Hurricane Andrew
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | August 16, 1992 |
Extratropical | August 28, 1992 |
Dissipated | August 29, 1992 |
Category 5 major hurricane | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
Highest winds | 175 mph (280 km/h) |
Lowest pressure | 922 mbar (hPa); 27.23 inHg |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | 65 |
Damage | $27.3 billion (1992 USD) |
Areas affected | The Bahamas, Florida, Louisiana, Southeastern United States, Mid-Atlantic states |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season | |
General
Effects
Other wikis |
Hurricane Andrew was a compact, but very powerful and destructive
Andrew began as a
Andrew first inflicted structural damage as it moved through the Bahamas, especially in
Prior to making landfall in Louisiana on August 26, Andrew caused extensive damage to oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico, leading to $500 million in losses for oil companies. It produced hurricane-force winds along its path through Louisiana, damaging large stretches of power lines that left about 230,000 people without electricity. Over 80% of trees in the Atchafalaya River basin were downed, and the agriculture there was devastated. Throughout the basin and Bayou Lafourche, 187 million freshwater fish were killed in the hurricane. With 23,000 houses damaged, 985 others destroyed, and 1,951 mobile homes demolished, property losses in Louisiana exceeded $1.5 billion. The hurricane caused the deaths of 17 people in the state, 6 of whom drowned offshore. Andrew spawned at least 28 tornadoes along the Gulf Coast, especially in Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi. In total, Andrew left 65 dead and caused $27.3 billion in damage. Andrew is currently the ninth-costliest Atlantic hurricane to hit the United States. It is also the third-strongest hurricane to hit the U.S. mainland by wind speed (165 mph (266 km/h).[3]
Meteorological history
A
By early August 18, the storm maintained convection near the center with spiral bands to its west as the winds increased to 50 mph (80 km/h).
The hurricane accelerated westward into an area of highly favorable conditions, and began to rapidly intensify late on August 22; in a 24‑hour period the atmospheric pressure dropped by 47 mbar (1.388 inHg) to a minimum of 922 mbar (27.23 inHg).
Most intense landfalling tropical cyclones in the United States Intensity is measured solely by central pressure | |||
---|---|---|---|
Rank | System | Season | Landfall pressure |
1 | "Labor Day" | 1935 | 892 mbar (hPa) |
2 | Camille | 1969 | 900 mbar (hPa) |
Yutu | 2018 | ||
4 | Michael | 2018 | 919 mbar (hPa) |
5 | Katrina | 2005 | 920 mbar (hPa) |
Maria | 2017 | ||
7 | Andrew | 1992 | 922 mbar (hPa) |
8 | "Indianola" | 1886 | 925 mbar (hPa) |
9 | "Guam" | 1900 | 926 mbar (hPa) |
10 | "Florida Keys" | 1919 | 927 mbar (hPa) |
Source: HURDAT,[14] Hurricane Research Division[15] |
As the eye moved onshore in Florida, the convection in the eyewall strengthened due to increased convergence, and Hurricane Hunters reported a warmer eyewall temperature than two hours prior. However, Andrew weakened as it continued further inland, and after crossing southern Florida in four hours, the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico with winds of 130 mph (210 km/h).[4] In the Gulf of Mexico, the eye remained well-defined as the hurricane turned to the west-northwest, a change due to the weakening of the ridge to its north.[16] Andrew steadily re-intensified over the Gulf of Mexico, reaching winds of 145 mph (233 km/h) late on August 25.[10] As the high pressure system to its north weakened, a strong mid-latitude trough approached the area from the northwest. This caused the hurricane to decelerate to the northwest, and winds decreased as Andrew approached the Gulf Coast of the United States.[4]
At 08:30 UTC on August 26, the cyclone made landfall about 20 mi (32 km) west-southwest of Morgan City, Louisiana, with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h).
Post-analysis on Andrew revealed that the storm was often stronger than operationally reported between early on August 22 and early on August 26. In real time, the National Hurricane Center assessed its peak intensity as 150 mph (240 km/h),[20] which was upgraded to 155 mph (249 km/h) in a post-storm analysis after the season ended.[4] However, a 2004 paper by Christopher Landsea and others concluded that Andrew became a Category 5 hurricane near the Bahamas on August 23 and reached maximum sustained winds of 175 mph (282 km/h). The paper also indicated that Andrew briefly re-intensified into a Category 5 hurricane around the time of landfall in South Florida early on August 24. The storm was found to have been slightly stronger than originally assessed while approaching Louisiana, but the landfall winds were decreased from 120 to 115 mph (193 to 185 km/h).[10]
Preparations
Bahamas
Florida
Initially, forecasters predicted tides up to 14 ft (4.3 m) above normal along the east coast of Florida, near the potential location of landfall.[24] Rainfall was projected to be between 5 and 8 in (130 and 200 mm) along the path of the storm. In addition, the National Hurricane Center noted the likelihood of isolated tornadoes in Central and South Florida during the passage of Andrew on August 23 and 24.[25] Several tropical storm and hurricane warnings were issued for much of Central and South Florida, from Titusville on the east coast to Venice on the west coast. Included in the warnings were Lake Okeechobee and all of the Florida Keys. By 18:00 UTC on August 24, all watches and warnings issued were discontinued after Andrew progressed into the Gulf of Mexico.[4]
Gulf Coast of the United States
Shortly after the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico from southern Florida, the National Hurricane Center issued hurricane watches and warnings for the Gulf Coast of the United States beginning at 13:00 UTC on August 24. After the initial hurricane watch from Mobile, Alabama, to Sabine Pass, Texas, the watches and warnings were expanded to eventually include areas from Mobile, Alabama, to Freeport, Texas. All watches and warnings on the Gulf Coast were discontinued late on August 26 after the hurricane moved inland over Louisiana.[4]
Due to the hurricane's threat, workers fled oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico, while the Coast Guard moved their boats inland.[33] Officials in Mississippi suggested that about 100,000 people evacuate the coastal counties.[34] Shelters were opened in Hancock and Harrison counties, though only 68 people went to a shelter in the former.[35] Gambling ships were moved into harbors and inland canals. Two run-offs for special legislative elections scheduled for August 25 were postponed.[34]
In
In Texas, about 250,000 people evacuated Orange and Jefferson counties.[4] Galveston City Manager Doug Matthews advised residents to develop an evacuation plan in case the city chose to call for evacuations.[39] The city later decided against ordering an evacuation.[40] School was canceled on August 25 for Beaumont, Port Arthur, and other areas of central Jefferson County,[39] while schools were closed in Dickinson, High Island, Hitchcock, La Marque, Santa Fe, and Texas City on August 26. College of the Mainland, Galveston College, and Texas A&M University at Galveston were also closed.[41] Emergency management crews in Corpus Christi began testing emergency generators and severe weather gear.[39] The Comal County chapter of the Red Cross placed their disaster alert teams on standby and ready to respond if the hurricane threatened the Corpus Christi area.[42]
Impact
Rank | Hurricane | Season | Damage |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 3 Katrina | 2005 | $125 billion |
4 Harvey | 2017 | ||
3 | 4 Ian | 2022 | $113 billion |
4 | 4 Maria | 2017 | $90 billion |
5 | 4 Ida | 2021 | $75 billion |
6 | ET Sandy | 2012 | $65 billion |
7 | 4 Irma | 2017 | $52.1 billion |
8 | 2 Ike | 2008 | $30 billion |
9 | 5 Andrew | 1992 | $27 billion |
10 | 5 Michael | 2018 | $25 billion |
Even though Andrew was a small tropical cyclone for most of its lifespan, it caused extreme damage, especially in the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana. The vast majority of the damage was as a result of extremely high winds, although a few tornadoes spawned by Andrew caused considerable damage in Louisiana. Throughout the areas affected, almost 177,000 people were left homeless. Outside of the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana, effects were widespread, although damage was minimal. Overall, $27.3 billion in losses[43] and 65 fatalities were attributed to Andrew,[4] although many other estimates range as high as $36 billion.[45] Andrew was the costliest hurricane in U.S. history at the time, but is now ninth following hurricanes Katrina (2005), Ike (2008), Sandy (2012), Harvey (2017), Irma (2017), Maria (2017), Ida (2021), and Ian (2022).[46]
Bahamas
In the Bahamas, Andrew produced hurricane-force winds in North Eleuthera, New Providence, North Andros, Bimini, and the Berry Islands.[47] The storm first struck North Eleuthera,[48] where it produced a high storm surge.[23] At a small village in the northwestern portion of the island, more than half of the houses were destroyed and the rest of the buildings sustained minor to major damage. One person drowned from the surge in Lower Bogue, Eleuthera, and two others died in The Bluff. On Current Island, the hurricane destroyed 24 of the 30 houses.[49] Harbour Island, near Eleuthera, reported wind gusts of 138 mph (222 km/h) – the strongest gust speed observed in the Bahamas during Andrew's passage.[4] News reports indicated severe damage to 36 houses on Harbor Island.[50]
Andrew produced several tornadoes in the area.[51] At the capital city of Nassau, sustained winds reached 92 mph (148 km/h), while gusts up to 115 mph (185 km/h) were reported.[4] Only minor damage occurred in Nassau, according to the Bahamas Red Cross,[50] but on the private island of Cat Cay, many expensive homes sustained heavy damage.[52] Much of the northwestern Bahamas received damage,[51] with estimated monetary losses reaching $250 million.[4] A total of 800 houses were destroyed, leaving 1,700 people homeless. Additionally, the storm caused severe damage to the sectors of transport, communications, water, sanitation, agriculture, and fishing.[50] Four deaths in the country were attributed to the hurricane, of which three were direct;[4] the indirect fatality was due to heart failure during the passage of the storm.[49][nb 4]
Florida
Strongest U.S. landfalling tropical cyclones† | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Name‡ | Season | Wind speed | ||
mph | km/h | ||||
1 | "Labor Day" | 1935 | 185 | 295 | |
2 | Karen | 1962 | 175 | 280 | |
Camille | 1969 | ||||
Yutu | 2018 | ||||
5 | Andrew | 1992 | 165 | 270 | |
6 | "Okeechobee" | 1928 | 160 | 260 | |
Michael | 2018 | ||||
8 | Maria | 2017 | 155 | 250 | |
9 | "Last Island" | 1856 | 150 | 240 | |
"Indianola" | 1886 | ||||
"Florida Keys" | 1919 | ||||
"Freeport" | 1932 | ||||
Charley | 2004 | ||||
Laura | 2020 | ||||
Ida | 2021 | ||||
Ian | 2022 | ||||
Source: Hurricane Research Division[15] | |||||
†Strength refers to maximum sustained wind speed upon striking land. | |||||
‡Systems prior to 1950 were not officially named. |
Overall, Andrew caused about $25.3 billion in damage in Florida,[4] making it the costliest hurricane to hit the state at the time.[54] Some estimates in Florida put the damage as high as $34 billion (1992 USD, $73.8 billion 2024 USD).[55] Almost all of the damage in Florida was caused by strong winds, rather than storm surge or flooding that is usually associated with a major hurricane.[56][4][57] Of the 44 deaths attributed to the storm, 15 were direct fatalities, while 29 were indirectly caused by the storm. It was later noted that if Andrew had been slightly larger or made landfall a few miles further north, it would have significantly affected Miami and Fort Lauderdale, which would have resulted in an even higher damage and death toll.[4] An analysis by the American Meteorological Society indicated that unlike most hurricanes, wind damage from Andrew was mostly north of the geometric center and occurred primarily on the eastern edge of the storm.[58] Some officials in Florida considered Andrew the worst storm in the state since the Labor Day hurricane in 1935.[59] But most others (particularly the media, former National Hurricane Center director Max Mayfield) in retrospect stated that Andrew was hardly "The Big One",[60][61] but still very devastating.[62][63]
The storm surge from Andrew was very limited in its overall coverage due the compactness of the hurricane,[64][57] although it caused between $96 million and more than $500 million in losses to boats and buildings, based on various sources.[4][65][66] At the height of the storm, more than 1.4 million people lost electricity and another 150,000 were without telephone service.[67] It is estimated that throughout Florida, the storm damaged 101,241 homes and destroyed approximately 63,000 others – the vast majority in Dade County – with about 175,000 people rendered homeless.[4][68] Smaller tropical cyclones like Andrew or Charley tend to produce less overall coverages and damages from the storm surge, in contrast to hurricanes such as Hugo, Ike, Ivan, and Katrina.[69] In addition to homes, the storm damaged or destroyed 82,000 businesses, 32,900 acres (13,300 ha) of farmland, 31 public schools, 59 health facilities/hospitals, 9,500 traffic signals, 3,300 mi (5,300 km) of power lines, and 3,000 watermains.[67] Approximately 20 million cubic yards (15 million m3) of debris left by the storm were disposed of.[70]
Tides were generally between 4 and 6 ft (1.2 and 1.8 m) above normal in the Biscayne Bay area, though near the
Although effects from Andrew were catastrophic, the extent of damage was limited mainly from Kendall to Key Largo due to the small wind field of the storm. The hurricane destroyed 90% of mobile homes in the county, including 99% of mobile homes in Homestead.[4] At the Homestead Air Force Base, most of the 2,000 buildings on the base were severely damaged or rendered unusable.[71] Damage to the base was extensive enough that it was recommended for closure.[72] Nearby, in the small town of Florida City, over 120 homes were demolished and 700 others were damaged, while a number of other buildings were damaged beyond repair, including City Hall.[73] Further north, damage to poorly constructed homes in communities such as Country Walk and Saga Bay resembled that of an F3 tornado. Winds in the area were estimated to have ranged from 130 to 150 mph (210 to 240 km/h), slightly below the threshold for an F3 tornado.[74] Four of the five condominiums at Naranja Lakes were destroyed.[75] The Cutler Ridge Mall suffered severe wind and water damage; after the storm, significant looting was reported at that location.[76] More than 50 streets were blocked by fallen trees and power lines.[77] Agriculture suffered extensively as well, with an 85% loss to fruit crops such as avocados, limes, and mangoes. Crop damage in Dade County totaled about $509 million.[78] The county suffered the vast majority of the damage from the hurricane, totaling approximately $25 billion. Andrew left at least 40 deaths in the county, 15 direct and 25 indirect.[4]
Elsewhere, effects were relatively minimal, except in Broward, Monroe, and Collier counties. In Broward County, on the north side of the storm's path, damage in several municipalities was primarily limited to downed trees, several of which fell onto roads and power lines. In
Louisiana
After hitting Florida, Andrew moved across the Gulf of Mexico and made landfall about 23 mi (37 km) west-southwest of Morgan City in south-central Louisiana; at landfall, the maximum sustained winds were 115 mph (185 km/h). The highest sustained wind speed observed was 96 mph (154 km/h), while a wind gust as strong as 120 mph (190 km/h) was recorded; both measurements were taken at the fire station in Berwick. As it moved ashore, the hurricane produced storm tides of at least 8 ft (2.4 m) above normal, causing flooding along the coast from Vermilion Bay to Lake Borgne.[4] Offshore, a group of six fishermen from Alabama drowned.[35] Heavy rains accompanied the storm's passage through the state, peaking at 11.02 in (280 mm) in Robert.[4] River flooding was also reported, with the Tangipahoa River in Robert cresting at 3.8 ft (1.2 m) above flood stage.[84] Before making landfall, Andrew spawned an F3 tornado in LaPlace, which killed two people and injured 32.[4][84] The tornado was on the ground for about 10 minutes, during which it damaged or destroyed 163 structures, leaving 60 families homeless.[84] Collectively, 14 tornadoes were reported in the parishes of Ascension, Iberville, Pointe Coupee, and Avoyelles, as well as in Baton Rouge.[4][85]
Along the Louisiana coastline, damages largely resembled those of a Category 2 hurricane. Damage was heaviest in St. Mary Parish, about 32 mi (51 km) east of where Andrew made landfall. Twenty-six schools were affected, with damage totaling $2.6 million. Berwick High School, sheltering about 2,000 people, was deroofed during the storm. Generally, single-family homes fared well, with most losing only roofing shingles, though others suffered severe damage after large trees fell on them. In Cypremort Point State Park, several mobile homes were destroyed.[86] Houses in Berwick, Morgan City, and Patterson suffered major damage. Throughout the parish, 1,367 dwellings were destroyed, 2,028 were severely damaged, and 4,770 others were impacted to a minor degree. Property damage alone in St. Mary Parish reached approximately $150 million. Iberia Parish was also among the most severely impacted parishes. Two schools collectively sheltering about 3,600 people in Jeanerette and New Iberia lost their roofs. One death occurred in the parish due to electrocution. A total of 407 residences were demolished, 2,528 others were extensively damaged, and 3,526 others were inflicted with minor damage. Overall, the parish suffered $125 million in property damage, while an additional $200 million in damage was inflicted on sugar crops.[85]
Across the state, the hurricane damaged 23,000 homes and destroyed 985 homes and 1,951 mobile homes; private property damage was estimated at $1 billion. The high winds destroyed large areas of sugar and soybean crops, estimated at $289 million in damage.[85] Strong winds also left at least 230,000 people without electricity.[87] During the storm's passage, upwelling occurred in the Atchafalaya Basin and Bayou Lafourche, killing 187 million freshwater fish. Damage to the fishing industry was estimated at $266 million. Overall, losses in the state of Louisiana reached approximately $1.56 billion.[85] A total of 17 deaths occurred in Louisiana, 8 directly and 9 from indirect causes.[4] At least 75 injuries were reported.[88]
Remainder of the United States
While Andrew was entering the Gulf of Mexico, oil companies evacuated hundreds of employees from offshore drilling platforms.[89] The storm damaged 241 oil and gas facilities and toppled 33 platforms off the coast of Louisiana,[90] causing significant disruptions in production. Additionally, 83 pipeline segments suffered damage to some degree. The oil industry lost about $12 million per day in the days following Andrew and $4 million daily by three weeks later.[90] Initially, a production loss of 240,000 to 270,000 barrels per day occurred – approximately one-third of production throughout the Gulf of Mexico.[91] Overall, Hurricane Andrew caused about $500 million in damage to oil facilities.[4]
As Andrew moved ashore in Louisiana, its outer fringes produced a storm tide of about 1.3 ft (0.40 m) in
In Alabama, precipitation amounts in the state peaked at 4.71 in (120 mm) in
Tropical storm force wind gusts and damaging tornadoes extended eastward into Georgia. Several
Aftermath
Bahamas
Initially, the Bahamas National Disaster Coordinator believed that
United States
After assessing the devastation in Florida and Louisiana, U.S. President George H. W. Bush initially proposed a $7.1 billion aid package to provide disaster benefits, small-business loans, agricultural recovery, food stamps, and public housing for victims of Hurricane Andrew.[98] After the House of Representatives appropriated aid to victims of Hurricane Iniki in Hawaii and Typhoon Omar in Guam, the cost was later increased to $11.1 billion. The bill, which was the most costly disaster aid package at the time, was passed by Congress as House Resolution 5620 on September 18,[99] and signed into law by President Bush on September 23.[100] The state of Florida alone received $9 billion through the disaster relief bill.[101]
The
Florida
In Florida, President Bush assessed damage in areas south of Miami with Florida Governor Lawton Chiles.[59] The president quickly declared the region a disaster area, which provided public assistance to victims of the storm in Broward, Collier, Dade, and Monroe Counties.[104] Lieutenant Governor Buddy MacKay flew over the impact area and described the scene as looking "like a war zone".[105] Governor Chiles considered asking the Florida State Legislature to raise taxes, stating that "No matter how much Congress appropriates to repair damage from Hurricane Andrew, the state will face a substantial cleanup bill".[98] Instead of raising taxes, Chiles signed a bill into law on December 17 that created a three-year reserve fund for losses to uninsured businesses and homes, as well as government and school buildings and functions. Additionally, the bill allowed South Floridians to keep an estimated $500 million in sales tax generated by rebuilding efforts.[106]
Crime, especially looting and theft, rose sharply in the areas south of Miami immediately after Andrew. Reports indicate that merchandise was stolen at damaged or destroyed shopping centers in southern Dade County. Additionally, looting occurred in neighborhoods severely affected by the storm, even in homes where few possessions remained.
The storm struck Florida in the midst of
In the aftermath of the storm, extensive psychological effects were documented. Difficulty during clean-up and recovery led to increased
Although proposals to rebuild Homestead Air Force Base were initially rejected,
More than 930,000 policyholders in South Florida lost coverage after 11 insurance companies went bankrupt, caused by more than 600,000 insurance claims filed. This led the Florida Legislature to create new entities, such as the Joint Underwriting Association, the Florida Windstorm Underwriting Association, and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund, in an effort to restore adequate insurance capacity.[127] Stricter building codes were created in Florida in the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew. A survey by Tim Marshall and Richard Herzog of the Haag Engineer Company in Carrollton, Texas, highlighted several construction issues. On the roof of some homes, the concrete tiles were glued to felt paper, which could easily be ripped by straight line winds. At houses with shingled roofs, it was found that some of the shingles were stapled perpendicular to the long axis, also allowing them to be torn away. After the tiles or shingles were peeled off, the plywood and prefabricated trusses were exposed to the weather. Eventually, the plywood and the trusses suffered structural failure, leading to roof collapses.[128]
In July 1996, Governor Chiles established the Florida Building Codes Study Commission, with the purpose of assessing the building codes at the time, as well as enacting improvements and reform to the system. The commission study indicated that building codes and regulations were developed, amended, and administered by over 400 local jurisdictions and state agencies.[129] The Florida Building Code was established in 1998 and put into effect by 2002.[130] It phased out local laws and regulations and replaced them with universal statewide building codes. After hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne in 2004, a study conducted by the University of Florida in the following year noted that "Homes built under the new Florida Building Code that became effective in 2002 sustained less damage on average than those built between 1994 and 2001." A report by the Florida Legislature in 2006 after hurricanes Dennis, Katrina, and Wilma in 2005 came to a similar conclusion, indicating that "they added further evidence that the Florida Building Code is working."[131]
The hurricane also transformed the demographics of Dade County. A migration of mostly White families northward to Broward and Palm Beach County was ongoing, but accelerated after Andrew.[132] Many of these families had used the money they received from insurance claims to relocate.[133] The population growth was especially noticeable in southwestern Broward County, where land development was pushed "years ahead of schedule".[132] Similar migration occurred within the Jewish community. Although there are areas of Dade County that still have significant Jewish populations, many Jews resettled to Coral Springs, west Fort Lauderdale, Hallandale Beach, Plantation, and Tamarac in Broward County and Boca Raton and West Palm Beach in Palm Beach County.[134] The county had a net loss of about 36,000 people in 1992, while Broward and Palm Beach counties gained about 17,000 and 2,300 Dade County residents, respectively.[123] By 2001, 230,710 people had moved from Dade County to Broward County, while 29,125 Dade County residents had moved to Palm Beach County. However, as Broward County became more crowded, 100,871 people relocated from Broward County to Palm Beach County.[135] Consequently, the Hispanic population in south Dade County climbed rapidly.[133] In Homestead, for example, the Latino population increased from 30% to 45% between 1990 and 2000.[136]
During the storm, a facility housing Burmese pythons was destroyed, allowing many of them to escape into the Everglades. Although Burmese pythons – native to Southeast Asia – had been sighted in Everglades National Park since the 1980s, the destruction of this facility contributed significantly to the establishment of breeding populations in Florida. Due to rapid reproduction and ability to prey on many species,[137] the population of Burmese pythons exploded, with possibly as many as 300,000 in the Everglades alone.[138] Efforts have been made to curb the thriving population of these invasive snakes, including a ban on importation of the species to the United States since January 2012 and increased regulations on ownership of a boa constrictor or python.[139][140]
Louisiana
On August 26, George H. W. Bush toured devastated areas of Louisiana with Governor Edwin Edwards.[141] President Bush remarked, "The destruction from this storm goes beyond anything we have known in recent years," but noted that damage was less severe than in Florida. After his visit to Louisiana, President Bush declared only Terrebonne Parish as a disaster area,[87] but later included 34 other parishes under this declaration.[142] FEMA initially opened five field offices throughout Louisiana. These centers allowed residents to submit applications for aid.[143] After Franklin mayor Sam Jones and Congressman Billy Tauzin criticized FEMA for failing to open a field office in Franklin, FEMA promised to do so. In the first few days following the storm, Louisiana National Guard members and local residents worked to remove debris such as downed trees, roofing shingles, and torn aluminum siding. The state National Guard also dispatched water purification units and tanks with filled potable water.[144] About 1,300 National Guardsmen were deployed to southern Louisiana.[145]
In early September, officials announced that 1,400 mobile homes, homes, and apartments would become available to residents whose dwellings became uninhabitable.[145] House Resolution 5620 also included disaster aid to the state of Louisiana.[99][100] In early December, the Small Business Administration (SBA) approved $33.2 million worth of low-interest loans for repairs to homes and businesses. By then, FEMA had received about 43,600 applications for aid, while approving $35.9 million in grants to over 18,000 households that were ineligible for loans from the SBA or were uninsured. In addition to the mobile homes already provided, FEMA spent $22.6 million on disaster housing.[146]
Retirement
Due to the hurricane's impact and damage, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Andrew from its rotating Atlantic hurricane name lists in the spring of 1993, and it will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced with Alex the 1998 season.[147][148][149]
See also
- Timeline of the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season
- List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
- List of Florida hurricanes (1975–1999)
- 1926 Miami hurricane – A Category 4 hurricane that caused catastrophic damage when it moved directly over Miami
- 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane – Another destructive Category 4 hurricane that took a similar track
- Hurricane Betsy (1965)– Another devastating Category 4 storm that took a similar track in August–September 1965 in the Bahamas, southern Florida and eastern Louisiana
- Hurricane Georges (1998)– Another Category 4 hurricane that caused major damage in Florida and Louisiana
- Hurricane Katrina (2005)- A Category 5 hurricane that took a similar track and devastated New Orleans and parts of Florida
- Hurricane Michael (2018)- Also made a very destructive impact in Florida as a Category 5 hurricane
- Hurricane Dorian (2019)– A Category 5 hurricane that devastated the Northern Bahamas when it stalled over it at peak intensity
Notes
- ^ All damage figures are in 1992 USD, unless otherwise noted
- ^ All wind speeds in the article are maximum sustained winds sustained for one minute, unless otherwise noted.
- ^ The storm category color indicates the intensity of the hurricane when landfalling in the U.S.
- ^ An indirect death is defined as a fatality that can be linked to the hurricane, but not caused by its direct effects. For example, several of the victims died of a heart attack induced by the storm.[53]
References
- ^ Kym Klass (May 21, 2021). The Wrath of Hurricane Andrew on Biscayne Bay. Islander Media (Report). Key Biscayne, Florida. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
- ^ David Olinger (October 11, 2005). "Hurricane Andrew – The Diary of Devastation". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
- ^ Brian Lada (July 10, 2019). "By the numbers: Michael ranked as 3rd-most intense hurricane to hit continental US". AccuWeather. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Edward Rappaport (December 10, 1993). Hurricane Andrew. National Hurricane Center (Preliminary Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service. Archived from the original on September 6, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
- ^ Max Mayfield (August 17, 1992). Tropical Depression Three discussion one. National Hurricane Center (Report). Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
- ^ Edward Rappaport (August 18, 1992). Tropical Storm Andrew discussion five. National Hurricane Center (Report). Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
- ^ Miles Lawrence (August 20, 1992). Tropical Storm Andrew discussion thirteen. National Hurricane Center (Report). Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service. Archived from the original on April 10, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
- ^ Max Mayfield (August 21, 1992). Tropical Storm Andrew discussion twenty. National Hurricane Center (Report). Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
- ^ Max Mayfield (August 22, 1992). Hurricane Andrew discussion twenty-three. National Hurricane Center (Report). Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
- ^ (PDF) from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
- ^ Christopher Landsea (August 20, 2009). Aren't big tropical cyclones also intense tropical cyclones?. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
- ^ Edward Rappaport; Harold Gerrish; Richard Pasch (August 23, 1992) [11 p.m. EDT Sunday]. Hurricane Andrew discussion thirty-one. National Hurricane Center (Report). Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
- ^ John L. Beven II; Robbie Berg; Andrew Hagan (April 19, 2019). "Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Michael" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. NOAA. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
- ^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b Landsea, Chris; Anderson, Craig; Bredemeyer, William; et al. (January 2022). Continental United States Hurricanes (Detailed Description). Re-Analysis Project (Report). Miami, Florida: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- ^ Lixion Avila; Max Mayfield (August 24, 1992). Hurricane Andrew discussion thirty-five. National Hurricane Center (Report). Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
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External links
Media related to Hurricane Andrew at Wikimedia Commons