Human science
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Human science (or human sciences in the plural) studies the philosophical,
Underlying human science is the relationship between various humanistic modes of inquiry within fields such as
Meaning of 'science'
Ambiguity and confusion regarding the usage of the terms '
However, according to
History
The phrase 'human science' in English was used during the 17th-century scientific revolution, for example by Theophilus Gale,[7] to draw a distinction between supernatural knowledge (divine science) and study by humans (human science). John Locke also uses 'human science' to mean knowledge produced by people, but without the distinction.[8] By the 20th century, this latter meaning was used at the same time[9] as 'sciences that make human beings the topic of research'.[10]
Early development
The term "moral science" was used by
A variety of early thinkers in the humanistic sciences took up Hume's direction. Adam Smith, for example, conceived of economics as a moral science in the Humean sense.[12]
Later development
Partly in reaction to the establishment of
Wilhelm Dilthey brought nineteenth-century attempts to formulate a methodology appropriate to the humanistic sciences together with Hume's term "moral science", which he translated as Geisteswissenschaft - a term with no exact English equivalent. Dilthey attempted to articulate the entire range of the moral sciences in a comprehensive and systematic way.[13]: Chap. I Meanwhile, his conception of “Geisteswissenschaften” encompasses also the abovementioned study of classics, languages, literature, music, philosophy, history, religion, and the visual and performing arts. He characterized the scientific nature of a study as depending upon:[13]: Chapter XI
- The conviction that perception gives access to reality
- The self-evident nature of logical reasoning
- The principle of sufficient reason
But the specific nature of the Geisteswissenschaften is based on the "inner" experience (Erleben), the "comprehension" (Verstehen) of the meaning of expressions and "understanding" in terms of the relations of the part and the whole – in contrast to the Naturwissenschaften, the "explanation" of phenomena by hypothetical laws in the "natural sciences".[14]: p. 86
Edmund Husserl, a student of Franz Brentano, articulated his phenomenological philosophy in a way that could be thought as a bthesis of Dilthey's attempt. Dilthey appreciated Husserl's Logische Untersuchungen[15] (1900/1901, the first draft of Husserl's Phenomenology) as an “ep"epoch-making"istemological foundation of fors conception of Geisteswissenschaften.[14]: p. 14
In recent years, 'human science' has been used to refer to "a philosophy and approach to science that seeks to understand human experience in deeply subjective, personal, historical, contextual, cross-cultural, political, and spiritual terms. Human science is the science of qualities rather than of quantities and closes the subject-object split in science. In particular, it addresses the ways in which self-reflection, art, music, poetry, drama, language and imagery reveal the human condition. By being interpretive, reflective, and appreciative, human science re-opens the conversation among science, art, and philosophy."[16]
Objective vs. subjective experiences
Since
Human science in universities
Since 1878, the University of Cambridge has been home to the Moral Sciences Club, with strong ties to analytic philosophy.[17]
The Human Science degree is relatively young. It has been a degree subject at
- University of Oxford[18]
- University College London (as Human Sciences and as Human Sciences and Evolution)[19]
- King's College London (as Anatomy, Developmental & Human Biology)
- University of Exeter[20]
- Durham University (as Health and Human Sciences)
- Cardiff University (as Human and Social Sciences)
- Osaka University[21]
- Waseda University[22]
- Tokiwa University[23]
- Senshu University[24]
- Sophia University[25]
- Aoyama Gakuin University (As College of Community Studies) [26]
- Kobe University[27]
- Kanagawa University[28]
- Bunkyo University[29]
See also
References
- ^ "Human Sciences". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ "History of the Human Sciences". SAGE Publications Inc. 3 November 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ "Human Sciences - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics".
- ^ ISBN 0-8014-0644-7, pp. 4–7
- ^ Popper, Karl, Logic of Scientific Discovery, Routledge, 2002.
- ^ Mayr, Ernst. Darwin's Influence on Modern Thought. Archived 2006-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Theophilus Gale (1677). The Court of the Gentiles, Or, A Discourse Touching the Original of Human Literature: Both Philologie and Philosophie, from the Scriptures & Jewish Church : in Order of a Demonstration Of, I. The Perfection of Gods Word, and Church-light. II. The Imperfection of Natures Light ... III. The Right Use of Human Learning ... H. Hall. pp. 3–.
- ^ John Locke (1753). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. S. Birt. pp. 170–. Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
- ISBN 9780841454071. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
- ^ United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education (1928). Proposed department of education: Hearing[s] before the Committee on education, House of Representatives, Seventieth Congress, first session on H. R. 7, a bill to create a department of education and for other purposes. April 25, 26, 27,28 and May 2, 1928. U.S. Govt. print. off. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
- ^ "David Hume" Archived 2020-07-31 at the Wayback Machine, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^ Book Review Archived 2006-09-27 at the Wayback Machine of Jeffrey T. Young's Economics As a Moral Science: The Political Economy of Adam Smith
- ^ a b Wilhelm Dilthey, An Introduction to the Human Sciences, Princeton Press
- ^ a b Wilhelm Dilthey, Gesammelte Schriften, vol. VII
- ^ Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, 1973 [1913], Findlay, J. N., trans. London: Routledge
- ^ "Saybrook Graduate School". Saybrook.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
- ^ "The Moral Sciences Club (A Short History)". Cambridge Faculty of Philosophy. 6 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2020-07-24.
- ^ "Human Sciences | University of Oxford". Ox.ac.uk. 2019-03-07. Archived from the original on 2019-03-21. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
- ^ "Subject areas | UCL London's Global University". Ucl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
- ^ "Human Sciences | Undergraduate Study | University of Exeter". Exeter.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
- ^ "Graduate School of Human Sciences / School of Human Sciences Osaka University". Hus.osaka-u.ac.jp. Archived from the original on 2019-03-14. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
- ^ "School of Human Sciences, Waseda University". waseda.jp. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
- ^ "Faculty of Human Sciences | Undergraduate Studies | Tokiwa University". tokiwa.ac.jp. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
- ^ "School of Human Sciences". senshu-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
- ^ "Faculty of Human Sciences | Sophia University". sophia.ac.jp. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
- ^ "Department of Community Studies | Aoyama Gakuin University". aoyama.ac.jp. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
- ^ "Faculty of Global Human Sciences". fgh.kobe-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
- ^ "Faculty of Human Sciences, Kanagawa University". hs.kanagawa-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
- ^ "Faculty of Human Sciences | Undergraduate Programs | Academics | Bunkyo University International Exchange Center". bunkyo.ac.jp. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
Bibliography
- Flew, A. (1986). David Hume: Philosopher of Moral Science, Basil Blackwell, Oxford
- Hume, David, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals