Humane Slaughter Act

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Humane Slaughter Act
Senate Agriculture and Forestry
  • Passed the House on February 4, 1958 (Passed voice vote)
  • Passed the Senate on July 29, 1958 (72-9) with amendment
  • House agreed to Senate amendment on August 13, 1958 (Agreed voice vote)
  • Signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower
  • on August 27, 1958

    The Humane Slaughter Act, or the Humane Methods of Livestock Slaughter Act (P.L. 85-765; 7 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.), is a

    insensible to pain. This is to minimize the suffering to the point where the animal feels nothing at all, instead blacking out and never waking. This differs from animal to animal as size increases and decreases. Larger animals such as bovines require a stronger method than chickens, for example. Bovines require electronarcosis or something equally potent, though electronarcosis remains a standard. The bovine would have a device placed on their head that, once activated, sends an electric charge that efficiently and safely stuns them.[2] Chickens, on the other hand, require much less current to be efficiently sedated and are given a run under electrically charged water. To ensure that these guidelines are met, the Food Safety and Inspection Service inspectors at slaughtering plants are responsible for overseeing compliance, and have the authority to stop slaughter lines and order plant employees to take corrective actions. Although more than 168 million chickens (excluding broilers) and around 9 billion broiler chickens are killed for food in the United States yearly,[3] the Humane Slaughter Act specifically mentions only cattle, calves, horses, mules, sheep and swine.[4]

    Due to several reports of alleged non-compliance with these regulations and safety protocols, originating in the early 2000s, specifically late 2002[

    downer) cattle at slaughter houses became irrelevant when FSIS issued regulations in January 2004 (69 FR 1892) prohibiting them from being slaughtered and inspected for use as human food.[5]

    Content of the Humane Slaughter Act

    7 U.S.C.A. § 1902. Humane

    No method of slaughtering or handling in connection with slaughtering shall be deemed to comply with the public policy of the United States unless it is humane. Either of the following two methods of slaughtering and handling are hereby found to be humane:

    (a) in the case of cattle, calves, horses, mules, sheep, swine, and other livestock, all animals are rendered insensible to pain by a single blow or gunshot or an electrical, chemical or other means that is rapid and effective, before being shackled, hoisted, thrown, cast, or cut; or

    (b) by slaughtering in accordance with the ritual requirements of the Jewish faith or any other religious faith that prescribes a method of slaughter whereby the animal suffers loss of consciousness by anemia of the brain caused by the simultaneous and instantaneous severance of the carotid arteries with a sharp instrument and handling in connection with such slaughtering.

    According to the law, animals should be stunned into unconsciousness prior to their slaughter to ensure a death with less suffering than in killing methods used earlier. The most common methods are electrocution and CO2 stunning for swine and captive bolt stunning for cattle, sheep, and goats. Of these methods of electrocution, electronarcosis has been widely acclaimed as the safest, most humane and most reliable as well as the surest way to stun the animal and render them insensitive to pain. Organizations such as the Egyptian Fatwa Committee have mutually agreed to this method when keeping the standards of halal a concern. Electronarcosis does not infringe on these standards for halal.[6] Frequent on-site monitoring is necessary, as is the employment of skilled and well-trained personnel. An animal is considered properly stunned when there is no "righting reflex"; that is, the animal must not try to stand up and right themself. Only then can they be considered fully unconscious. They can then proceed down the line, where workers in slaughterhouses can begin the slaughtering of the specified livestock humanely.

    For religious sects to proceed in the slaughtering of animals under specifically related rituals, they must fall within compliance of the previously mentioned criterion. No religion is exempt. Many religions find these regulations to fall within their own guidelines as appropriate. The two most common religious slaughter methods in the United States are the method of

    carotid arteries, jugular veins and vagus nerve renders the animal unconscious as effectively as most other methods. In 2018, Grandin stated that kosher slaughter, no matter how well it's done, is not instantaneous, whereas stunning properly with a captive bolt is instantaneous.[7]

    History of the Humane Slaughter Act

    1958

    The first version of the HMSLA was passed in 1958. Public demand for the act was so great that when asked at a press conference whether he would sign it, President Dwight D. Eisenhower stated, "If I went by mail, I'd think no one was interested in anything but humane slaughter." Senator Hubert H. Humphrey was the author of the first humane slaughter bill introduced in the US Congress and chief Senate sponsor of the Federal Humane Slaughter Act, which passed in 1958. National organizations like the

    The Humane Society of the United States
    supported its passage.

    1978

    In 1979, the HMSLA was updated and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) inspectors were given the authority to stop the slaughtering line when cruelty was observed. Officially, slaughtering was not to continue until said cruelty, whether as a result of equipment or of abuses by personnel, was corrected. However, the USDA eventually stopped authorizing USDA inspectors to stop the line, since doing so incurs considerable cost of time for the industry.[8]

    2002

    On May 13, 2002, President George W. Bush signed the Farm Bill (Public Law 107-171) into law which contains an amendment (section 10305) stating that it was "the sense of Congress that the Secretary of Agriculture should fully enforce" the Humane Slaughter Act.

    When introducing the Resolution on the Senate floor, Senator Peter Fitzgerald said:

    On April 10, 2001, the

    Washington Post printed a front page story entitled "They Die Piece by Piece." This graphic article asserted that the United States Department of Agriculture was not appropriately enforcing the Humane Slaughter Act. In response, I am introducing this resolution that encourages the Secretary of Agriculture to fully enforce current law including the Humane Slaughter Act of 1958, as amended by the Federal Meat Inspection Act
    in 1978. The Humane Slaughter Act requires that animals be rendered insensible to pain before they are slaughtered. However, there are continual reports of alleged non-compliance. For example, the Washington Post has reported that "enforcement records, interviews, videos and worker affidavits describe repeated violations of the Humane Slaughter Act" and "the government took no action against a Texas beef company that was cited 22 times in 1998 for violations that include chopping hooves off live cattle.

    Amendments to 1958 Act

    U.S. Congressional amendments and legislative authority pertaining to the Humane Slaughter Act of 1958.

    Date of Enactment Public Law Number U.S. Statute Citation U.S. Legislative Bill U.S. Presidential Administration
    June 29, 1960 P.L. 86-547 74 Stat. 255 H.R. 12705 Dwight D. Eisenhower
    October 10, 1978 P.L. 95-445 92 Stat. 1069 S. 3092 Jimmy E. Carter
    May 13, 2002 P.L. 107-171 116 Stat. 134 H.R. 2646 George W. Bush

    Criticism of the HMSLA

    Exclusionary policies

    The HMSLA is criticized by animal rights advocates and the Humane Society of the United States for only including cattle, pigs, and sheep but not poultry, fish, rabbits or other animals routinely slaughtered for food. After a 2004 PETA undercover investigation that publicized abuse of chickens by employees of a West Virginia Pilgrim's Pride slaughterhouse that supplied chickens to KFC, PETA was joined by the Humane Society in calling for the Humane Slaughter Act to be expanded to include birds.[9]

    See also

    References

    1. ^ "To establish the use of humane methods of slaughter of livestock as a policy of the United States, and for other purposes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
    2. ^ Anil, Haluk. "Religious slaughter: A current controversial animal welfare issue". Animal Frontiers. Archived from the original on October 3, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
    3. ^ "Chickens: Lost, Sold for Slaughter, Price, and Value, by State, United States, and Puerto Rico, 2007" (PDF). May 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2009.[dead link]
    4. ^ "Humane Slaughter Act". Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
    5. ^ CRS Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition - Order Code 97-905 Archived August 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
    6. ^ Egyptian fatwa Committee, December 18, 1978, "The Opinions of the Ulema on the Permissibility of Stunning Animals" Archived December 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Organic Halal Meat.', 1978
    7. ^ Yanklowitz, Rabbi Shmuly (June 13, 2018). "Improving Animal Treatment in Slaughterhouses: An Interview with Dr. Temple Grandin". Medium. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
    8. ^ "Slaughter Inspection 101". USDA. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
    9. ^ McNeil Jr, Donald G. (July 25, 2004). "The Nation: Gaining Ground; At Last, a Company Takes PETA Seriously". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2009.

    External links