Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup

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)
This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.
Contemporary human mtDNA haplogroup distribution, based on analysis of 2,054 individuals from 26 populations.[1] (a) Pie charts on the map. (b) Counts of haplogroups in table format. For populations details, see 1000 Genomes Project#Human genome samples.

In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Understanding the evolutionary path of the female lineage has helped population geneticists trace the matrilineal inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in Africa and the subsequent spread around the globe.

The letter names of the haplogroups (not just mitochondrial DNA haplogroups) run from A to Z. As haplogroups were named in the order of their discovery, the alphabetical ordering does not have any meaning in terms of actual genetic relationships.

The hypothetical woman at the root of all these groups (meaning just the mitochondrial DNA haplogroups) is the

humans. She is commonly called Mitochondrial Eve
.

The rate at which mitochondrial DNA mutates is known as the mitochondrial molecular clock. It is an area of ongoing research with one study reporting one mutation per 8000 years.[2]

Phylogeny

Further information:
Molecular phylogeny
mtDNA haplogroup tree and distribution map.[3] The numbers are haplogroup labels, reported according to the http://www.phylotree.org/ nomenclature,[4] and give the location of one of the mutations leading to the derived haplotype. (Only a single branch defining marker, preferably from the coding region, is shown.) The main geographic features of haplogroup distribution are highlighted with colour.
Part of a series on
Genetic genealogy
Concepts
Related topics
Dispersal route of human mtDNA haplogroups

This phylogenetic tree is based Van Oven (2009).[4] In June 2022, an alternative phylogeny for haplogroup L was suggested[5]

Major mtDNA Haplogroups

Estimated world map of human migrations based on mtDNA haplogroups.

Macro-haplogroup L

Macro-haplogroup L
is the most basal of human mtDNA haplogroups, from which all other haplogroups descend (specifically, from haplogroup L3). It is found mostly in Africa.

  • Haplogroup L0
  • L1-7
    • Haplogroup L1
    • L2-7
      • L3'4'6
        • Haplogroup L2
        • L346
          • L34
            • Haplogroup L3
            • Haplogroup L4
          • Haplogroup L6
      • L5'7
        • Haplogroup L5
        • Haplogroup L7

Macro-haplogroup M

Macro-haplogroup M is found mostly in Asia and the Americas. Its descendants are

haplogroup Z, haplogroup D, haplogroup E, haplogroup G and haplogroup Q
.

Macro-haplogroup N

Macro-haplogroup N is found mostly in Australia, the Americas and parts of Asia. Its descendants are

haplogroup Y
, as well as macro-haplogroup R.

Macro-haplogroup R

Macro-haplogroup R is found mostly in Europe, Northern Africa, the Pacific and parts of Asia and the Americas. Its descendants are

haplogroup U and haplogroup K

Chronology

Further information: Human mitochondrial molecular clock
Haplogroup Est. time of origin (kya)[6] Possible place of origin Highest frequencies
L 200 Africa
L1-6 170 East Africa
L2-6 150 East Africa
L0 150 East Africa
L1 140 Central Africa
L3-6 130
L5 120
L2 90
L3 70 East Africa
N 70
East Africa or West Asia
M 60
East Africa, West Asia or South Asia
R 60 South Asia or Southeast Asia
U 55 North-East Africa or India (South Asia)
RT'JT 55 Middle East
JT 50 Middle East
U8 50 Western Asia
R9 47
B4 44
F 43
U4'9 42 Central Asia
U5 35 Western Asia
U6 35 North Africa
J 35
X 30
K 30
U5a 27
HV 27 Near East
J1a 27 Near East
T 27 Mesopotamia
K1 27
I 26
J1 24 Near East
W 20
U4 20 Central Asia
X2 20
H 20 Western Asia
U5a1 18 Europe
J1b 11
V 14
X2a 13 North America
H1 12
H3 12
X1 10

Geographical distribution

A 2004 paper suggested that the haplogroups most common in modern West Asian, North African and European populations were: H, J, K, N1, T, U4, U5, V, X and W.[7]

African haplogroups: L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, T, U5a

Australian haplogroups: M42a, M42c, M14, M15, Q, S, O, N, P. (Refs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

Asian haplogroups: F, C, W, M, D, N, K, U, T, A, B, C, Z, U many number variants to each section

See also

References

  1. PMID 28178941
    .
  2. PMID 20041137
  3. PMID 25798216
    .
  4. ^
    S2CID 27566749
    .
  5. S2CID 250021505
    .
  6. ^ "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock Supplementary" (PDF). 2009: 82–83 [89]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. PMID 15254257
    – via academic.oup.com.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human mtDNA haplogroups.

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

 
L
) 		   
L0 L1–6  
L1
L2
  
L3
    
L4
L5
L6
M N  
CZ
 D E G Q   O A S R   I
W
 X
Y
C Z B F
R0
   pre-JT   P  
U
HV
JT
 K
H V J T
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