Hurricane Gonzalo
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | October 12, 2014 |
Extratropical | October 19, 2014 |
Dissipated | October 20, 2014 |
Category 4 hurricane | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
Highest winds | 145 mph (230 km/h) |
Lowest pressure | 940 mbar (hPa); 27.76 inHg |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | 6 |
Damage | >$317 million (2014 USD) |
Areas affected | Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Bermuda, Newfoundland, Europe |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 2014 Atlantic hurricane season |
Hurricane Gonzalo was the second
After Hurricane Fay caused extensive power outages on the island just days before, residents of Bermuda were forced to complete preparations for Gonzalo in haste. Banks, businesses, schools, and government offices closed in advance of the storm, while the
Departing Bermuda, Gonzalo accelerated toward the waters of the North Atlantic, passing close to southeastern
Meteorological history
Hurricane Gonzalo originated from a
A powerful
On October 14, the
From the evening of October 16 through the next morning, the hurricane experienced further internal fluctuations as it approached Bermuda from the south-southwest. Concurrently, the storm began to weaken.[2][11] In particular, cloud tops around the hurricane warmed, and convection became less uniform, likely attributable to cooler waters and heightened wind shear.[12] The hurricane was downgraded to Category 2 as the northern eyewall crossed Bermuda,[13] and about 00:30 UTC on October 18, the center of circulation passed directly over the island, signaling an official landfall. Along with Hurricane Fay, which struck Bermuda on October 12, this represented the first recorded instance of two hurricanes making landfall on the island within the same season.[2] Moving away from Bermuda, the hurricane continued to degrade,[14] but showed signs of increased organization later on October 18.[15] As Gonzalo accelerated northeastward at over 50 mph (80 km/h),[16] it passed about 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Newfoundland's Avalon Peninsula early on October 19.[2] In spite of sea surface temperatures below 50 °F (10 °C), the storm was able to maintain a central dense overcast and deep warm core.[17] By 18:00 UTC, Gonzalo had finally succumbed to the cold environment and intense wind shear, completing its transition into a strong extratropical cyclone about 460 mi (740 km) northeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland. Gonzalo's remnants sped east-northeastward until a frontal boundary absorbed it on October 20, to the south-southwest of Iceland. The resultant system brought stormy weather to the British Isles and parts of mainland Europe on October 21,[2] and later contributed to the formation of a large cut-off low.[18]
Preparations
When Gonzalo first formed, various governments across the eastern Caribbean issued tropical cyclone warnings and watches, extending from Guadeloupe to the coast of Puerto Rico. As the storm was strengthening and moving through the region, a hurricane warning was issued for the British Virgin Islands, Anguilla, and Saint Martin.[2] Several major cruise lines altered their itineraries to avoid the storm.[19]
Late on October 14, while Gonzalo was still about 700 miles (1,125 km) to the south, the
The Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC) sent linemen to assist the Bermuda Electric Light Company (BELCO) crews in the event of power outages from Gonzalo. Still completing restoration work after massive outages from Fay, BELCO stationed vehicles and supplies at strategic points on the island to prepare for the next hurricane.[28] On the morning of October 16, BELCO switched its focus from Fay to Gonzalo, leaving around 1,500 households without power; the remaining affected customers were asked to refrain from calling to report outages.[29] Ahead of the storm, the Royal Navy frigate HMS Argyll sailed from the Caribbean to provide Bermuda with emergency assistance.[30] Public beaches were closed as hurricane swells began to build, and the decision was made to shut down the Causeway early on October 17, based on forecasts of long-duration severe winds.[24] Additionally, L.F. Wade International Airport closed prior to the storm's onslaught,[31] accounting for 62 canceled commercial flights. Three cruise ships were diverted from the island.[32]
Impact and aftermath
Caribbean
While moving through the northeastern Leeward Islands as a fledgling hurricane, Gonzalo produced sustained winds of 77 mph (124 km/h) on Antigua, with gusts to 90 mph (140 km/h).
Barbuda experienced gusts as high as 70 mph (110 km/h),[2] as well as radar-estimated rainfall of up to 6 in (150 mm).[33] Although Barbuda was subject to less widespread devastation than its twin island, there were still snapped tree limbs, reports of flooding, and disruptions to utility services.[37] Damages to residences, government buildings, and agriculture on Antigua contributed to Antigua and Barbuda's national storm cost of around US$40 million,[33][35] which also includes compensation to American Airlines for not meeting departing passenger quotas during the hurricane.[38] Numerous individuals were treated for minor storm-related injuries, none of them life-threatening.[39] Further west, Gonzalo caused minor power outages on Saint Kitts and Nevis,[40] while a general 1–2 in (25–51 mm) of rain accompanied wind gusts to 58 mph (93 km/h) on Guadeloupe.[41]
The storm wrecked dozens of boats around Saint Martin, including 22 in Simpson Bay Lagoon, and an elderly man aboard one of the stricken vessels was killed. Two people on Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy went missing in the storm,[42] and were presumed dead after remaining unaccounted for several months later.[2] Fourteen other missing individuals were returned alive.[43] Winds on Saint Barthélemy blew 86 mph (138 km/h) sustained, with gusts to 126 mph (203 km/h).[2] Fallen trees obstructed streets, and an aircraft flipped over on a runway at Gustaf III Airport.[44] As many as 40 boats were reportedly beached on Saint Barthélemy.[45]
On Saint Martin, sustained winds exceeded 60 mph (95 km/h), and
Heavy rain on Anguilla flooded the
Gonzalo produced squally weather in parts of Puerto Rico and the
Bermuda
Gonzalo generated hurricane-force winds across Bermuda over a period of about six hours, at their strongest from the northwest on the backside of the storm.[2] Tropical storm conditions persisted for up to 24 hours.[56] Elevated weather stations observed the highest winds; Commissioner's Point recorded 10-minute sustained winds of 109 mph (175 km/h), and St. David's measured gusts as high as 144 mph (232 km/h). Gusts reached 113 mph (182 km/h) at the Causeway, closer to sea level.[2] The airport recorded 2.85 in (72 mm) of rain, but due to the strong winds, this was most likely an underestimation of what actually fell. The passage of the hurricane's eye was marked by diminished winds and a lack of rain, but a drizzle of ocean mist reportedly fell over the island.[56] As Gonzalo struck at low tide, the effects of storm surge were minimal. At Esso Pier on the north side of the island, storm tides peaked at 3.25 ft (0.99 m) above normal.[2][56]
The intense winds brought down utility poles and hundreds of trees (likely exacerbated by saturated ground from record rainfall in the months prior), leaving "barely a road" passable.[56][57][58] The storm razed several invasive species, with endemic trees proving more resilient.[58][59] A composting facility received 1,200 truckloads of plant debris per day after Fay and Gonzalo, up from an average of 100.[60] Damage from the storms totaled around US$260,000 on Bermuda National Trust properties, which include nature preserves and cemeteries.[61] Similarly, the Bermuda Botanical Gardens and Arboretum were closed due to safety hazards resulting from extensive vegetation damage.[62]
The first storm-related power outages took place in the early afternoon on October 17 as weather conditions worsened.[63] At the height of the storm, about 31,000 out of 36,000 electricity customers were without power,[64][65] including the 1,500 outages left unresolved after Fay.[66] Backup CARILEC crews helped with specialty assignments, such as commercial outages and homes without power since before Gonzalo's onslaught.[67] Service was not fully restored until November 3,[56] and BELCO ultimately spent US$2.9 million on system repairs after hurricanes Fay and Gonzalo. The company replaced 228 utility poles, 80 transformers, and over four miles (6.4 km) of wire.[68] Other utilities, such as television and Internet services, also suffered, and technicians handled individual outages deep into the month of November.[56] About six hundred streetlights on main roads and several hundred more on side-streets were inoperative following the hurricane; some remained unmended through January 2015.[69]
Structural damage ranged from the superficial to complete wall or roof failure, the latter being relatively uncommon.[56] A multitude of buildings, including churches, a visitor's center, the House of Assembly building in Hamilton, and the Bermuda Police Service headquarters at Prospect Camp, suffered some degree of roof damage.[70][71][72] Older structures were particularly prone to substantial damage,[2] as were commercial storage buildings subject to less strict building codes.[73] In December, five new slate quarries were approved to accommodate the demand for roofing materials.[74] Both the new and the old portions of King Edward VII Memorial Hospital received significant damage that exposed the facilities to the elements.[75] An exhibit at the Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo was unroofed, and coastal erosion threatened to encroach on the site, though no animals were harmed.[76] Part of the structure's roof was blown a one-quarter mile (400 m).[77]
L.F. Wade International Airport sustained some roof and runway lighting damage,[78][79] and the Bermuda Weather Service building lost a storm shutter and saw water forced inside a communications room.[56] A restaurant at the site of the Gibbs Hill Lighthouse was severely damaged, requiring a complete roof replacement.[80] The Causeway was largely spared, with some damage to the safety walls alongside the road, and it was partially reopened on October 18 after initial repairs.[72] However, one of two lanes remained shut down for several days.[56] Many boats were washed ashore and damaged or wrecked by the storm,[57] and other vessels tipped over in boatyards.[77] According to preliminary estimates, properties in the Dockyard alone incurred US$1 million (2014 BMD) in damage.[71]
The strongest hurricane to directly affect Bermuda since 2003's Hurricane Fabian,[2] Gonzalo was generally less destructive.[81] Damage modelling firms estimated insured losses from the hurricane to settle between US$200 million and US$400 million, not including damage to watercraft,[2][82] though the CEO of the largest property insurer on Bermuda believed losses to be much lower.[73] It was estimated that a Fabian equivalence in 2014 would cause about US$650 million in damage.[83] Some insurance companies decided to treat Fay and Gonzalo as a single event, allowing one deductible to count toward claims from both storms.[84] After initial assessments, Premier Dunkley reported that the territory fared "much better than we expected",[85] and the storm was not blamed for any deaths or major injuries on Bermuda.[86]
In the aftermath of the hurricane, a Royal Navy helicopter aboard Argyll flew out ahead of the ship to start aerial damage assessments. Members of the Bermuda Regiment immediately began cleanup and recovery efforts,[87] while the government provided tarps to affected homeowners.[78] Sailors from the Argyll teamed up with Regiment soldiers upon the ship's arrival to continue relief work.[88] Some 35 of the vessel's crew worked to clear debris from the runway at the airport, which reopened on October 19 after thorough evaluations.[89][90] Including damage from Fay, about $2 million was spent on airport repairs, and the storms were later cited as evidence of the need for a newer terminal in a more protected location.[91] All schools on the territory resumed classes by October 21.[92]
Atlantic Canada
On October 17, the
United Kingdom and Europe
Precipitation | Storm | Location | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | mm | in | |||
1 | 150.0 | 5.91 | Bertha 2014 | Inverness, Highland | [99] |
2 | 135.0 | 5.31 | Charley 1986 | Abergwyngregyn, Gwynedd | [100] |
3 | 130.0 | 5.12 | Nadine 2012 | Ravensworth, North Yorkshire | [101] |
4 | 76.0 | 2.99 | Lili 1996 | Chale Bay, Isle of Wight | [102] |
5 | 61.7 | 2.43 | Zeta 2020 | Chipping, Lancashire | [103] |
6 | 48.8 | 1.92 | Grace 2009 | Capel Curig, Conwy | [104] |
7 | 42.2 | 1.66 | Gordon 2006 | Wainfleet All Saints, Lincolnshire | [105] |
8 | 38.0 | 1.50 | Gonzalo 2014 | Glenmoriston, Highland | [106] |
9 | 31.0 | 1.22 | Bill 2009 | Shap, Cumbria | [107] |
10 | 30.0 | 1.18 | Laura 2008 | Windermere, Cumbria | [108] |
The extratropical storm complex incorporating the remnants of Gonzalo generated strong winds across the British Isles, especially over Ireland and the northern United Kingdom. Winds gusted to 88 mph (142 km/h) at
Western and central Europe were also impacted by damaging winds and downpours. The coast of the Netherlands endured high seas and gusts to 108 km/h (67 mph), uprooting trees and flooding the coastline. Rail services and flight operations were disrupted throughout the region.[114] In Germany, gusts over 145 km/h (90 mph) were recorded at high elevations.[115] In Stuttgart alone, fifty vehicles were damaged by falling debris;[116] downed trees, torn roofs, and power outages were common throughout the nation.[117] In the Bavarian capital of Munich, the storm destroyed a large tin roof measuring over 80 m2 (860 sq ft), parts of which impacted cars and fences on the ground. Damage from the incident was estimated at €500,000 (US$637,000).[118] Throughout Germany, the storm wrought €60–100 million (US$80–130 million) in insured losses. A woman died in a traffic accident, attributed to wet road conditions, along the Bundesstraße 303 in the Bayreuth district.[119] Northwesterly gales yielded a storm surge along the country's North Sea coastline,[120] with tides running over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) above normal along the Elbe River at Hamburg. Neighboring Austria and Switzerland also experienced gales and power outages.[116] A tornado touched down near Neukirchen an der Enknach in Austria, damaging homes and farms.[121] Gusts in southern Switzerland reached 185 km/h (115 mph), leading to road and rail closures.[122] In southern France, the system initiated a mistral wind event.[116]
The upper-level low associated with the hurricane's remnants blanketed parts of the Alps with heavy snowfall, accumulating to several feet,[116] and subsequently fueled torrential rains in the Balkans on October 24 and 25. Floodwaters caused by estimated rainfall totals nearing 150 mm (6 in) inundated entire villages in southeastern Bulgaria, forcing hundreds to evacuate, and there were widespread disruptions of power and water services. A woman in Burgas died from drowning. In the Greek capital city of Athens, the deluge filled streets with rushing water that swept away hundreds of vehicles.[123][124] More than three hundred buildings were inundated in the Attica area.[125]
See also
- Other storms of the same name
- List of Bermuda hurricanes
- List of Canada hurricanes
- 1948 Bermuda–Newfoundland hurricane
- Hurricane Luis (1995) devastated the Leeward Islands in 1995 before passing west of Bermuda.
- Hurricane Georges (1998) caused extensive damage in Antigua and Barbuda.
- Hurricane Fay (2014) made landfall on Bermuda just a week prior to Gonzalo.
- Hurricanes Paulette and Teddy (2020) affected Bermuda within a week of each other.
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