Hurricane Keith

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This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2000. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Keith.
Hurricane Keith
Hurricane Keith at peak intensity nearing landfall on Belize on October 1
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 28, 2000
DissipatedOctober 6, 2000
Category 4 major hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds140 mph (220 km/h)
Lowest pressure939 mbar (hPa); 27.73 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities62 direct, 6 indirect (68 total)
Damage$319 million (2000 USD)
Areas affectedCentral America, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, Belize
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Keith was an

Tampico, Tamaulipas
, Mexico as a moderately strong Category 1 hurricane. The storm quickly weakened inland and dissipated as a tropical cyclone by 24 hours after landfall.

Keith brought heavy rainfall to several countries in Central America, which resulted in extensive flooding, especially in Belize and Mexico. In Guatemala, the storm flooded 10 towns, and caused one fatality. Similarly, one fatality also occurred in El Salvador, and at least 300 people were affected by flooding in that country. Thirteen communities in Nicaragua were completely isolated after Keith made roads impassable. Twelve deaths were reported in Nicaragua, all of which were flood-related. Five people were presumed dead in Honduras after an aircraft disappeared near Roatán; one other fatality occurred due to flooding. The storm brought torrential rainfall to Belize, with many areas reporting at least 10 inches (250 mm) of rain, while highest reported amount of precipitation was greater than 30 inches (760 mm). In Belize, a village reported that only 12 houses remained, while elsewhere in the country, at least 60 homes were destroyed or damaged; several houses in Belize City suffered minor roof damage. At least 19 people were killed in Belize and damages totaled to $280 million (2000 USD). Heavy rainfall also occurred in Mexico, especially in the states of Nuevo León and Tamaulipas. Flooding from Keith caused several mudslides and a few rivers reached historic levels. Throughout Mexico, at least 460 houses were damaged or destroyed and other losses in infrastructure occurred. In addition, one person drowned due to heavy rainfall. Damages incurred in associated with Keith in Mexico totaled to approximately $365.9 million (2000 MXN, $38.7 million 2000 USD). Overall, Keith was responsible for 68 deaths and $319 million (2000 USD) in damage.[1]

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On September 16, 2000 a

convection was not as organized.[3] With an anticyclone over the system, the depression was expected to gradually intensify while moving slowly to the west-northwest, a motion caused by weak steering winds.[4] Late on September 28, the NHC upgraded the depression to tropical storm status and named it Keith,[2] after another Hurricane Hunters mission reported flight-level winds of 61 mph (98 km/h).[5]

Hurricane Keith near landfall in Belize on October 1

By the time Keith became a tropical storm, it was beginning to undergo

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.[2]

Shortly after Keith reached peak intensity, the eye had moved over portions of Belize, causing it to lose definition. Outflow became restricted, and the developing disturbance to the northeast increased wind shear. As a result, Keith began to weaken steadily on October 1.

landfall on Ambergris Caye late on October 2 as a minimal hurricane. Shortly thereafter, Keith weakened into a tropical storm,[2] and its convection became limited to the southeastern quadrant.[12] At 0300 UTC, the storm made its second landfall about 29 mi (47 km) north of Belize City, and within nine hours weakened into a tropical depression.[2] The building ridge to the north caused the system to accelerate more to the west-northwest across the Yucatán peninsula.[13] Early on October 4, Keith emerged into the Bay of Campeche,[2] where favorable conditions allowed convection to quickly redevelop.[14] Later that day, it re-intensified into a tropical storm,[2] with improved outflow and convective organization.[15] On October 5, the Hurricane Hunters reported a circular eye had reformed along with winds supporting an upgrade to hurricane status.[16] Keith intensified further that day, until it made its final landfall 23 mi (37 km) north of Tampico with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h).[2] It rapidly weakened over the high terrain of northeastern Mexico,[17] dissipating late on October 6.[2]

Preparations

On September 29, shortly after Keith formed, a

Chetumal to Cabo Catoche in Quintana Roo. The next day as Keith was nearing hurricane intensity, the watch was upgraded to a warning, and a tropical storm warning and hurricane watch was issued for the Belize coastline from Belize City to the Mexican border. At that time, the trajectory was expected to go more to the northwest, and when the storm turned to a slow westward drift, hurricane warnings were issued for the Belize coast with only about 24 hours of lead time for the offshore islands. The warnings for the Yucatán peninsula were dropped as Keith weakened.[2]

On October 2, the government of Belize declared a state of emergency and activated the entire Belize Defence Force due to the storm's threat.[18] The airport in Belize City was closed during Keith's passage, limiting transportation from the country's mainland to its offshore islands.[19] In Corozal, Belize, authorities evacuated the entire city of 10,000 people to numerous shelters in Orange Walk.[20] Officials were also ordered evacuations for Belize City, setting up shelters in Belmopan.[21] Overall, about 25,000 people evacuate, or about 10% of Belize's population.[22] Three hospitals were evacuated in the country.[23] In a post-storm assessment, residents on the offshore islands acknowledged they were unprepared for the storm and did not anticipate such intensity.[24]

In Quintana Roo, 5,000 people from

Chetumal and surrounding low-lying areas were forced to evacuate to 30 shelters.[25][26] Offshore along a coral reef, about 50 fishermen stayed on a coral reef during the storm.[25] In the Bay of Campeche, Pemex evacuated about 6,300 workers from its offshore oil platforms.[27] Officials in Yucatán and Veracruz declared states of emergency.[18] When Keith reached the Gulf of Mexico and began re-intensifying, a hurricane warning was issued from Tuxpan to Matamoros in northeastern Mexico, with a tropical storm watch issued northward to Port Mansfield, Texas.[2] About 3,000 residents in Tamaulipas evacuated to 250 shelters, and in neighboring Veracruz, about 175 people left their houses before the storm struck. The threat of Hurricane Keith caused Mexican authorities to close most ports along the gulf coast,[28] and many schools in the area were closed.[29]

Impact

Deaths by region
Region Total
deaths		 Source
Belize 19 [30]
El Salvador 1 [2]
Nicaragua 12 [2]
Honduras 6 [2]
Guatemala 1 [2]
Mexico 23 [31]
Totals: 62
Because of differing sources, totals may not match.

Keith's slow and erratic movement caused it to produce strong winds and heavy rainfall in Central America. Belize bore the brunt of the storm, with about $280 million in damage and 19 confirmed fatalities, primarily related to flooding. Several other countries reported significant but less severe flooding, including El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua. Overall, Keith was responsible for 40 deaths,[2][30] as well as approximately $319 million in damage.[1][32]

Belize

Destruction to an airplane hangar in Belize

While Keith was offshore from Belize, northerly winds blew water out of the

Bay of Chetumal. There were reports of people walking onto the temporarily dry bay floor, despite the potential for the waters to return in the event of shifting winds. At Caye Caulker, the hurricane produced a 4 ft (1.2 m) storm surge from the west. Winds were unofficially estimated to have reached 125 mph (201 km/h) in the offshore islands of Belize. Wind gusts on the mainland reached 61 mph (98 km/h) at Philip S. W. Goldson International Airport. Due to its slow motion, Keith dropped heavy rainfall, amounting to over 10 in (250 mm) in many parts of the country. The highest recorded precipitation total was 32.67 inches (830 mm) at the international airport in Belize City.[2]

The strong winds destroyed 130 houses in Belize.

Northern Highway and Western Highway as well as the primary bridge from Belmopan to the rest of Cayo District.[40] Residual floodwaters persisted due to the low-lying land of the country and poor drainage.[41] Floods contaminated water supply in the northern four districts,[42] causing an E. coli outbreak and food poisoning.[43] In Belize, Corozal, and Orange Walk districts, about 30% of the houses were severely damaged by flooding.[42]

Damage was heaviest in the northern offshore islands and in the northern portion of the mainland.

San Pedro, Keith damaged the roofs of about 90% of houses and damaged or destroyed 676 houses,[28] leaving 3,279 people homeless.[42] About 50% of the houses in Caye Caulker were destroyed,[35][45] In San Pedro, about 30% of houses,[35] or at least 50, were wrecked.[45] On Ambergris Caye, four airplanes were destroyed.[42] At Turneffe Atoll, about 35% of the landmass was affected, with many trees in that section uprooted and numerous tree branches snapped.[46]

Five individuals died in maritime accidents involving at least one catamaran.[2] There was an accident involving a bus carrying evacuees, killing four people on board.[35] Three people died on the offshore Ambergris Caye.[47] Overall, 19 people perished in the country.[30] Several injuries, mainly from flying debris, were reported in San Pedro,[1] and there were 142 people who were injured in the storm.[42] Throughout the country, approximately 3,279 homes were either damaged or destroyed.[47] The damage total from Keith was initially estimated at $200 million, about half of which was to tourism facilities; the remainder was roughly split between crop and infrastructure damage.[48] About 75% of the crops in the country were damaged, including much of the corn harvest that was expected to begin in October.[47] The damage total was later estimated at $280 million,[1] most of it on the offshore Ambergris Cay and Caye Caulker.[2]

Mexico

Damage totals in Mexico
in thousands of Mexican pesos, year 2000, unadjusted for inflation[32]
State Direct damage Indirect damage Total
Sonora 63,936 500  64,436
Nuevo León 115,600 0  115,600
Tamaulipas 117,167 0.683  117,850
Quintana Roo 39,716 2.767  42,483
Chiapas 25,569 0  25,569
Totals $361,988 $3,950  $365,938
Keith rainfall across Mexico

Hurricane Keith caused damage in three

Chetumal, Quintana Roo reported 9.65 in (245 mm) of precipitation.[2]

When Keith made its final landfall, Tampico reported tropical storm force winds, with gusts to 63 mph (101 km/h).

pluviometer reported a 24-hour rain total of 13.24 inches (336 mm), and a storm total of 18.44 inches (468 mm), which broke the precipitation record for that location, which counted with 35 years of data.[32] This rain also caused rivers to reach record levels, as the Sabinas River rose 10.95 m (35.9 ft) on October 6, to a new historical peak, and the Guayalejo River rose 77.46 ft (23.61 m), slightly under the 1976 record. This rainfall caused the Las Ánimas dam to catch 525,000 acre-feet (648,000,000 m3) of water between October 5 and October 17; however, some of this water had to be released, as the upstream face of the dam was damaged by debris, and had to be repaired. Overall, the storm produced $117.8 million in damage (2000 MXN, $12.4 million 2000 USD) in the state.[32]

In

MXN).[32] The total damages in the state rose to $115.6 million (2000 MXN, US$12.2 million in year 2000), with the damage to urban infrastructure being the most expensive portion of the damage, with $44.2 million (2000 MXN, US$4.6 million in 2000) used to repair damage in eight municipalities; in particular, San Pedro Garza García received approximately three quarters of the infrastructure damage, with $30.8 million (2000 MXN, $3.3 million 2000 USD). Additionally, about 460 homes were damaged or destroyed, and 300 families had to be relocated to safer areas.[32]

Hurricane Keith making its final landfall in Mexico with Tropical Storm Olivia in the Pacific on October 5

In other states, damage was lighter, but still significant. In

Reynosa, Tamaulipas.[31]

Elsewhere

The outer bands of Keith brought intermittent rainfall to several areas of Cuba, though the amounts were very light.

Roatan Island.[2] A bridge along the Pan-American Highway between Honduras and Nicaragua was destroyed, which had been rebuilt following Hurricane Mitch.[58] Additionally, a government agency reported that as many as 80,000 people in southern Honduras were left isolated.[52]

In Nicaragua, floods from the storm forced 3,962 people to evacuate their houses to 57 shelters,

Los Ángeles, though its ten occupants escaped without injury. After rainfall lashed in Villanueva, Chinandega, for six days, the resultant flooding forced 300 families evacuated, while there was significant losses the corn, beans and plantains crops. An additional 20 families left their homes due to flooding in Poneloya. About 15 families in the port city of Puerto Sandino were evacuated after the El Contrabando river overflowed. Another 18 homes were flooded in the region of Salinas Grandes. About 52 fled Troilo after at least 11 homes flooded.[63]

Aftermath

See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

On October 3, a Belize ambassador issued an appeal to the international community for food and money due to the damage from Keith.

United Nations Children's Fund also gave out $150,000 for relief in areas not focused on by other relief groups.[64] The Peace Corps, the Red Cross, and the United States Navy black hawk helicopters worked together to deliver rice, corn, sugar, salt, cooking oil, toilet paper, and medications to about 700 families in Bermuda Landings and adjacent isolated villages. The American Red Cross donated about $28,500 and 4,080 family hygiene kits.[47] Between October and November 2000, the National Society distributed 5,289 food and hygiene parcels to 26,293 people in Belize City, Orange Walk, and Belmopan. Around that time, the Belize Red Cross Society (BRCS) distributed relief items to 4,622 victims in Belize City. The BRCS also shipped two containers with kitchen sets and water buckets for 1,600 families, donated by the German Red Cross.[65] A donation account to help the relief effort, titled Hurricane Keith Relief Fund, was set up by the town of Placencia, in the local Atlantic Bank. The Belize Consulate in California also set up a donation fundraiser. Placencia also delivered a boat full of donated food, clothing, and building supplies to the San Pedro and Caye Caulker area.[66]

In the immediate aftermath, officials enacted a curfew for Belize City, Caye Caulker and San Pedro to curtail looting, and the latter two areas were declared disaster areas. The entirety of the northern three districts (out of six total) were also declared disaster areas.[40] There were initial difficulties in determining the needs in the affected residents, due to cut communications.[45] The government sent planes with emergency supplies to the most affected offshore islands.[67] Several emergency teams were sent to Caye Caulker and San Pedro as soon as weather conditions permitted it. Widespread road repairs also began almost immediately after Keith's occurrence. The Belize International Airport was back online by the morning of October 4, only a single day after the tropical cyclone passed through the area.[66] By that time, boat service was re-instated with the most affected areas to pick up stranded tourists.[67] Workers quickly restored power and water in Belize City.[43] In the days after the storm struck, residual flooding sparked fears for the spread of disease.[35] In Orange Walk and Cayo District, residents were advised to stay indoors to avoid bites from poisonous snakes.[45]

In Nicaragua, the United States ambassador declared a disaster, which prompted various United Nations departments to provide $25,000 to the country.[61]

Due to the hurricane's high impact, the name Keith was retired by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2001 and it will never again be used for a North Atlantic tropical cyclone.[68] The name was replaced with Kirk for the 2006 season.[69][70]

See also

References

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External links

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