Hunan
Hunan
湖南 | |
---|---|
Province of Hu'nan | |
Name transcription(s) | |
• Chinese | 湖南省 (Hú'nán Shěng) |
• Abbreviation | HN / 湘 (pinyin: Xiāng) |
US$ 707.1 billion | |
• Per capita | CN¥ 73,598 US$ 10,942 |
ISO 3166 code | CN-HN |
HDI (2021) | 0.762[4] high · 15th |
Website | hunan.gov.cn enghunan.gov.cn |
Hunan | ||
---|---|---|
Chinese | 湖南 | |
Xiang | [fu˩˧ lan˩˧][5] | |
Literal meaning | "South of the Tâi-lô | Ôo-lâm |
Hunan[a] is an inland province of China. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi to the east, Guangdong and Guangxi to the south, Guizhou to the west, and Chongqing to the northwest. Its capital and largest city is Changsha, which abuts the Xiang River. Hengyang, Zhuzhou, and Yueyang are among its most populous urban cities. With a population of just over 66 million as of 2020[update] residing in an area of approximately 210,000 km2 (81,000 sq mi), it is China's 7th most populous province, the fourth most populous among landlocked provinces, the second most populous in South Central China after Guangdong and the most populous province in Central China. It is the largest province in South-Central China, the fourth largest among landlocked provinces, and the 10th most extensive province by area.
Hu'nan's
The name Hu'nan literally means "south of the lake".
Wulingyuan was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992.[13] Changsha, the capital, is located in the eastern part of the province; it is now an important commercial, manufacturing and transportation centre.[14] The busiest airports serve domestic and international flights for Hu'nan, including Changsha Huanghua International Airport, Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport and Changde Taohuayuan Airport.[15] Hu'nan is the seat of the Yuelu Academy (later become Hu'nan University), which is one of the four major academies over the last 1000 years in ancient China.[16] As of 2023, Hu'nan hosts 137 institutions of higher education, ranking fifth among all Chinese provinces .[17] In 2017, two major cities in Hu'nan (Changsha and Xiangtan ) ranked in the top 500 cities in the world by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.[18]
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2014) |
During the
Hu'nan and Hubei became a part of the province of Huguang until the Qing dynasty. Hu'nan province was created in 1664 from Huguang, renamed to its current name in 1723.
Hu'nan became an important communications center due to its position on the
In 1920, a famine raged throughout Hu'nan and killed an estimated 2 million Hu'nanese civilians.
In the 1950s General Wang Zhen coerced thousands of Hu'nanese women into sexual servitude at PLA units in Xinjiang.[22]
As Mao Zedong's home province, Hu'nan supported the Cultural Revolution of 1966–1976.[citation needed] However, it was slower than most provinces in adopting the reforms implemented by Deng Xiaoping in the years that followed Mao's death in 1976.
In addition to
Geography
Hu'nan is located on the south bank of the
The
Lake Dongting is the largest lake in the province and the second largest freshwater lake of China.
The Xiaoxiang area and Lake Dongting figure prominently in Chinese poetry and paintings, particularly during the Song dynasty when they were associated with officials who had been unjustly dismissed.[26]
Changsha (which means "long sands") was an active ceramics district during the Tang dynasty, its tea bowls, ewers and other products mass-produced and shipped to China's coastal cities for export abroad. An Arab dhow dated to the 830s and today known as the Belitung Shipwreck was discovered off the small island of Belitung, Indonesia with more than 60,000 pieces in its cargo.[citation needed] The salvaged cargo is today housed in nearby Singapore.
Hu'nan's climate is
Administrative divisions
Hu'nan is divided into fourteen prefecture-level divisions: thirteen prefecture-level cities and an autonomous prefecture:
Administrative divisions of Hu'nan | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Division code[28] | Division | Area in km2[29] | Population 2010[30] | Seat | Divisions[31] | |||
Districts
|
Counties
|
Aut. counties
|
CL cities | |||||
430000 | Hu'nan Province | 210,000.00 | 65,683,722 | Changsha city | 36 | 61 | 7 | 18 |
430100 | Changsha city | 11,819.46 | 7,044,118 | Yuelu District |
6 | 1 | 2 | |
430200 | Zhuzhou city | 11,262.20 | 3,855,609 | Tianyuan District |
5 | 3 | 1 | |
430300 | Xiangtan city | 5,006.46 | 2,748,552 | Yuetang District |
2 | 1 | 2 | |
430400 | Hengyang city | 15,302.78 | 7,141,462 | Zhengxiang District |
5 | 5 | 2 | |
430500 | Shaoyang city | 20,829.63 | 7,071,826 | Daxiang District |
3 | 6 | 1 | 2 |
430600 | Yueyang city | 14,897.88 | 5,477,911 | Yueyanglou District |
3 | 4 | 2 | |
430700 | Changde city | 18,177.18 | 5,747,218 | Wuling District |
2 | 6 | 1 | |
430800 | Zhangjiajie city | 9,516.03 | 1,476,521 | Yongding District |
2 | 2 | ||
430900 | Yiyang city | 12,325.16 | 4,313,084 | Heshan District |
2 | 3 | 1 | |
431000 | Chenzhou city | 19,317.33 | 4,581,778 | Beihu District |
2 | 8 | 1 | |
431100 | Yongzhou city | 22,255.31 | 5,180,235 | Lengshuitan District |
2 | 8 | 1 | |
431200 | Huaihua city | 27,562.72 | 4,741,948 | Hecheng District |
1 | 5 | 5 | 1 |
431300 | Loudi city | 8,107.61 | 3,785,627 | Louxing District |
1 | 2 | 2 | |
433100 | Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture | 15,462.30 | 2,547,833 | Jishou city | 7 | 1 |
Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English | Chinese | Pinyin | Xiang Romanization | |
Hu'nan Province | 湖南省 | Húnán Shěng | fu12 nan12 sǝn2 | |
Changsha city | 长沙市 | Chángshā Shì | c̣an2 sa11 ṣî32 | |
Zhuzhou city | 株洲市 | Zhūzhōu Shì | ćy11 c̣ôu11 ṣî32 | |
Xiangtan city | 湘潭市 | Xiāngtán Shì | ? ? ṣî32 | |
Hengyang city | 衡阳市 | Héngyáng Shì | xǝn12 ian12 ṣî32 | |
Shaoyang city | 邵阳市 | Shàoyáng Shì | ? ian12 ṣî32 | |
Yueyang city | 岳阳市 | Yuèyáng Shì | io4 ian12 ṣî32 | |
Changde city | 常德市 | Chángdé Shì | ? tô4 ṣî32 | |
Zhangjiajie city | 张家界市 | Zhāngjiājiè Shì | ? ćia11 kai31 ṣî32 | |
Yiyang city | 益阳市 | Yìyáng Shì | i4 ian12 ṣî32 | |
Chenzhou city | 郴州市 | Chēnzhōu Shì | ? c̣ôu11 ṣî32 | |
Yongzhou city | 永州市 | Yǒngzhōu Shì | yn2 c̣ôu11 ṣî32 | |
Huaihua city | 怀化市 | Huáihuà Shì | fai12 fa31 ṣî32 | |
Loudi city | 娄底市 | Lóudǐ Shì | ? ti2 ṣî32 | |
Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture | 湘西自治州 | Xiāngxī Zìzhìzhōu | ? si11 ci31 c̣î31 c̣ôu11 |
The fourteen
Urban areas
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | City | Urban area[32] | District area[32] | City proper[32] | Census date |
1 | Changsha[b] | 2,963,218 | 3,092,213 | 7,040,952 | 2010-11-01 |
(1) | Changsha (new district)[b] | 230,136 | 523,660 | see Changsha | 2010-11-01 |
2 | Hengyang | 1,115,645 | 1,133,967 | 7,148,344 | 2010-11-01 |
3 | Zhuzhou[c] | 999,404 | 1,055,150 | 3,857,100 | 2010-11-01 |
(3) | Zhuzhou (new district)[c] | 94,326 | 383,598 | see Zhuzhou | 2010-11-01 |
4 | Yueyang | 924,099 | 1,231,509 | 5,476,084 | 2010-11-01 |
5 | Xiangtan | 903,287 | 960,303 | 2,752,171 | 2010-11-01 |
6 | Changde | 846,308 | 1,457,419 | 5,714,623 | 2010-11-01 |
7 | Yiyang | 697,607 | 1,245,517 | 4,307,933 | 2010-11-01 |
8 | Liuyang | 588,081 | 1,279,469 | see Changsha | 2010-11-01 |
9 | Chenzhou | 582,971 | 822,534 | 4,583,531 | 2010-11-01 |
10 | Shaoyang | 574,527 | 753,194 | 7,071,735 | 2010-11-01 |
11 | Yongzhou | 540,930 | 1,020,715 | 5,194,275 | 2010-11-01 |
(12) | Ningxiang[d] | 498,055 | 1,166,138 | see Changsha | 2010-11-01 |
13 | Leiyang | 476,173 | 1,151,554 | see Hengyang | 2010-11-01 |
14 | Huaihua | 472,687 | 552,622 | 4,741,673 | 2010-11-01 |
15 | Liling | 449,067 | 947,387 | see Zhuzhou | 2010-11-01 |
16 | Loudi | 425,037 | 496,744 | 3,784,634 | 2010-11-01 |
17 | Changning | 332,927 | 810,447 | see Hengyang | 2010-11-01 |
18 | Miluo | 321,074 | 692,080 | see Yueyang | 2010-11-01 |
19 | Yuanjiang | 281,097 | 666,270 | see Yiyang | 2010-11-01 |
20 | Zhangjiajie | 250,489 | 494,528 | 1,478,149 | 2010-11-01 |
21 | Lianyuan | 245,360 | 995,515 | see Loudi | 2010-11-01 |
22 | Lengshuijiang | 238,275 | 327,146 | see Loudi | 2010-11-01 |
23 | Linxiang | 225,054 | 498,319 | see Yueyang | 2010-11-01 |
24 | Zixing | 215,707 | 337,294 | see Chenzhou | 2010-11-01 |
25 | Jishou | 212,328 | 302,065 | part of Xiangxi Prefecture | 2010-11-01 |
26 | Xiangxiang | 210,799 | 788,216 | see Xiangtan | 2010-11-01 |
27 | Hongjiang | 197,753 | 477,996 | see Huaihua | 2010-11-01 |
28 | Wugang | 187,436 | 734,870 | see Shaoyang | 2010-11-01 |
29 | Jinshi | 156,230 | 250,898 | see Changde | 2010-11-01 |
30 | Shaoshan | 27,613 | 86,036 | see Xiangtan | 2010-11-01 |
- ^ 湖南, Hú'nán Shěng, Xiang Chinese: [fu˩˧ lan˩˧],[5] Mandarin: [xu˧˥ nan˧˥]
- ^ Wangcheng (Wangcheng County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ Lukou (Zhuzhou County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ Ningxiang County is currently known as Ningxiang CLC after census.
Most populous cities in Hunan
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[33] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Pop. | Rank | Pop. | ||||||
Changsha Hengyang |
1 | Changsha | 3,744,300 | 11 | Yongzhou | 574,500 | Zhuzhou Changde | ||
2 | Hengyang | 1,437,900 | 12 | Leiyang | 573,000 | ||||
3 | Zhuzhou | 1,152,600 | 13 | Loudi | 516,800 | ||||
4 | Changde | 997,900 | 14 | Ningxiang | 472,700 | ||||
5 | Yueyang | 892,000 | 15 | Jishou | 315,000 | ||||
6 | Chenzhou | 842,000 | 16 | Changning | 300,000 | ||||
7 | Xiangtan | 817,700 | 17 | Wugang | 290,000 | ||||
8 | Shaoyang | 712,300 | 18 | Liuyang | 260,100 | ||||
9 | Yiyang | 668,200 | 19 | Liling | 247,500 | ||||
10 | Huaihua | 624,000 | 20 | Xiangxiang | 235,000 |
Politics
The politics of Hu'nan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.
The
Economy
As of the mid-19th century, Hu'nan exported
The Lengshuijiang area is noted for its stibnite mines, and is one of the major centers of antimony extraction in China. [citation needed]
Hu'nan is also well known for a few global makers of construction equipment such as
Hu'nan is the
As of 2020, Hu'nan's GDP (nominal) was US$605 billion,[8][9] making it larger than the economies of Poland (the 22nd biggest in the world), Thailand (the 2nd largest in ASEAN), and Nigeria (the largest in Africa).[10]
Historical GDP of Hu'nan Province for 1952 –present (SNA2008) Int'l. dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017[38] )
| |||||||||
year | GDP | GDP per capita (GDPpc) based on mid-year population |
Reference index | ||||||
GDP in millions | real growth (%) |
GDPpc | exchange rate 1 foreign currency to CNY | ||||||
CNY | USD | Int'l$. )
|
CNY | USD | PPP (Int'l$.) |
USD 1 | Int'l$. 1 (PPP) | ||
2016 | 3,155,137 | 475,007 | 901,236 | 8.0 | 46,382 | 6,983 | 13,249 | 6.6423 | 3.5009 |
2015 | 2,917,217 | 468,373 | 821,867 | 8.5 | 43,157 | 6,929 | 12,159 | 6.2284 | 3.5495 |
2014 | 2,728,177 | 444,126 | 768,414 | 9.5 | 40,635 | 6,615 | 11,445 | 6.1428 | 3.5504 |
2013 | 2,483,465 | 400,999 | 694,307 | 10.1 | 37,263 | 6,017 | 10,418 | 6.1932 | 3.5769 |
2012 | 2,233,833 | 353,875 | 629,107 | 11.4 | 33,758 | 5,348 | 9,507 | 6.3125 | 3.5508 |
2011 | 1,981,655 | 306,815 | 565,299 | 12.8 | 30,103 | 4,661 | 8,587 | 6.4588 | 3.5055 |
2010 | 1,615,325 | 238,618 | 487,925 | 14.6 | 24,897 | 3,678 | 7,520 | 6.7695 | 3.3106 |
2009 | 1,315,627 | 192,597 | 416,667 | 13.9 | 20,579 | 3,013 | 6,517 | 6.8310 | 3.1575 |
2008 | 1,162,761 | 167,422 | 366,016 | 14.1 | 18,261 | 2,629 | 5,748 | 6.9451 | 3.1768 |
2007 | 948,599 | 124,750 | 314,637 | 15.1 | 14,942 | 1,965 | 4,956 | 7.6040 | 3.0149 |
2006 | 772,232 | 96,870 | 268,350 | 12.8 | 12,192 | 1,529 | 4,237 | 7.9718 | 2.8777 |
2005 | 662,345 | 80,856 | 231,670 | 12.2 | 10,606 | 1,295 | 3,710 | 8.1917 | 2.8590 |
2000 | 355,149 | 42,901 | 130,603 | 9.0 | 5,425 | 655 | 1,995 | 8.2784 | 2.7193 |
1995 | 213,213 | 25,531 | 78,117 | 10.3 | 3,359 | 402 | 1,231 | 8.3510 | 2.7294 |
1990 | 74,444 | 15,564 | 43,724 | 4.0 | 1,228 | 257 | 721 | 4.7832 | 1.7026 |
1985 | 34,995 | 11,917 | 24,966 | 12.1 | 626 | 213 | 447 | 2.9366 | 1.4017 |
1980 | 19,172 | 12,795 | 12,820 | 5.2 | 365 | 244 | 244 | 1.4984 | 1.4955 |
1975 | 11,840 | 6,366 | 10.3 | 239 | 129 | 1.8598 | |||
1970 | 9,305 | 3,780 | 17.6 | 211 | 86 | 2.4618 | |||
1965 | 6,532 | 2,653 | 13.2 | 170 | 69 | 2.4618 | |||
1960 | 6,407 | 2,603 | -1.0 | 176 | 71 | 2.4618 | |||
1955 | 3,583 | 1,376 | 18.5 | 104 | 40 | 2.6040 | |||
1952 | 2,781 | 1,251 | 86 | 39 | 2.2227 |
Economic and technological development zones
- Changsha National Economic and Technical Development Zone
The Changsha National Economic and Technology Development Zone was founded in 1992. It is located east of Changsha. The total planned area is 38.6 km2 (14.9 sq mi) and the current area is 14 km2 (5.4 sq mi). Near the zone is National Highways G319 and G107 as well as Jingzhu Highway. Besides that, it is very close to the downtown and the railway station. The distance between the zone and the airport is 8 km (5.0 mi). The major industries in the zone include high-tech industry, biology project technology and new material industry.[39]
- Changsha National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
- Chenzhou Export Processing Zone
Approved by the State Council, Chenzhou Export processing Zone (CEPZ) was established in 2005 and is the only export processing zone in Hu'nan province. The scheduled production area of CEPZ covers 3km2. The industrial positioning of CEPZ is to concentrate on developing export-oriented hi-tech industries, including electronic information, precision machinery, and new-type materials. The zone has good infrastructure, and the enterprises inside could enjoy the preferential policies of tax-exemption, tax-guarantee and tax-refunding. By the end of the "
- Zhuzhou National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Zhuzhou Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in 1992. Its total planned area is 35 km2 (14 sq mi). It is very close to National Highway G320. The major industries in the zone include biotechnology, food processing and heavy industry. In 2007, the park signed a cooperation contract with Beijing Automobile Industry, one of the largest auto makers in China, which will set up a manufacturing base in Zhuzhou HTP.[41]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1912[42] | 27,617,000 | — |
1928[43] | 31,501,000 | +14.1% |
1936-37[44] | 28,294,000 | −10.2% |
1947[45] | 25,558,000 | −9.7% |
1954[46] | 33,226,954 | +30.0% |
1964[47] | 37,182,286 | +11.9% |
1982[48] | 54,008,851 | +45.3% |
1990[49] | 60,659,754 | +12.3% |
2000[50] | 63,274,173 | +4.3% |
2010[51] | 65,683,722 | +3.8% |
As of the 2000
In Hu'nan, ethnic minority languages are spoken in the following prefectures.
- Qo Xiong language, Tujia language
- Dong language, Hm Nai language, Hmu language
- Shaoyang: Maojia language, Hm Nai language, Pa-Hng language, Badong Yao language
- Yongzhou: Mien language, Biao Min language
- Chenzhou: Dzao Min language
Hu'nanese Uyghurs
Around 5,000 Uyghurs live around
Religion
The predominant religions in Hu'nan are
In 2010, there are 118.799 Muslims in Hu'nan[62]
-
Puguang Buddhist Temple in Zhangjiajie.
-
An ancestral shrine in the province.
Notable people
Being the educational and political in the late Qing Era, Hu'nan became the center of revolution and reformation, and it was the birthplace of many famous Chinese scholars, politicians, and generals, including the most influential and controversial figure of China in the 20th century, Mao Zedong.
- Zhou Dunyi (1017–1073), Chinese scholar and philosopher
- Wang Fuzhi (1619–1692), Chinese essayist, historian, and philosopher of the late Ming, early Qing dynasties.
- Zeng Guofan (1811–1872)
- Zuo Zongtang (1812–1885), or General Tso, Chinese statesman and military leader of the late Qing dynasty.
- Taqibu (1816–1855)
- Huang Xing (1874–1916)
- Cai E (1882–1916), Chinese revolutionary leader, General and Governor of Yunnan (1911–1913)
- Jiang Xiaowan (?–1922), interpreter
- Mao Zedong (1893–1976)
- He Long (1896–1969)
- Peng Dehuai (1898–1974)
- Liu Shaoqi (1898–1969)
- Ma Ying-jeou (born 1950)
- Yuet-ching Lee (1918–1997), Hong Kong actress[citation needed]
- Ted Hui (born 1982), Hong Kong politician[citation needed]
- Martin Cao(born 1993), racing driver
- Zhou Chengzhou (born 1982), Chinese film director and artist
Culture
Hu'nan's culture industry generated 87 billion yuan (US$11.76 billion) in economic value in 2007,[63] and is major contributor to the province's economic growth. The industry accounts for 7.5 percent of the region's GDP. [citation needed]
Language
Cuisine
Hu'nanese cuisine is noted for its near-ubiquitous use of chili peppers, garlic, and shallots. These ingredients give rise to a distinctive dry-and-spicy (干辣; gānlà) taste,[64] with dishes such as smoked cured ham, and stir-fried spicy beef being prime examples of the flavor.[64]
Music
Tourism
Located in the south central part of the Chinese mainland, Hu'nan has long been known for its natural environment. It is surrounded by mountains on the east, west, and south, and by the Yangtze River on the north. For thousands of years, the region has been a major center of agriculture, growing rice, tea, and oranges. China's first all glass suspension bridge was also opened in Hu'nan, in Shiniuzhai National Geological Park.[65]
- Wulingyuan is a World Heritage Site and a 5A Scenic Area. Located in south-central Hu'nan, Wulingyuan is noted for its thousands of quartzite sandstone pillars, caves, and waterfalls. The area also contains Zhangjiajie National Forest Park.
- birthplace of Mao Zedong
- Jin dynasties, and has existed in its current state since the Qing Dynasty. Alongside the Pavilion of Prince Teng and Yellow Crane Tower, it is one of the Three Great Towers of Jiangnan.
- Mount Heng, in Hengyang, is one of the Five Great Mountains of China, and is home to the largest temple in southern China.
Education and research
As of 2023, Hu'nan hosts 137 institutions of higher education, ranking fifth together with Sichuan (137) among all Chinese provinces after Jiangsu (168), Henan (168), Guangdong (162), and Shandong (156).[17][67] Hu'nan is also the seat of 12 adult higher education institutions.[68] Two major cities in Hu'nan (Changsha and Xiangtan) were ranked in the top 500 cities in the world by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index in 2017.[18] There are three national key universities under Project 985 (Hu'nan University, Central South University and the National University of Defense Technology) in Hu'nan, the third highest after Beijing and Shanghai. Hu'nan Normal University in Changsha is the key construction university of the national 211 Project, and Xiangtan University in Xiangtan is a key university jointly built by Hu'nan Province and the Ministry of Education and a member of national Project 111. These five national key universities are included in the Double First-Class Construction of Hu'nan Province.
Hu'nan University and Central South University are the only two
National key public universities
Changsha City
- Central South University (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)
- Hu'nan University (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)
- Hu'nan Normal University (Project 211, Double First Class University)
- National University of Defense Technology (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)
Xiangtan City
- Xiangtan University (Project 111, Double First Class University)
Provincial key public universities
Changsha City
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology
- Changsha University of Science and Technology
- Hu'nan Agricultural University
- Hu'nan First Normal University
- Hu'nan University of Chinese Medicine
- Hu'nan University of Technology and Commerce
Hengyang City
Jishou City
Loudi City
Shaoyang City
Xiangtan City
Yueyang City
Zhuzhou City
General undergraduate universities (public)
Changsha City
- Changsha Normal University
- Changsha University
- Hu'nan University of Finance and Economics
- Hu'nan Police Academy
- Hu'nan Women's University
Hengyang City
Xiangtan City
Yongzhou City
Chenzhou City
General undergraduate universities (private)
- Changsha Medical University
- Hu'nan International Economics University
- Hu'nan Institute of Information Technology
- Hu'nan Institute of Traffic Engineering
- Hu'nan Applied Technology University
Vocational and technical colleges/universities
- Changsha Aeronautical Vocational and Technical College
- Changsha Social Work College
- Hu'nan Mass Media Vocational and Technical College
- Changde Vocational and Technical College
Transport
Airports
There are several airports in Hu'nan provinces, including Changsha Huanghua International Airport, Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport, Changde Taohuayuan Airport, Chenzhou Beihu Airport, Huaihua Zhijiang Airport, Shaoyang Wugang Airport, Yongzhou Lingling Airport, and Yueyang Sanhe Airport. The busiest airports serve domestic and international flights for Hu'nan, including Changsha Huanghua International Airport, Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport and Changde Taohuayuan Airport.[15] Notably, as of 2021, Changsha Huanghua International Airport was one of the 50 busiest airports in the world,[77] the 12th busiest civil airport in China, the second busiest in South Central China after Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and the busiest in Central China.[15]
Railways
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2022) |
The Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway passes through Hu'nan.
Sports
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Professional sports teams in Hu'nan include:
See also
- Major national historical and cultural sites in Hu'nan
- Xiaoxiang, the "lakes and rivers" region of south-central China
- State of Chu, ancient Chinese state partly in modern-day Hu'nan
- Hu'nanese people
Notes
- lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
- ^ This may include:
- Buddhists;
- Confucians;
- Deity worshippers;
- Taoists;
- Members of folk religious sects;
- Small minorities of Muslims;
- And people not bounded to, nor practicing any, institutional or diffuse religion.
References
- ^ "Doing Business in China – Survey". Ministry Of Commerce – People's Republic Of China. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
- ^ "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
- ^ "List of Chinese provinces by 2021 GDP". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Retrieved 3 October 2021.[dead link]
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
- ^ a b 鲍厚星; 崔振华; 沈若云; 伍云姬 (1999). 长沙方言研究. 江苏教育出版社. pp. 66, 83.
- ^ a b c d e "Decoding China's 2021 GDP Growth Rate: A Look at Regional Numbers". China Briefing News. 2022-02-07. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
- ^ a b "Hunan Province's Regional GDP Hit 4.6 Trillion Yuan in 2021". www.enghunan.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
- ^ a b "Top 10 provincial regions in China by GDP 2020". ex.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
- ^ a b rsatax (2021-06-11). "Investing in Hunan". rsa-tax. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
- ^ a b "2020 GDP (current US$) - Poland, Thailand, Nigeria". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
- ^ (in Chinese) Origin of the Names of China's Provinces Archived 2016-04-27 at the Wayback Machine, People's Daily Online.
- )
- ^ "Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 2019-06-11. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
- ^ Planet, Lonely. "Changsha travel | Hunan, China". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
- ^ a b c 2021年民航机场吞吐量排名 (PDF) (in Chinese). Civil Aviation Administration of China. 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
- ^ Fan Chengda (1126-1193). Shigushanji(石鼓山记):"天下有书院四:徂徕、金山、岳麓、石鼓。"
- ^ a b "全国普通高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". hudong.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-12-28.
- ^ a b "The top 500 cities by scientific output in 2017 | Nature Index 2018 Science Cities | Supplements | Nature Index". www.natureindex.com. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
- ^ Harold Wiens. Han Expansion in South China. (Shoe String Press, 1967).
- ^ Brian Lander. State Management of River Dikes in Early China: New Sources on the Environmental History of the Central Yangzi Region . T'oung Pao 100.4-5 (2014): 325–362
- ISBN 9781622735082.
- ^ Turland, Jesse. "Op-Ed in China Draws Backlash for Advocating Women 'Warm Rural Bachelor's Beds'". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ^ "湖南6座最高山峰,桂东竟然占了两座,知道的人绝对不超过1%,周末赶紧约起来!". Sohu. Archived from the original on 2018-04-08. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
- Xinhua Hunan. 2013-09-26. Retrieved 2015-07-29.[dead link]
- ^ Wang, Shuo (王砚) (2016-01-30). Pei, Li (裴力) (ed.). 最美的山峰:酃峰海拔2115.2米湖南第一高峰. 潇湘晨报. Archived from the original on 2018-04-08. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
- ISBN 978-0-674-00782-6. Archivedfrom the original on 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
- . Retrieved 14 September 2012.
- ^ 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 (in Simplified Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
- ^ Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics. 《深圳统计年鉴2014》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Print. Archived from the original on 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
- ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
- ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.
- ^ Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) (2019). 中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 [China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Statistic Publishing House. Archived from the original on 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
- ^ Roberts, Edmund (1837). Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 123. Archived from the original on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
- ^ "Hunan Province: Economic News and Statistics for Hunan's Economy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
- ^ Government, Hunan. "Hunan Government Website International-enghunan.gov.cn". www.enghunan.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2009-02-08. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
- ^ Historical GDP of Hunan Province published on Hunan Statistical Yearbook 2017, ALSO see Hunan GDP Revision (Chinese) Archived 2017-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
- Archive-It) data; Exchange rate of CN¥ to US$ is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange, published on China Statistical Yearbook Archived 2015-10-20 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Changsha Economic & Technology Development Zone | China Industrial Space". Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
- ^ "Chenzhou Export Processing Zone | EPZ | China Industrial Space". Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
- ^ "Zhuzhou Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone | China Industrial Space". Archived from the original on 2016-02-24. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
- ^ 1912年中国人口. Ier.hit-u.ac.jp. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
- ^ 1928年中国人口. Ier.hit-u.ac.jp. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
- ^ 1936-37年中国人口. Ier.hit-u.ac.jp. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
- ^ 1947年全国人口. Ier.hit-u.ac.jp. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
- ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009.
- ^ 第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012.
- ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012.
- ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012.
- ^ 现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012.
- ^ "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013.
- ^ a b c China General Social Survey 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Report by: Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15) Archived September 25, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ stin Jon Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson (1992). Bones in the sand: the struggle to create Uighur nationalist ideologies in Xinjiang, China. Harvard University. p. 30. Archived from the original on 2013-05-29. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ISBN 91-86624-20-2. Archivedfrom the original on 2013-05-28. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ISBN 91-86624-20-2. Archivedfrom the original on 2013-05-29. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ISBN 0-313-32386-0. Archivedfrom the original on 2013-05-29. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ISBN 0-415-28372-8. Archivedfrom the original on 2011-12-13. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ISBN 0-415-28372-8. Archivedfrom the original on 2011-12-13. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ISBN 0-415-28372-8. Archivedfrom the original on 2011-12-13. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ISBN 0-415-28372-8. Archivedfrom the original on 2013-05-29. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ISBN 0-415-28372-8. Archivedfrom the original on 2013-05-29. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ "Muslim in China, Muslim Population & Distribution & Minority in China". www.topchinatravel.com. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
- ^ according to Hunan Provincial Bureau of Statistics
- ^ a b Eats, Serious. "A Song of Spice and Fire: The Real Deal With Hunan Cuisine". www.seriouseats.com. Archived from the original on 2019-06-05. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
- ^ "China's first glass-bottom bridge opens". CNN. 28 September 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-09-30. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
- ^ "Fenghuang Ancient City". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 2019-06-05. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
- ^ "全国高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-12-28.
- ^ "全国高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
- ^ a b "US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Changsha". U.S. News & World Report. 2023-09-20. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
- ^ a b "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ "ShanghaiRanking-Hunan Agricultural University". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ "ShanghaiRanking-Hunan University of Technology". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
- ^ "ShanghaiRanking-Xiangtan University". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ "ShanghaiRanking-University of South China". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ "Best Global Universities Rankings: Xiangtan City". U.S. News & World Report. 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
- ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Best Chinese Universities Ranking". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 2023-07-21.
- ^ "2021 Airport Traffic Report" (PDF). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. April 2022. p. 32.
External links
- Hunan travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Hu'nan Government website
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 892–893.
- Economic profile for Hu'nan at HKTDC
- "History of Hu'nanese", the first book on the history of Hu'nanese(Phoelanese) civilization and nation from the perspective of we the Hu'nanese (phoelanese) people.