Human science

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Human science (or human sciences in the plural) studies the philosophical,

objective, informed critique of human existence and how it relates to reality
.

Underlying human science is the relationship between various humanistic modes of inquiry within fields such as

ces which exceeds all methods not based solely on sensory observations. Modern approaches in the human sciences integrate an understanding of human structure, function on and adaptation with a broader exploration of what it means to be human. The term is also used to distinguish not only the content of a field of study from that of the natural science, but also its methodology.[4]

Meaning of 'science'

Ambiguity and confusion regarding the usage of the terms '

' have complicated the usage of the term 'human science' with respect to human activities. The term 'science' is derived from the Latin scientia, meaning 'knowledge'. 'Science' may be appropriately used to refer to any branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged to show the operation of general laws.

However, according to

natural sciences, significant differences exist among scientists and philosophers of science with regard to what constitutes valid scientific method[5][page needed]—for example, evolutionary biology, geology and astronomy, studying events that cannot be repeated, can use the method of historical narratives.[6] More recently, usage of the term has been extended to the study of human social phenomena. Thus, natural and social sciences are commonly classified as science, whereas the study of classics, languages, literature, music, philosophy, history, religion, and the visual and performing arts are referred to as the humanities. Ambiguity with respect to the meaning of the term science is aggravated by the widespread use of the term formal science
with reference to any one of several sciences that is predominantly concerned with abstract form that cannot be validated by physical experience through the senses, such as logic, mathematics, and the theoretical branches of computer science, information theory, and statistics.

History

The phrase 'human science' in English was used during the 17th-century scientific revolution, for example by Theophilus Gale,[7] to draw a distinction between supernatural knowledge (divine science) and study by humans (human science). John Locke also uses 'human science' to mean knowledge produced by people, but without the distinction.[8] By the 20th century, this latter meaning was used at the same time[9] as 'sciences that make human beings the topic of research'.[10]

Early development

The term "moral science" was used by

theological and metaphysical explanations, Hume sought to develop an essentially descriptive methodology; phenomena were to be precisely characterized. He emphasized the necessity of carefully explicating the cognitive content of ideas and vocabulary, relating these to their empirical roots and real-world significance.[11]

A variety of early thinkers in the humanistic sciences took up Hume's direction. Adam Smith, for example, conceived of economics as a moral science in the Humean sense.[12]

Later development

Partly in reaction to the establishment of

idiographic for a descriptive study of the individual nature of phenomena, and nomothetic for sciences that aim to defthe generalizing laws.[4]

Wilhelm Dilthey brought nineteenth-century attempts to formulate a methodology appropriate to the humanistic sciences together with Hume's term "moral science", which he translated as Geisteswissenschaft - a term with no exact English equivalent. Dilthey attempted to articulate the entire range of the moral sciences in a comprehensive and systematic way.[13]: Chap. I  Meanwhile, his conception of “Geisteswissenschaften” encompasses also the abovementioned study of classics, languages, literature, music, philosophy, history, religion, and the visual and performing arts. He characterized the scientific nature of a study as depending upon:[13]: Chapter XI 

But the specific nature of the Geisteswissenschaften is based on the "inner" experience (Erleben), the "comprehension" (Verstehen) of the meaning of expressions and "understanding" in terms of the relations of the part and the whole – in contrast to the Naturwissenschaften, the "explanation" of phenomena by hypothetical laws in the "natural sciences".[14]: p. 86 

Edmund Husserl, a student of Franz Brentano, articulated his phenomenological philosophy in a way that could be thought as a bthesis of Dilthey's attempt. Dilthey appreciated Husserl's Logische Untersuchungen[15] (1900/1901, the first draft of Husserl's Phenomenology) as an “ep"epoch-making"istemological foundation of fors conception of Geisteswissenschaften.[14]: p. 14 

In recent years, 'human science' has been used to refer to "a philosophy and approach to science that seeks to understand human experience in deeply subjective, personal, historical, contextual, cross-cultural, political, and spiritual terms. Human science is the science of qualities rather than of quantities and closes the subject-object split in science. In particular, it addresses the ways in which self-reflection, art, music, poetry, drama, language and imagery reveal the human condition. By being interpretive, reflective, and appreciative, human science re-opens the conversation among science, art, and philosophy."[16]

Objective vs. subjective experiences

Since

sensory
experience. It is not used in the sense of being prejudiced by personal motives or beliefs.

Human science in universities

Since 1878, the University of Cambridge has been home to the Moral Sciences Club, with strong ties to analytic philosophy.[17]

The Human Science degree is relatively young. It has been a degree subject at

biological and social disciplines, integrated within a framework of human diversity and sustainability, should enable the human scientist to develop professional competencies suited to address such multidimensional human problems. In the United Kingdom
, Human Science is offered at the degree level at several institutions which include:


See also

References

  1. ^ "Human Sciences". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  2. ^ "History of the Human Sciences". SAGE Publications Inc. 3 November 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  3. ^ "Human Sciences - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics".
  4. ^ , pp. 4–7
  5. ^ Popper, Karl, Logic of Scientific Discovery, Routledge, 2002.
  6. ^ Mayr, Ernst. Darwin's Influence on Modern Thought. Archived 2006-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Theophilus Gale (1677). The Court of the Gentiles, Or, A Discourse Touching the Original of Human Literature: Both Philologie and Philosophie, from the Scriptures & Jewish Church : in Order of a Demonstration Of, I. The Perfection of Gods Word, and Church-light. II. The Imperfection of Natures Light ... III. The Right Use of Human Learning ... H. Hall. pp. 3–.
  8. ^ John Locke (1753). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. S. Birt. pp. 170–. Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
  9. from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
  10. ^ United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education (1928). Proposed department of education: Hearing[s] before the Committee on education, House of Representatives, Seventieth Congress, first session on H. R. 7, a bill to create a department of education and for other purposes. April 25, 26, 27,28 and May 2, 1928. U.S. Govt. print. off. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
  11. ^ "David Hume" Archived 2020-07-31 at the Wayback Machine, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  12. ^ Book Review Archived 2006-09-27 at the Wayback Machine of Jeffrey T. Young's Economics As a Moral Science: The Political Economy of Adam Smith
  13. ^ a b Wilhelm Dilthey, An Introduction to the Human Sciences, Princeton Press
  14. ^ a b Wilhelm Dilthey, Gesammelte Schriften, vol. VII
  15. ^ Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, 1973 [1913], Findlay, J. N., trans. London: Routledge
  16. ^ "Saybrook Graduate School". Saybrook.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  17. ^ "The Moral Sciences Club (A Short History)". Cambridge Faculty of Philosophy. 6 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2020-07-24.
  18. ^ "Human Sciences | University of Oxford". Ox.ac.uk. 2019-03-07. Archived from the original on 2019-03-21. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  19. ^ "Subject areas | UCL London's Global University". Ucl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  20. ^ "Human Sciences | Undergraduate Study | University of Exeter". Exeter.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  21. ^ "Graduate School of Human Sciences / School of Human Sciences Osaka University". Hus.osaka-u.ac.jp. Archived from the original on 2019-03-14. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  22. ^ "School of Human Sciences, Waseda University". waseda.jp. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  23. ^ "Faculty of Human Sciences | Undergraduate Studies | Tokiwa University". tokiwa.ac.jp. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  24. ^ "School of Human Sciences". senshu-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  25. ^ "Faculty of Human Sciences | Sophia University". sophia.ac.jp. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  26. ^ "Department of Community Studies | Aoyama Gakuin University". aoyama.ac.jp. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  27. ^ "Faculty of Global Human Sciences". fgh.kobe-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  28. ^ "Faculty of Human Sciences, Kanagawa University". hs.kanagawa-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  29. ^ "Faculty of Human Sciences | Undergraduate Programs | Academics | Bunkyo University International Exchange Center". bunkyo.ac.jp. Retrieved 2023-12-02.

Bibliography

  • Flew, A. (1986). David Hume: Philosopher of Moral Science, Basil Blackwell, Oxford
  • Hume, David, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals

External links