Human musculoskeletal system
Musculoskeletal system | |
---|---|
Identifiers | |
MeSH | D009141 |
TA2 | 351 |
FMA | 7482 |
Anatomical terminology |
The human musculoskeletal system (also known as the human locomotor system, and previously the activity system) is an organ system that gives humans the ability to move using their muscular and skeletal systems. The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.
It is made up of the
This system describes how bones are connected to other bones and muscle fibers via connective tissue such as tendons and ligaments. The bones provide stability to the body. Muscles keep bones in place and also play a role in the movement of bones. To allow motion, different bones are connected by joints. Cartilage prevents the bone ends from rubbing directly onto each other. Muscles contract to move the bone attached at the joint.
There are, however, diseases and disorders that may adversely affect the function and overall effectiveness of the system. These diseases can be difficult to
Subsystems
Skeletal
The skeletal system serves many important functions; it provides the shape and form for the body, support and protection, allows bodily movement, produces
Function
The skeletal system serves as a framework for
Located in
Another function of bones is the storage of certain minerals.
Muscular
There are three types of muscles—
Contraction initiation
In
Tendons
A tendon is a tough, flexible band of
Joints, ligaments and bursae
Joints are structures that connect individual bones and may allow bones to move against each other to cause movement. There are three divisions of joints,
Ligaments
A
Ligaments may also restrict some actions: movements such as
Bursae
A bursa is a small fluid-filled sac made of white
Clinical significance
Because many other body systems, including the vascular, nervous, and integumentary systems, are interrelated, disorders of one of these systems may also affect the musculoskeletal system and complicate the diagnosis of the disorder's origin. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system mostly encompass functional disorders or motion discrepancies; the level of impairment depends specifically on the problem and its severity. In a study of hospitalizations in the United States, the most common inpatient OR procedures in 2012 involved the musculoskeletal system: knee arthroplasty, laminectomy, hip replacement, and spinal fusion.[15]
Articular (of or pertaining to the joints)[16] disorders are the most common. However, also among the diagnoses are: primary muscular diseases, neurologic (related to the medical science that deals with the nervous system and disorders affecting it)[17] deficits, toxins, endocrine abnormalities, metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, blood and vascular disorders, and nutritional imbalances.
Disorders of muscles from another body system can bring about irregularities such as: impairment of ocular motion and control, respiratory dysfunction, and bladder malfunction. Complete
One understated disorder that begins during pregnancy is pelvic girdle pain. It is complex, multi-factorial, and likely to be also represented by a series of sub-groups driven by pain varying from peripheral or central nervous system,[18] altered laxity/stiffness of muscles,[19] laxity to injury of tendinous/ligamentous structures[20] to maladaptive body mechanics.[18]
See also
References
- ^ Musculoskeletal+System at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ^ Mooar, Pekka (2007). "Muscles". Merck Manual. Archived from the original on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
- ^ a b Kahn, Cynthia; Scott Line (2008). Musculoskeletal System Introduction: Introduction. New Jersey, US: Merck & Co., Inc.
- ^ a b Applegate, Edith; Kent Van De Graaff. "The Skeletal System". Archived from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
- ^ Engelbert, Phillis; Carol DeKane Nagel (2009). "The Human Body / How Many Bones Are In The Human Body?". U·X·L Science Fact Finder. eNotes.com, Inc. Retrieved 24 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Gary, Farr (25 June 2002). "The Musculoskeletal System". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
- ^ a b "Skeletal System". 2001. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
- ^ Mooar, Pekka (2007). "Muscles". The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
- ^ "innervated". Dictionary.com. 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
- ^ Bárány, Michael; Bárány, Kate (2002). "Smooth muscle". Biochemistry of muscle contraction. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
- ^ "The Mechanism of Muscle Contraction". Principles of Meat Science (4th Edition). Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
- ^ Jonathan, Cluett (2008). "Tendons". Retrieved 19 November 2008.
- ^ Bridwell, Keith. "Ligaments". Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ "WHO Disease and injury country estimates". World Health Organization. 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
- ^ Fingar KR, Stocks C, Weiss AJ, Steiner CA (December 2014). "Most Frequent Operating Room Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2003–2012". HCUP Statistical Brief #186. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
- ^ "articular". Random House Unabridged Dictionary. Random House, Inc. 2006. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
- ^ "neurologic". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
- ^ pelvic girdle paindisorders— Part 1: A mechanism based approach within a bio psychosocial framework. Manual Therapy, Volume 12, Issue 2, May 2007, PB. O’Sullivan and DJ Beales.
- PMID 18259783.
- S2CID 18323116.