Human-powered transport
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Human-powered transport is the
Although
Modes
Non-vehicular
- Crawling (human)
- Walking (233 watts at 4.8 km/h (3 mph))[1]
- Running (1,150 watts at 16 km/h (10 mph))[1]
- Sprinting (1,690 watts at 24 km/h (15 mph))[1]
- Swimming
- Climbing and mountaineering
- Ice skating, roller skating, and inline skating
- Cross-country skiing
Human-powered vehicles (HPVs)
Land vehicles
The most efficient and most popular human-powered land vehicle is the
In 2016, AeroVelo cyclist Todd Reichert achieved the human-powered speed record of 142.04 km/h (88.26 mph) with a velomobile at Battle Mountain, Nevada.[3]
Dutch cyclist Fred Rompelberg set a 268.8 km/h (167.0 mph) speed record at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah on October 3, 1995, while cycling in the wake of a motor dragster pace-car.[4] The wake of the pace-car reduced the aerodynamic drag against which Rompelberg pedalled to almost zero.[5]
Greg Kolodziejzyk set two world records recognized by both the International Human Powered Vehicle Association and Guinness (TM) World Records on July 17, 2006, on a race track in Eureka, California. The first record is for the most distance traveled in 24 hours by human power 1,041 km (647 mi), and the second for the world's fastest 1,000 km (621 mi) time trial (23 hours, 2 minutes).[6] Both records were broken on August 6, 2010, by Christian von Ascheberg who drove 1,000 km (621 mi) in 19 hours, 27 minutes and managed to go 1,219 km (757 mi) in 24 hours with his Milan SL Velomobile. In the same race he also raised the 12-hour record to 664.97 km (413 mi), which is an average of 55.41 km/h (34 mph). [7]
In 1969, artists in a small Northern California town began the Kinetic sculpture race which has grown to a 42 mi (68 km), three-day all terrain, human-powered sculpture race and county wide event. It is held every year on the last weekend in May.
The Shweeb system is a proposed transit network using recumbent bicycle technology to power pods suspended from monorails. A test built in Rotorua, New Zealand is open to the public as a leisure attraction. In September 2010 the system was chosen to receive funding from Google as part of project 10100. There are no active proposals for its implementation.
Aircraft
Fixed wing
The
The first officially authenticated regularly feasible take-off and landing of a human-powered aircraft (one capable of powered takeoffs, unlike a
Perhaps the best-known human-powered plane is the
The current distance and duration record recognized by the FAI, a straight distance of 115.11 km (71.53 mi)[11] in 3 hours and 54 minutes,[12] was achieved on 23 April 1988 from Heraklion on Crete to Santorini in a MIT Daedalus 88 piloted by Greek cyclist Kanellos Kanellopoulos.
The current speed record recognized by the FAI is held by Musculair 2, built by Günther Rochelt, which was flown at 44.32 kilometres per hour (27.54 mph) by Holger Rochelt in 1985.[13]
Helicopters
The first officially observed human-powered helicopter to have left the ground was the
Airships and balloons
French inventors have built man-powered
Watercraft
Human-powered watercraft include prehistoric, historic and well-known traditional and sporting craft such as canoes, rowing boats and galleys. The term human-powered boat is often used for more modern craft using propellers and water wheels for propulsion. These can be more efficient than paddles or oars and especially allow the use of the leg muscles which are generally stronger than arm muscles, even for non-athletes. Competitive rowing boats use sliding seats to engage the legs for propulsion with an oar for this reason, but require considerable skill to use efficiently. In addition, there is little skill required for forward propulsion while looking forwards and craft such as pedalos are popular at resorts.
Hydrofoils
Hydrofoils have less water resistance at the highest speeds attainable by humans and are thus usually faster than displacement boats on short courses. The world speed record on water was set 27 October 1991 by MIT professor Mark Drela who pedalled a human-powered hydrofoil, "Decavitator", to 9.53 m/s (34.3 km/h; 18.52 kn; 21.3 mph) over a 100-meter course in Boston, Massachusetts, US.
Submarines
In 1989, the first human-powered International Submarine Race (ISR) was held in Florida with 17 craft. Since then nine more races have been held. The races themselves have been moved from the waters of Florida to the
See also
- Active mobility
- Adirondack guideboat
- Animal locomotion
- Bicycle and human powered vehicle museums, list of
- Carfree city
- Carrying on the head
- Erden Eruç
- Energy efficiency in transportation
- Jason Lewis
- Rowing
- Utility cycling
References
- ^ a b c "Energy Data & Calculations". Archived from the original on 10 March 2008.
- ^ "Science of Cycling: Human Power: page 1".
- ^ "2016 WHPSC 200 Meter Racing Results". Wisil.recumbents.com. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
- ^ "The formidable record of Fred Rompelberg and its development". Fredrompelberg.com. Archived from the original on 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ "152 MPH Pedal Bicycle - Intro". Canosoarus.com. 1985-07-20. Archived from the original on 2018-09-05. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ "Greg Kolodziejzyk website".
- ^ "Three new world records on Continental Grand Prix tires". conti-online.com. 2010-08-06. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
- ^ "Pedaliante" (PDF).
- ^ "Man-Powered Flight - Achievements to Date With a New Suggestion" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
- ^ "Transport: Icarus to Bossi". Time. 8 February 1937. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007.
- ^ "Kanellos Kanellopoulos (GRE) (385)". www.fai.org. 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
- ^ "Kanellos Kanellopoulos (GRE) (384)". www.fai.org. 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
- ^ "Holger Rochelt (FRG) (389)". www.fai.org. 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
- ^ "Hot air balloons".
- ^ "Man-powered airship". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
- ^ "Another man-powered airship".
- ^ "International Submarine Races". Isrsubrace.org. Archived from the original on 2012-05-04. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
External links
- Human Powered Vehicle Records
- Human Powered Vehicle Challenge - American Society Of Mechanical Engineers
Air
- Human Powered Aircraft Group - Virginia Tech
- Human Powered Helicopters - History, technology, people
- Human powered blimp
Land
- Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Human Powered Vehicle Team - Videos, photos, links, and other information about human powered land vehicles
Water
- Human Powered Boats - Events, photos, links
- Human Powered Hydrofoils from 1953 to 2005
- Decavitator Human-Powered Hydrofoil - videos, documentation
- Human Powered Submarine of Virginia Tech