Hughes Aircraft Company
defense (Defense and Communications Electronics) | |
Founded | 1934Glendale, California | in
---|---|
Founder | Howard Hughes |
Defunct | 1997 |
Fate | Sold to Raytheon |
Headquarters | , United States |
Key people | |
Revenue | $11B peak, 1986 |
Owner | Hughes Tool Company (1934) Howard Hughes Medical Institute (1953) General Motors Corp (1985) |
Number of employees | 84,000 peak, 1985 |
The Hughes Aircraft Company was a major American
Hughes Aircraft was founded to build Hughes'
In a 1953 accounting maneuver designed to reduce his income tax liabilities, Howard Hughes donated most of Hughes Aircraft's stock and assets to a charity he created, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), and subsequently ceased managing the company directly.[8] Hughes retained a small cadre of engineers under his personal control as the Hughes Tool Company Aircraft Division, which initially operated from the same Culver City complex as Hughes Aircraft, despite being separately owned and managed. This entity subsequently became fully independent from Hughes Aircraft and changed its name to Hughes Helicopters.[9][10] After Hughes' 1976 death, Hughes Aircraft was acquired by General Motors from HHMI in 1985 and was put under the umbrella of Hughes Electronics which became DirecTV, until GM sold its assets to Raytheon in 1997.[11][12]
History
During
Post–World War II
Hughes Aircraft was one of many aerospace and defense companies which flourished in Southern California during and after World War II and was at one time the largest employer in the area.
Yet, employment had dropped to 800 by 1947. By the summer of 1947 certain politicians had become concerned about Hughes' alleged mismanagement of the Spruce Goose and the XF-11 photo reconnaissance plane project. They formed a special committee to investigate Hughes which culminated in a much-followed Senate investigation, one of the first to be televised to the public. Despite a highly critical committee report, Hughes was cleared.[16]: 198–207, 259
The company then expanded into the booming electronics field, eventually employing 3,300 Ph.D.s. Hughes hired
In 1948 Hughes created a new division of the company, the Aerospace Group. Two Hughes engineers,
in 1965, another aerospace company and a major competitor to Hughes Aircraft.In 1951 Hughes Aircraft Co. built a missile plant in
Howard Hughes donated Hughes Aircraft to the newly formed Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) in 1953 allegedly as a way of avoiding taxes on its huge income.[19] The next year, Lawrence A. "Pat" Hyland was hired as vice president and general manager of Hughes Aircraft; he would ultimately become company president and CEO after Howard Hughes' death in 1976.
Under Hyland's guidance, the Aerospace Group continued to diversify and become massively profitable, and became a primary focus of the company. The company developed radar systems, electro-optical systems, the first working laser, aircraft computer systems, missile systems, ion-propulsion engines (for space travel), and many other advanced technologies. The 'Electronic Properties Information Center' (EPIC) of the United States was hosted at the Hughes Culver City library in the 1970s. EPIC published the multi-volume Handbook of Electronic Materials as public documents.[20]
Ground Systems Group
Hughes Aircraft Ground Systems Group was located in Fullerton, California. The facility was 3 million square feet and included manufacturing, laboratories, offices, and a Munson road test course. It designed developed and produced the Air Defense Systems that replaced the Semi Automatic Defense Ground Environment (SAGE) in the United States with the Joint Surveillance System (JSS) AN/FYQ-93 including NORAD with Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) and provided defense systems and air traffic control systems around the world. These systems are massive and at its peak Ground Systems Group employed 15,000 people and generated revenue in excess of $1 billion per year.
These systems included the following Ground Systems Group subsystems: Computer H5118, Consoles HMD-22 and HMD-44, Liquid Crystal Large Screen Displays, and Software that set the standard for software development[21] based on science and engineering starting with the Combat Grande System. Ground Systems Group was known to push technology envelopes in the computers, displays, local area networks, human interfaces, and software in their systems. They also blazed the path to very highly distributed human intensive systems.
Hughes Space and Communications Group
Hughes Space and Communications Group and the Hughes Space Systems Division built the world's first geosynchronous
Hughes helicopter business
In 1947, Howard Hughes redirected Hughes Aircraft's efforts from airplanes to
Howard Hughes Medical Institute sells Hughes Aircraft Company
Hughes left no will and following his death in 1976 there were
In January 1984 Judge Grover C. Brown ruled that the Chancery Court should appoint the trustees because Hughes had not left a succession plan. Brown asked for both the executive committee and the attorney general's office to submit a list of recommendations that he could approve. Brown approved a list in April 1984.[24] In January 1985 the new board of trustees of the HHMI announced they would sell Hughes Aircraft either by private sale or public stock offering.[25]
Hughes Electronics Corporation
On June 5, 1985, General Motors was announced as the winner of a secretive five-month sealed-bid auction. Other bidders included Ford Motor Company and Boeing.[26] The purchase was completed on December 20, 1985, for an estimated $5.2 billion, $2.7 billion in cash and the rest in 50 million shares of GM Class H stock.[27]
On December 31, 1985, General Motors merged Hughes Aircraft with its Delco Electronics unit to form Hughes Electronics Corporation, an independent subsidiary. The group then consisted of: Delco Electronics Corporation and Hughes Aircraft Company.
In August
into Hughes' portfolio.In
agree to merge their fixed satellite services into a new publicly held company, also called PanAmSat with Hughes Electronics as majority shareholder.In 1995, Hughes Aircraft sold its Technology Products Division (automated wire and die bonder) to an investor group led by
In
In 2000, the Boeing Company purchased three units within Hughes Electronics Corp.: Hughes Space and Communications Co.,
In 2003 the remaining parts of Hughes Electronics (DirecTV, DirecTV Latin America, PanAmSat, Hughes Network Systems) were purchased by
Corporate legacy
The wide range of science and technology developed by Hughes Aircraft never included medical applications because the company was owned by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). This restriction was imposed to avoid even the appearance of a conflict of interest.[33]
The money provided to HHMI by Hughes Aircraft led to major improvements in genetics and cancer research.
The city of Fullerton, California, named Hughes Drive after the site that the company formerly occupied before 1997. After Hughes closed, the city developed Amerige Heights, a residential community.
Timeline
- 1932: Howard Hughes formed Hughes Aircraft Company as a division of Hughes Tool Company.
- 1948: Hughes formed the Aerospace Group within the company, divided into:
- Hughes Space and Communications Group
- Hughes Space Systems Division
- 1951: Hughes Aircraft opened missile plant in Tucson, Arizona.
- 1953: The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) was formed, and Hughes Aircraft reformed as a subsidiary of the foundation. The Internal Revenue Service unsuccessfully challenged its "charitable" status which made it tax-exempt.
- 1955: Hughes formed its helicopter division, Aircraft Division.
- 1960: The first Theodore Maiman.
- Hughes Research Laboratoriescompleted their move to Malibu, California.
- 1972: Hughes sold the tool division of Hughes Tool Company. His remaining interests were transferred to the newly formed holding company, the Summa Corporation. This included Toolco Aircraft and Hughes' property and other businesses.
- 1976: Toolco Aircraft became Hughes Helicopters.
- 1976: Howard Hughes died at the age of 70, leaving no will.
- 1984: The Summa Corporation sold Hughes Helicopters to McDonnell Douglas for $500 million; it was soon renamed McDonnell Douglas Helicopters.
- 1984: The Delaware Court of Chancery appointed eight trustees to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute; they decided to sell Hughes Aircraft.
- General Motors for $5.2 billion. This was merged with GM's Delco Electronicsto form Hughes Electronics Corporation. This group then consisted of:
- Delco Electronics Corporation
- Hughes Aircraft Company
- 1987: Hughes Aircraft Company acquired M/A-COM Telecommunications, to form Hughes Network Systems.
- 1994: Hughes Electronics introduced DirecTV.
- 1995: Hughes Space and Communications Company became the world's biggest supplier of commercial satellites.
- 1995: Hughes Electronics acquired Carlyle Group.
- 1995: Hughes Aircraft acquired CAE-Link; CAE-Link was part of the original company founded by Edwin Link, inventor of the flight simulator.
- 1996: Hughes Electronics and PanAmSat agreed to merge their fixed satellite services into a new publicly held company, also called PanAmSat with Hughes Electronics as majority shareholder.
- Delphi Automotive Systems. Delphi became independent in 1999.
- 1997: The aerospace and defense operations of Hughes Electronics (Hughes Aircraft) merged with Hughes Research Laboratories.
- HRL Laboratories, LLCwhich was then co-owned by Boeing, GM and Raytheon.
- 2003: The remaining parts of Hughes Electronics: DirecTV, DirecTV Latin America, PanAmSat and NewsCorp and renamed The DirecTV Group.
- 2003: Newscorp sold PanAmSat to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co.(KKR) in August 2004.
- 2004: Director Martin Scorsese used the Hughes Aircraft stage in Playa Vista to film the motion-capture sequences in the film The Aviator.
- 2004: SkyTerra Communications, Inc. completed its purchase of 100% controlling interest in Hughes Network Systems from the DirecTV Group in January 2006.
Technologies Systems and Products
Air Defense and Air Traffic Control Systems
- Japanese Tactical Air Weapons Control System - JTAWCS
- Swiss Air Defense System - FLORIDA
- Spain Air Defense System - Combat Grande
- Tactical Air Weapons Control System
- Joint Surveillance System
- German Air Defense Ground Environment (GEADGE)
- Integrated NATO Air Defense System
- NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE) - NSPA
- Airborne Early Warning / Ground Environment Integration Segment (AEGIS)
- Canadian Air Traffic Control System
- Korean Air Traffic Control System
- Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS)
- AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel
- AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder radar
- AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder radar
Hughes Research Laboratories
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Aircraft
- Hughes D-2
- Hughes H-1
- Hughes H-4 Hercules
- Hughes XF-11
Missiles
Spacecraft
- HS-333
- Jarvis (rocket)
- Magellan (spacecraft)
- Morelos Satellite System
- Paksat-1 satellite
- Pioneer program
- Surveyor program
Torpedo
References
- ^ Francillon 1990, p. 18.
- ^ "Hughes Aircraft". www.centennialofflight.net. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
- ^ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp. 49–58, Cypress, CA, 2013.
- ^ Francillon 1990, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Bartlett & Steele 1979, pp. 158–159.
- ^ Bartlett & Steele 1979, pp. 170–172.
- ^ Francillon 1990, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Bartlett & Steele 1979, pp. 199–201.
- ^ Bartlett & Steele 1979, pp. 349–350.
- ^ Francillon 1990, pp. 25–26.
- ^ "Hughes Electronics Corporation - American corporation". britannica.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
- ^ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, p. 49, Cypress, CA, 2013.
- ^ "American airplanes: Ha - Hu". aerofiles.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
- ^ a b Judy, Rumerman. "The Hughes Companies". U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2006-12-06.
- ^ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp. 49-58, Cypress, CA, 2013.
- ^ a b c Dietrich, Noah; Thomas, Bob (1972). Howard, The Amazing Mr. Hughes. Greenwich: Fawcett Publications, Inc. pp. 163–164.
- ^ "ACME". Archived from the original on 2016-09-01. Retrieved 2016-08-31. TRW Canoga Park
- ^ Leighton, David (2015-05-05). "Street Smarts: Tucson's biggest manufacturing plant was almost built in Phoenix". Arizona Daily Star. pp. A2, A5. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-05-05.
- ^ Winslow, Ron (2006-09-22). "Virginia lab putting big money into pure research". The Wall Street Journal. Associated Press Financial Wire. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
- ^ "The Electronic Properties Information Center (EPIC)". dtic.mil. Retrieved 29 April 2018.[dead link]
- ^ TECHNICAL REPORT CMU/SEI-98-TR-006 ESC-TR-98-006 Hughes Aircraft’s Widespread Deployment of a Continuously Improving Software Process "Continuously Improving Software Process" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
- ^ Boeing: Integrated Defense Systems – Space and Intelligence Systems – About Space and Intelligence Systems Archived 2008-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Attorney Richard R Wier Jr | Lawyer in Wilmington DE". www.lawyercentral.com. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03.
- ^ a b Griffith, Ted (2005-02-12). "Delaware shaped legacy of 'Aviator'; Court helped Howard Hughes tax shelter become leading charity". The News Journal. p. 1.
- ^ Gillot, Roger (1985-01-10). "Medical Institute to Sell Hughes Aircraft". The Associated Press.
- ^ Potts, Mark (1985-06-06). "GM to Buy Hughes Aircraft; Offer Provides Windfall for Medical Institute". Washington Post.
- ^ "G.M. Purchase Of Hughes". The New York Times. Reuters. 1985-12-23. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
- ^ "Missile completion". Flight International. 1992-09-02.
- ^ "Hughes-Palomar History".
- ^ "Palomar Technologies Achieves Management Buy-out". photonics.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
- ^ Chuter, Andy (1998-01-07). "Raytheon Completes Hughes Merger". Flight International. p. 15. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
- ^ "Boeing: History -- Higher, Faster, Farther - Hughes Companies ... Joining the Boeing Family". Archived from the original on 2010-10-28. Retrieved 2010-06-02. Hughes Companies... Joining the Boeing Family
- ^ HughesNews (the company's weekly newspaper)
Bibliography
- Bartlett, Donald L.; Steele, James B. (1979). Howard Hughes: his life and madness. New York City: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-393-32602-0.
- Francillon, René J. (1990). McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920. Vol. II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-550-0.
- Gart, Jason H. "Electronics and Aerospace Industry in Cold War Arizona, 1945–1968: Motorola, Hughes Aircraft, Goodyear Aircraft". Ph.D. diss., Arizona State University, 2006.
- Marrett, George J. Howard Hughes: Aviator, Naval Institute Press, 2004.
- Marrett, George J. Testing Death: Hughes Aircraft Test Pilots and Cold War Weaponry, Praeger Publishing, 2006.
- Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, Cypress, CA. ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4.
- Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, Cypress, CA.
- D. Kenneth Richardson (2011). Hughes After Howard: The Story of Hughes Aircraft Company. Sea Hill Press. ISBN 978-0-9708050-8-9.
- Walter Sobkiw (2011). Systems Practices as Common Sense. CassBeth. ISBN 978-0-9832530-8-2.
External links
- Hughes aircraft history on CentennialofFlight.net
- "Patents owned by Hughes Aircraft". US Patent & Trademark Office. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2005.
- Leighton, David (May 4, 2015). "Street Smarts: Tucson's biggest manufacturing plant was almost built in Phoenix". Arizona Daily Star.
- Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. CA-174, "Hughes Aircraft Company, 6775 Centinela Avenue, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA", 10 photos, 100 data pages, 1 photo caption page