial (London, 2002), p. 25.
- ^ Rowse and Trevor-Roper defined, Donald Adamson, "The Cornish Banner". August 2014. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
- ^ "Not so ropey". The Economist. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
- ^ Sisman, pp 483, 487, 490, 493, 506, 558, 562
- ^ Lloyd-Jones, Hugh & Pearl, Valerie History & the Imagination, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1981 page vii
- ^ Lloyd-Jones, Hugh & Pearl, Valerie History & the Imagination, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1981 pages viii–ix
- ^ "Lady Alexandra Henrietta Louisa Haig (later Alexandra Trevor-Roper, Lady Dacre) (1907–1997), Wife of Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre; daughter of Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig". National Portrait Gallery.
- TheGuardian.com. 27 January 2003.
- ^ "No. 47968". The London Gazette. 2 October 1979. p. 12353.
- ^ One Hundred Letters from Hugh Trevor-Roper, ed. Richard Davenport-Hines, Adam Sisman, Oxford University Press
- ^ Knox Beran, Michael (31 January 2003). "H. R. Trevor-Roper, R.I.P. – Michael Knox Beran – National Review Online". nationalreview.com. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
- ^ List of After Dark editions (Series 3, episode 1, 13 May 1989 Out of Bounds)
References
- Ascherson, Neal (19 August 2010). "Liquidator". London Review of Books. 32 (16): 10–12.
- Douglas, Sarah K. (January 2014). "The Search for Hitler: Hugh Trevor-Roper, Humphrey Serle and the Last Days of Hitler: Text". Journal of Military History. 78 (1): 165–210.
- Parker, Geoffrey (January 2014). "The Search for Hitler: Hugh Trevor-Roper, Humphrey Serle, and the Last Days of Hitler: Prologue". Journal of Military History. 78 (1): 159–64.
- Lloyd-Jones, Hugh (1981). Pearl, Valerie; Worden, Blair (eds.). History and Imagination: Essays in Honor of H. R. Trevor-Roper. London: Duckworth.
- Malloch, S. J. V. (2015). "The Classicism of Hugh Trevor-Roper" (PDF). Cambridge Classical Journal. 61: 29–61. S2CID 171147489.
- ISBN 0195019563.
- Robinson, Kristen (1999). "Trevor-Roper, Hugh". In Boyd, Kelly (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing. Vol. 2 M–Z. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 1204–1205. ISBN 1-884964-33-8.
- ISBN 0-679-43151-9.
- Saleh, Zaki (1958). Trevor-Roper's Critique of Arnold Toynbee: A Symptom of Intellectual Chaos. Baghdad: Al-Ma'eref Press.
- Sisman, Adam (2010). Hugh Trevor-Roper. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 9781400069767.
- Winter, P. R. (December 2007). "A Higher Form of Intelligence: Hugh Trevor-Roper and Wartime British Secret Service". S2CID 145567507.
- Discussion of H. R. Trevor-Roper: "The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century" pages 8–42 from E. J. Hobsbawm and J. H. Hexter.
Further reading
- Hastings, Max (2015). The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerrillas 1939–1945 (Paperback ed.). London: William Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-750374-2.
- Watson, George (Fall 2010). "The Trope Hugh Trevor-Roper". The Sewanee Review. 118 (4): 608–617. S2CID 161585485.
External links
- About Trevor-Roper
- Portraits of Hugh Trevor-Roper at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Michael Knox Beran: H. R. Trevor-Roper, R.I.P, nationalreview.com, 31 January 2003.
- "Lord Dacre of Glanton". The Daily Telegraph. London. 26 January 2003.
- Barnard, T. (Faculty of History, University of Oxford) Obituary, History Faculty Alumni Newsletter, No. 1, April 2003.
- "Obituary". BBC News. 26 January 2003.
- Wordern, Blair (27 January 2003). "Obituary". The Guardian. London. (there are several discrepancies between these sources)
- Silvester, Christopher (16 July 2006). "Review of 'Letters from Oxford', a new edited collection of Trevor-Roper's correspondence with Bernard Berenson in the 1950s". The Times. London.
- Byers, David (27 January 2003). "Lord Dacre of Glanton: Obituary". The Times. London.
- Hunt, Tristram (5 March 2003). "Back when it mattered". The Guardian. London.
- Silvester, Christopher (16 July 2006). "Review of Letters from Oxford". The Sunday Times. London.
- Cumming, Laura (6 August 2006). "Review of Letters from Oxford". The Observer. London.
- "Review of The invention of Scotland". The Daily Telegraph. London. 6 June 2008. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
- "Hugh Trevor-Roper's The Invention of Scotland".
- "Hugh Trevor-Roper". Retrieved 28 March 2019 – via Online Library of Liberty.
- Whyte, William (May 2019). "A Cheat Dog-Collared The Professor & the Parson: A Story of Desire, Deceit & Defrocking By Adam Sisman". Literary Review. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
- By Trevor-Roper
- The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century: Religion, the Reformation and Social Change and Other Essays. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 1967.
- Works by or about Hugh Trevor-Roper at Internet Archive