Hurricane Florence
Carolinas), Atlantic Canada | |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season |
Hurricane Florence was a powerful and long-lived
Early in the storm's history, the system brought
Meteorological history
On August 28, 2018, the
Development of a small
Environmental conditions became increasingly conducive to reorganization on September 8 as NOAA Hurricane Hunters began reconnaissance of the cyclone, with the shear decreasing and warm waters becoming deeper.[14] Convective banding blossomed around the storm and a formative eye appeared on satellite imagery.[15] The storm's central dense overcast became more defined, and a complete eyewall developed within its core. Florence reattained hurricane-status by 12:00 UTC on September 9, with the Hurricane Hunters observing 76 mph (122 km/h) sustained winds at the surface.[1][16] Fueled by sea surface temperatures of 29 to 29.5 °C (84 to 85 °F), Florence rapidly reintensified overnight, and Convective bursts with frequent lightning surrounded the eyewall,[17] giving rise to a well-defined 12 mi (19 km) wide eye. Expanding outflow ventilated the cyclone, enabling continued growth.[18] The system rapidly re-achieved Category 4 intensity by 16:00 UTC on September 10,[19] and Florence reached peak intensity at 18:00 UTC on September 11, with sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg).[1] Steady weakening occurred thereafter due to an eyewall replacement cycle and a less favorable environment.[1][20][21] At this point, the future track of the hurricane became increasingly uncertain as models predicted a collapse of steering currents.
Steady weakening continued as the hurricane approached North Carolina, and Florence fell below major hurricane status late on September 12. On the following day, steering currents collapsed, which caused Florence to slow down greatly while moving towards the North Carolina coast. At 11:15 UTC (7:15 a.m. EDT) on September 14, Florence made landfall just south of Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina as a Category 1 hurricane, with sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) and a central pressure of 956 mbar (28.2 inHg). The hurricane's sluggish movement resulted in widespread, catastrophic rainfall throughout North and South Carolina. After making landfall, the tropical cyclone began to rapidly weaken due to the frictional effects of land, and Florence weakened to a tropical depression on September 16 before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone the following day. Florence's remnant low dissipated over Massachusetts on September 18.[1] However, the remnants of Florence subsequently emerged into the Atlantic, before splitting into two separate storms.[22] The system to the south would eventually become Subtropical Storm Leslie several days later.[22][23][24]
Preparations
Cape Verde and Bermuda
Upon the designation of Potential Tropical Cyclone Six on August 30, the
In anticipation of adverse conditions,
United States
As
South Carolina Governor Henry McMaster followed suit on the next day.[36] The South Carolina Emergency Management Division (SCEMD) and Harvest Hope Food Bank began mobilizing resources for potential recovery efforts.[37] The SCEMD raised operation conditions to level 3 on September 9, and began preparations for the "possibility of a large-scale disaster", with forecasts showing Florence striking the state as a major hurricane.[38] Local officials established overnight curfews for the cities of Aynor, Conway, Dillon, Myrtle Beach, and Surfside Beach to limit the number of people on the roads and enable effective emergency responses. The entirety of Horry and Marion counties also fell under curfews.[34][39][40]
On September 8, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam also declared a state of emergency.[41] On September 10, Maryland Governor Larry Hogan declared a state of emergency for the entire state, with the potential of "historic, catastrophic and life-threatening flooding in Maryland".[42] On September 11, Washington, D.C. Mayor Muriel Bowser declared a state of emergency for the entire District of Columbia due to the "imminent threats on the people of D.C., including threats to health, safety and welfare" caused by Florence.[43][44] On September 12, Georgia Governor Nathan Deal issued a state of emergency for the entire state.[45]
Evacuation and closures
"They haven't seen anything like what's coming at us in 25, 30 years, maybe ever. It's tremendously big and tremendously wet."
President Donald Trump, September 11, 2018, White House press briefing
Mandatory evacuation orders for residents and tourists on Hatteras Island in Dare County began on September 10, with orders expanding to the rest of the county the following day.[46] Evacuations along the rest of the Outer Banks and in Brunswick County went in effect on September 11.[47] On September 10, Governor Henry McMaster ordered evacuations for the entire coastline of South Carolina,[48] constituting roughly 1 million people.[49] On September 10, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam ordered mandatory evacuations for low-lying coastal areas in the Hampton Roads and Eastern Shore regions effective September 11, constituting 245,000 people.[50] The US Navy moved 30 ships stationed off the coast of Virginia farther out to sea, to protect the ships and the coastline.[51]
In North Carolina, mandatory evacuations were issued on September 11 for Brunswick County,
The
In South Carolina, in 26 eastern counties, public schools were closed until further notice beginning on September 10. State offices in these counties were also ordered closed, while county-level officials could decide when to close their offices.[63]
Impact
Cape Verde and Bermuda
Disruptive rainfall and strong winds affected Brava, Fogo, and Santiago in Cape Verde, causing some landslides and localized flooding. Impacts from the storm were otherwise minimal, with no material damage reported.[26]
Large swells and rip currents from the storm reached Bermuda on September 7.[68]
United States
North Carolina
Prior to landfall, an anemometer on
The slow movement of Florence leading up to and following landfall contributed to the persistence of rainbands over North Carolina between Wilmington and Elizabethtown. The training of rainbands over the same areas led to a swath of rainfall accumulations exceeding 30 in (760 mm), and rainfall totals exceeded 10 in (250 mm) over much of southeastern and south-central North Carolina. A maximum rainfall total of 35.93 in (913 mm) was recorded around 7 mi (11 km) northwest of Elizabethtown, setting a new state record for the highest rainfall accumulation resulting from a tropical cyclone.[1]: 7 [a] The hurricane also produced 27 tornadoes in North Carolina.[1]: 8 Damage statewide reached an estimated US$17 billion, more than the combined damage of Hurricane Floyd and Hurricane Matthew in the state, according to Governor Roy Cooper.[69] Estimated insurance losses ranged between $2.8–5 billion.[70] Hurricane-related flooding damaged an estimated seventy-five thousand structures, many of which had been previously damaged in Hurricane Matthew.[71]
In
Florence's flooding in North Carolina and Virginia was compounded by earlier flooding during the summer that left the ground heavily saturated.[78]
Florence made landfall in
Heavy rains continued to affect the Carolinas after landfall. A weather station in Swansboro, North Carolina, recorded 33.90 inches (861 mm) of rain, establishing a new record for a tropical cyclone in that state.[2][1][81][82] By September 17, Florence had dropped a maximum total of 35.93 inches (913 mm) of rain in Elizabethtown, North Carolina, becoming the wettest tropical cyclone recorded in the state.[2]
Statewide, approximately 2,200 primary and secondary roads closed due to flooding,[83] including large sections of Interstates 40 and 95.[84][85]
Strong winds in
Early on September 17, a tornado was confirmed in Elm City, North Carolina.[92]
Also on September 17, the Pee Dee River crested at Ansonville at 35.4 ft (10.8 m), 2 ft (0.61 m) above the 1945 record.[93]
The Cape Fear River crested at 61.4 ft (18.7 m)—about 35 ft (11 m) above flood stage—near Fayetteville early on September 19. The magnitude of flooding greatly exceeded the levels observed due to Hurricane Matthew in 2016. The nearby Little River inundated large areas across Cumberland and Harnett counties. Overtopped bridges isolated communities and hampered relief efforts.[94]
South Carolina
Heavy rainfall also occurred in South Carolina, with 23.63 in (600 mm) of precipitation observed near Loris, setting a new state record for rainfall from a tropical cyclone.[3] More than 100 people were rescued from their homes and cars in Loris. The Waccamaw River in Conway crested at 22.1 ft (6.7 m) on September 26, exceeding the Hurricane Matthew record of 19.1 ft (5.8 m). At a neighborhood along South Carolina Highway 905, about 5 ft (1.5 m) of water entered some homes. Farther south along the Waccamaw River, homes in a neighborhood in Socastee were flooded with as much as 8 ft (2.4 m) of water. In western Horry County, the community of Dongola was left isolated for 10 days. The overflowing river flooded almost 1,000 homes and businesses. The storm also spawned two tornadoes in Horry County, both rated EF0. The first tornado touched down just north-northeast of Myrtle Beach, causing minor damage to pine trees near Route 17 before lifting after moving only about half a mile. The other tornado touched down near Longs and also damaged pine trees and a roof.[86]
Flooding was also reported in Marion County, especially in Brittons Neck and Gresham. A number of people evacuated and were still not able to access their homes by October 1. In Nichols, flooding damaged about 150 homes which had been rebuilt after Hurricane Matthew. Strong winds downed trees and power lines, while at least one home in Nichols suffered roof damage. Approximately 400 homes in Dillon County were flooded. A total of 21 homes in Darlington County received severe flood damage, while another home was destroyed.[86]
In Chesterfield County, the Pee Dee River crested at 46.51 ft (14.18 m) at Cheraw. Three nearby dams failed, causing significant flooding in Cheraw and the town of Chesterfield. Many roads became impassable or were washed out. A total of 226 homes were damaged and other 2 were destroyed.[95] A Superfund site was also damaged, causing PCB to enter homes, a toxic substance which required cleanup efforts by the Environmental Protection Agency.[96] In Lancaster County, flash flooding left a number of roads impassable and washed out several other streets. A park was flooded after the Gills Creek overflowed. Winds downed about 20 trees in the Lancaster area, one of which fell onto a home and others falling onto a road. Power lines were downed across Route 521, obstructing all four lanes.[95] Damage statewide were at least $1.2 billion.[97]
Elsewhere
The storm spawned 10 tornadoes in Virginia, including 2 in Chesterfield County, 1 in Hanover County, 1 in Mecklenburg County, 1 in Powhatan County, and 5 in Richmond. Most of these tornadoes caused little damage other than downed trees, tree limbs, or electrical poles. However, the twister in Chesterfield County, rated EF2, damaged several buildings between Winterpock and Bon Air and destroyed a warehouse, causing one death and at least one injury. The tornado in Mecklenburg County, rated EF0, touched down between Boydton and Skipwith. Extensive tree damage was reported, with several homes and outbuildings damaged by falling trees.[98] Additionally, Shenandoah National Park was closed due to severe weather.[99] Virginia suffered a total of $200 million in damages.[1]
The state of Georgia experienced lesser amounts of damage, mostly from fallen trees and downed powerlines. Damage in Georgia totaled $30 million.[1]
Large swells ahead of the hurricane reached Assateague State Park, Maryland, by September 9, prompting the Maryland Department of Natural Resources to close beach access indefinitely.[100]
Deaths
State | Deaths | ||
---|---|---|---|
Direct | Indirect | Total | |
Florida | 2 | 0 | 2 |
North Carolina | 15 | 25 | 40 |
South Carolina | 4 | 5 | 9 |
Virginia | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Total | 24 | 30 | 54 |
Rip currents and rough seas in
Two people in
Three deaths originally attributed to the hurricane were later considered unrelated. One woman died of unknown causes in a shelter, and two people found dead on
Two people died of carbon monoxide poisoning in Loris, South Carolina. A vehicle with three occupants lost control on a flooded road in Georgetown County; one passenger died, while the driver and other passenger escaped. A woman died when her vehicle crashed into a downed tree near Union.[107] A vehicle lost control along Interstate 20 near Columbia and crashed into a bridge support, killing the driver. Another fatal accident occurred near Columbia when a woman drove into a flooded road and crashed into a tree.[115] On September 18, a van was transporting two mental health patients from Horry County to Darlington; the vehicle was swept away by swift-moving water along U.S. Route 76—the swollen Little Pee Dee River was 0.5 mi (0.80 km) from this location.[116] The two deputies in the van managed to escape and survived;[117] however, the two women in the back were shackled and drowned.[118] The deputies were put on administrative leave.[119]
On September 17, ten tornadoes of strengths between EF0 and EF2 [98][120] touched down in Virginia, resulting in one death in Chesterfield County, Virginia.[121][122] Another person died when his vehicle was swept away along a flooded road in Louisa.[123]
A 69-year-old man in Robeson County, North Carolina whose house was damaged apparently committed suicide.[124][125]
Agriculture and environmental effects
The large-scale flooding affected swaths of North Carolina's agricultural industry and proved particularly damaging to livestock. Through September 18, the
In total, more than a hundred and thirty hog waste lagoons were compromised, and thirty-three overflowed to the point of discharging their contents into the Cape Fear River watershed. Media coverage of the hurricane drew comparisons with Hurricane Floyd; Smithfield Foods, which owns many of eastern North Carolina's hog farms, had been criticized at the time for allowing the lagoons to overflow, and had promised improvements to prevent future incidents of pollution.[129][130]
On September 16, approximately 5 million gallons of partially treated wastewater spilled into the Cape Fear River after a treatment plant lost power.[126] An estimated 2,000 yd3 (1,530 m3) of coal ash from the closed Sutton Power Station near Wilmington was also swept into the river. Torrential rains from the storm itself, estimated at 30 inches (760 mm), also caused a swamp to spill into the cooling pond.[131] On September 19, the H.F. Lee Energy Complex in Goldsboro flooded to the point where their three ponds were completely underwater and began releasing coal ash into the Neuse River.[132]
Domestic and zoo animals
During and after the storm made landfall, local rescuers and nationwide donors and organizations worked to aid the many pets that had been left by their owners, or alongside their owners.[133][134] Others drove to South and North Carolina in order to evacuate animals and bring them outside of the hurricanes impact zone while shelters in other states accepted animals from the states.[135] Many rescuers were looking for local residents in need of assistance or evacuation aid, and discovered some animals in flooding cages, some attempting to seek shelter, and some stranded on porches.[136]
Zoo animals such as those from the Virginia Zoo were sheltered within indoor and sheltered portions of their enclosures.[137] Other zoos such as the North Carolina Zoo were lightly impacted by the storm and opened on September 18, and offered free admission for evacuees from September 18 to 21.[138]
Aftermath
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Evacuees
On September 19, after the rain had stopped, a majority of evacuees were urged by officials to stay away from their homes as the rivers continued to rise; the potential threat of floods remained high, roads remained closed, and thousands lacked power to their homes.[139] Many individuals whose homes were ruined due to the hurricane were offered aid through Red Cross shelters, rental assistance from FEMA, or utilizing undamaged rental properties until their homes are livable. FEMA utilized Transitional Sheltering Assistance Programs to pay for hotel stays for individuals while they look for more permanent solutions, the programs had 342 households and a total of 1,044 people as of October 3.[140]
Power restoration
In the aftermath of the storm, over 40,000 workers from across the US and Canada went to the Carolinas to help restore power, according to the Edison Electric Institute.[141]
Roads
The continued flooding closed many major roads for days after the incident. On September 15,
Relief efforts
President Donald Trump visited North and South Carolina on September 19, and spoke to emergency workers in an airplane hangar at the Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point.[145] He also promised to provide state officials all support needed for search and rescue operations. Further, he promised to ensure that the states would continue to receive help while they were rebuilding after the storm.[146] South Carolina Governor McMaster applied for $1.2 billion in federal funding for recovery, including $165 million under the National Flood Insurance Program and $125 million for agriculture.[83] On September 23, the United States Congress began to deliberate a $1.7 billion aid package for the Carolinas.[147]
Investigation
After two patients at a mental hospital died when the van carrying them was swept away by floods, the State Law Enforcement Division and Highway Patrol opened an investigation into the incident, and the deputies involved, who were escorting the women and were rescued from the top of the van, were placed on administrative leave.[119][148] Family members of the deceased met with South Carolina elected officials to discuss the incident and the changes that they wish to see put in place to prevent other deaths.[149]
Connection to climate change
A number of studies assessing the effect of global climate change on the impact of Hurricane Florence were performed. Projections prior to landfall made the case that the hurricane could be up to 50% larger and 50 miles wider given the effects of anthropogenic warming. Analyses after the hurricane indicate that warming led to an increase in total rainfall of around 5% and an increase in diameter of around 1.5 miles.[71] When the Associated Press reached out to seventeen meteorologists and climate scientists following the hurricane, the majority agreed that human-caused warming worsened the effects of the storm. However, a few remain hesitant to make such statements regarding individual hurricanes.[150]
Retirement
Due to the damage and loss of life in the Carolinas from the storm, the name Florence was retired from the Atlantic rotating naming lists by the World Meteorological Organization in March 2019, and will never again be used for an Atlantic basin tropical cyclone. It was replaced with Francine for the 2024 season.[151][152]
See also
- List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
- Lists of tropical cyclones by area:
- Bermuda • Florida • Maryland • North Carolina
- 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane – Category 4 hurricane that took a similar track to Florence as it approached the US, before making landfall near Chesapeake Bay
- Hurricane Hazel (1954) – One of the strongest tropical cyclones to affect the Carolinas
- Hurricane Gracie (1959) – Category 4 hurricane that made landfall in South Carolina
- Hurricane Hugo (1989) – Powerful Cape Verde hurricane that caused widespread destruction in the Carolinas
- Hurricane Fran (1996) – Category 3 hurricane that took a similar track to Florence and affected the Mid-Atlantic
- Hurricane Floyd (1999) – Another storm that caused catastrophic flooding in eastern North Carolina
- Hurricane Isabel (2003) – Took a similar path to Florence late in its lifetime; made landfall in North Carolina as a Category 2 hurricane
- Hurricane Joaquin (2015) – Category 4 hurricane that contributed to historic flooding in the Carolinas, even though the storm itself never made landfall in the Carolinas
Notes
- ^ The previous record for highest rainfall accumulation from a tropical cyclone in North Carolina was 24.06 in (611 mm), set in Southport during Hurricane Floyd in 1999.[1]: 7
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The issues prompted North Carolina to tell drivers coming down Interstate 95 from Virginia to go around—the entire state. NCDOT asked drivers to detour using Interstate 64 West in Virginia to Interstate 81 south, to Interstate 75 south in Tennessee to Interstate 16 east in Georgia back to Interstate 95. 'This is an extremely long detour, but it is the detour that offers the lowest risk of flooding at this time,' NCDOT officials warned.
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has generic name (help) - ^ Tabackman, Lia (September 24, 2018). "I-95 reopens in North Carolina 10 days after Hurricane Florence". WTVR CBS6 Richmond. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
10 days after Hurricane Florence touched down, Interstate 95 through North Carolina is now reopened to all traffic. ...Hundreds of roads across our state remain closed and flooded and damaged roads remain a danger in many areas.
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ignored (help) - ^ "Florence gone but its flooding a crisis in parts of North Carolina -- live updates". www.cbsnews.com. September 19, 2018. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
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External links
- The National Hurricane Center's advisory archive on Hurricane Florence
- The Weather Prediction Center's advisory archive on Hurricane Florence
- The Weather Prediction Center's storm summary archive on Florence
- Weather Underground Hurricane Florence tracker
- Weather Underground Weather Map & Forecasting Models
- Safety information and tips from Ready.Gov
- Safety information and tips from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention