Human coronavirus NL63

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Human coronavirus NL63
Transmission electron micrograph
of HCoV-NL63
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Genus: Alphacoronavirus
Subgenus: Setracovirus
Species:
Human coronavirus NL63

Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) is a species of

ACE2.[4][5][6] Infection with the virus has been confirmed worldwide, and has an association with many common symptoms and diseases. Associated diseases include mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections, severe lower respiratory tract infection, croup and bronchiolitis.[7][8][9]

The virus is found primarily in young children, the elderly, and

HCoV-229E) are around 1000 years ago; it has likely circulated in humans for centuries.[12]

The evolution of HCoV-NL63 appears to have involved recombination between an ancestral NL63-like virus circulating in African Triaenops afer bats and a CoV 229E-like virus circulating in Hipposideros bats.[13] Recombinant viruses can arise when two viral genomes are present in the same host cell.

Symptoms

The first cases of the infection with HCoV-NL63 were found in young children with severe lower respiratory tract infections admitted to hospitals. While the clinical presentation of the virus can be severe, it has also been found in mild cases of respiratory infection. The

secondary infection, reported the most common symptoms to be fever, cough, rhinitis, sore throat, hoarseness, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and croup.[8] An early study investigating children with lower respiratory tract illness, found that HCoV-NL63 was more commonly found in outpatients than hospitalized patients, suggesting that it is a common cold virus similar to HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, which generally cause less severe symptoms.[14] However, the high frequency of croup
is specific to HCoV-NL63 infection.

Cause

Seasonal distribution of HCoV-NL63 shows a preferential detection in the period between November and March

It is believed that the route of HCoV-NL63 spread is through direct person-to-person transmission in highly populated areas. The virus can survive for up to a week outside of the body in

parainfluenza virus, and Human metapneumovirus (hMPV).[17][9]

Transmission

As HCoV-NL63 infects the respiratory tract it must be inhaled to get there, and is therefore transmitted by the airborne route. The virus is able to survive for up to seven days in respiratory secretions and remains infectious at room temperature. Once the virus has entered the host, it binds to

cellular receptors via its spike proteins. The virus is able to use Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as an entry receptor to bind to and enter target cells.[18]

Diagnosis

It is difficult to distinguish between symptoms caused by infection of the HCoV-NL63 virus and those caused by other common human viruses, making diagnosis and detection complex.

antibodies
may also be used for the confirmation of infection.

Prevention

The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends several measures for the prevention of infection with HCoV-NL63 including: washing hands often with soap and water, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and not touching the eyes, mouth, or nose.[19]

Treatment and prognosis

Treatment for the HCoV-NL63 virus is dependent on the severity of associated

Virology

HCoV-NL63 is one of seven known coronaviruses to infect humans. The other six are:[20]

Recent research

Research published in 2005 by Esper, et al. suggested an association of HCoV-NL63 infection with

mucosal lining of the intestines. The role of HCoV-NL63 in gastroenteritis is unclear due to typical coinfection
with other viruses in this condition. HCoV-NL63 is likely under-detected due its role in many mild to moderate respiratory infections and comorbidity with other disease. Researchers have suggested that more comprehensive, population-based studies are necessary to determine the effects of this virus on systems outside of the respiratory tract.

References

  1. .
  2. , retrieved 2023-06-09
  3. .
  4. .
  5. ^ "ACE2 angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 - Gene". NCBI. 2020-02-28. Retrieved 2020-03-21. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme family of dipeptidyl carboxydipeptidases and has considerable homology to human angiotensin 1 converting enzyme. This secreted protein catalyzes the cleavage of angiotensin I into angiotensin 1-9, and angiotensin II into the vasodilator angiotensin 1-7. The organ- and cell-specific expression of this gene suggests that it may play a role in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal function, as well as fertility. In addition, the encoded protein is a functional receptor for the spike glycoprotein of the human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 and the human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus).
  6. PMID 25720466
    .
  7. ^ Lia van der Hoek, Krzysztof Pyrc, Ben Berkhout. "Human coronavirus NL63, a new respiratory virus". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2023-06-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^
    PMID 16104827
    .
  9. ^ .
  10. ^ .
  11. . See Table 1.
  12. .
  13. .
  14. .
  15. .
  16. ^ "Human Coronavirus". Public Health Agency of Canada. 2011-08-19. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  17. PMID 21325482
    .
  18. ^ .
  19. ^ "About Coronavirus". Center for Disease Control. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  20. ^ Leung, Daniel (20 January 2019). "Coronaviruses (including SARS)". Infectious Disease Advisor. Decision Support in Medicine, LLC. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  21. PMID 15655771
    .
  22. ^ "Kawasaki Disease". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  23. PMID 21366416
    .

External links