Hurricane Matthew
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | September 28, 2016 |
Extratropical | October 9, 2016 |
Dissipated | October 10, 2016 |
Category 5 major hurricane | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
Highest winds | 165 mph (270 km/h) |
Lowest pressure | 934 mbar (hPa); 27.58 inHg |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | 603 total |
Damage | $16.5 billion (2016 USD) |
Areas affected | Windward Islands, Leeward Antilles, Venezuela, Colombia, Greater Antilles (Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Cuba), Lucayan Archipelago (Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas), Southeastern United States, Atlantic Canada |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season | |
History
Effects Other wikis |
Hurricane Matthew was an extremely powerful
Originating from a
Widespread effects were felt from Matthew across its destructive path, however,
Meteorological history
A vigorous tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 22 and moved rapidly across the Atlantic, being monitored by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) for possible tropical cyclogenesis. Despite possessing tropical-storm winds as it approached the Lesser Antilles on September 27, the wave could not initially be classified as a tropical cyclone, as reconnaissance aircraft could not find a closed center. However, by 12:00 UTC on September 28, the wave developed a closed circulation while located near Barbados, hence becoming a tropical storm, and was assigned the name Matthew. Continuing westward under the influence of a mid-level ridge, the storm steadily intensified to attain hurricane intensity by 18:00 UTC on September 29. The effects of southwesterly wind shear unexpectedly abated late that day, and Matthew began a period of explosive intensification; during a 24-hour period beginning at 00:00 UTC on September 30, the cyclone's maximum winds more than doubled, from 80 to 165 mph (129 to 266 km/h), making Matthew a Category 5 hurricane,[1] the first since Felix in 2007;[3] the rate of intensification has only been exceeded a few times in the Atlantic since records began. Due to upwelling of cooler waters, Matthew weakened to a Category 4 hurricane later on October 1, before attaining a secondary peak intensity with winds of 155 mph (249 km/h) late on October 2.[1]
Slowly rounding the ridge, Matthew fluctuated in intensity within the Category 4 range from October 1–5. Intensification resumed again late on October 3 and culminated when Matthew made landfall near Les Anglais, Haiti, around 11:00 UTC on October 4 with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a pressure of 934 millibars (27.6 inHg), making it the strongest to hit Haiti since Cleo in 1964. Continuing northward, the hurricane struck Maisí in Cuba early on October 5 as a slightly weaker storm. Cuba's and Haiti's mountainous terrain weakened Matthew to Category 3 status, as it began to accelerate northwestwards through the Bahamas. Restrengthening occurred as Matthew's circulation became better organized, with the storm becoming a Category 4 hurricane again while passing Freeport. However, Matthew began to weaken again as an eyewall replacement cycle took place. The storm significantly weakened while closely paralleling the coasts of Florida and Georgia, the western portion of the outer eyewall came ashore in Florida as a Category 3 hurricane, while the inner eyewall remained just offshore. Matthew weakened to a Category 2 hurricane late on October 7 and then to a Category 1 hurricane by 12:00 UTC on October 8.[1]
Around 15:00 UTC on October 8, the hurricane made
Records
Matthew set several records during its long and destructive journey. Matthew intensified into a Category 5 hurricane at a latitude of 13.4 degrees north, breaking the record set by Ivan in 2004, which had reached that intensity at a latitude of 13.7 degrees north.[1] Matthew also maintained at least Category 4 status for the longest duration on record for the month of October, according to Phil Klotzbach of Colorado State University, doing so for roughly 5 days.[5]
Preparations
Windward Islands and South America
On September 27, prior to Matthew becoming a tropical cyclone,
The storm's unusual south track prompted the issuance of
Jamaica
With Matthew posing a significant threat to
Schools and government offices suspended operations starting on October 3.
Haiti
Though forecast to pass over Jamaica at the time, the large extent of tropical storm-force winds prompted the issuance of a tropical storm watch for Haiti's Tiburon Peninsula toward the border with the Dominican Republic.[20] Following an eastward shift in Matthew's predicted track, a hurricane watch was issued for much of Haiti on October 1, encompassing areas from Môle-Saint-Nicolas south to the Dominican Republic border;[30] this was upgraded to a warning just hours later.[21] The warning eventually encompassed the entire country by the afternoon of October 2.[31] Residents on outlying islands of Haiti were evacuated to the mainland.[32] Life-threatening rainfall was forecast to affect much of the nation,[33] with accumulations averaging 15 to 25 in (38 to 64 cm) along the southern coast with isolated peaks up to 40 in (100 cm).[34] Although government officials held meetings on storm preparation, Radio France Internationale reported that Haiti does not have the logistical capability to handle a large-scale disaster. Only 576 shelters, with a collective capacity of 90,000 people, were listed for all of southern Haiti.[35] According to the International Organization for Migration, 55,107 internally displaced persons remained in camps or hosting sites without adequate protection from the hurricane.[36]
Provisional President of Haiti Jocelerme Privert addressed the nation on October 2, urging those living along the coast and in poorly constructed homes to evacuate and comply with authorities.[37] Despite pleas from officials, many residents refused to leave their homes.[38] Schools were closed for October 3–4, though government offices remained open.[37] Nationwide, a total of 1,300 shelters were readied with a total capacity of 390,000 people. More than 18,000 volunteers and members of the Red Cross, community intervention teams, municipal committees, and local emergency services were readied to assist residents.[39] At least 500 people were evacuated from Jérémie.[40] Although civil protection officials took to the streets to warn people, many residents were unaware that Matthew was even approaching the country a day before its expected landfall.[41] Evacuations continued through the hurricane's landfall with the total number of people in shelters reaching 9,280 by 2:00 a.m. local time on October 4.[42]
On October 5, the Electoral Provisional Council postponed the
Dominican Republic
On the morning of October 2, a tropical storm warning was raised for the southern coast of the Dominican Republic from Barahona west to the Haitian border, and a tropical storm watch was issued for the northern coast from Puerto Plata west to the Haitian border.[44] At least 8,500 people were evacuated in southwestern areas of the country by the morning of October 3.[40]
Cuba and the Bahamas
The Meteorological Service of Cuba raised hurricane watches for all of southeastern Cuba on October 1, encompassing the provinces of Camagüey, Las Tunas, Granma, Holguín, Santiago de Cuba, and Guantánamo.[21] This was subsequently upgraded to a warning on October 2 for all provinces except Camagüey.[31] Non-essential personnel in the United States' Guantanamo Bay Naval Base began evacuations that day.[32] Evacuations of more than 1 million people across Cuba started that morning, including 252,000 in Santiago de Cuba, and 230,000 from Las Tunas with priority placed on those along the coast.[45][46] Across Santiago de Cuba, which suffered extensive damage from Hurricane Sandy in 2012, 218 shelters were opened and officials placed extra attention on Socapa, Caracoles, and Cayo Granma.[45] Emergency personnel, primarily doctors, were dispatched to high-risk areas and supplies were stockpiled.[46]
The Government of the Bahamas began issuing hurricane watches on October 2 for southeastern islands as well as the
United States
On October 3, the governors of Florida and North Carolina declared a state of emergency.[48][49] The next day, South Carolina governor Nikki Haley ordered an evacuation for those residents living within one hundred miles (160 km) of the coast.[50] Interstate 26 in South Carolina eastbound between the coast and Columbia was reversed on Wednesday to facilitate movement away from the Lowcountry and Charleston areas.[51] Evacuations of Cape Lookout National Seashore in North Carolina began this day as well.[52] By October 4, North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory had ordered that evacuation be mandatory. A state of emergency was also declared for 13 counties in eastern Georgia.[53]
On October 5,
For the fourth time in its 45-year history, the
The
On October 6, U.S. President Barack Obama declared a federal state of emergency for Florida,[61] later extending to include Georgia and South Carolina.[62] Florida's governor Rick Scott urged over 1.5 million people to evacuate,[63] with Hurricane Matthew expected to make landfall by the evening of that day.[64] Several news anchors also issued dire warnings urging Floridians to evacuate.[65]
That same day, Georgia governor Nathan Deal ordered a mandatory evacuation for all areas of the state east of Interstate 95, and the Georgia Department of Public Safety reversed the eastbound lanes on a portion of Interstate 16 effective until the following day.[66][67]
Online response
On October 6, the
Impact
Country | Fatalities | Missing | Damage (2016 USD) |
Ref(s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Direct | Indirect | ||||
The Bahamas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | $580 million | [1][73] |
Canada | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | $76 million | [74] |
Colombia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | [18] |
Cuba | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | $2.58 billion | [1][75] |
Dominican Republic | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | $434 million | [76][77] |
Haiti | 546 | 546 | 0 | 128 | $2.8 billion | [1][78][79][80] |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | [8] |
United States | 47 | 34 | 13 | 0 | $10 billion | [1] |
Totals: | 603 | 586 | 17 | 128 | $16.5 billion |
Windward Islands
On
Strong winds in excess of 60 mph (97 km/h) downed many trees and power lines on
In Martinique strong winds, which gusted up to 89 mph (143 km/h) in Saint-Pierre,[81] wreaked havoc on the power grid; roughly 55,000 people lost electricity. Numerous trees downed by the winds blocked roadways while heavy rains led to flooding. The main road from Fort-de-France to southern towns was rendered impassable during the storm. Approximately 4,000 people lost their water supply. Three people sustained minor injuries.[83]
ABC islands and South America
The effects of Matthew across the ABC islands were relatively limited despite its proximity. Some street flooding occurred on Aruba and Curaçao. Heavy winds were also experienced. There was some damage to cars after street flooding occurred. Outdoor bars and restaurants were damaged.[15] The Guajira Peninsula of Colombia saw its first heavy rain event in three years, leading to widespread flash flooding. One person drowned in a swollen river in Uribia;[18] 1.29 in (32.8 mm) of rain fell in 30 minutes in the town.[84] Rainfall in Cartagena reached 8.7 in (222 mm) during a 24-hour span and Santa Marta saw 5.5 in (140 mm).[85] Along coastal areas of the peninsula, large swells damaged buildings, prompting the evacuation of 380 people in Manaure.[17][18] Roughly 70 percent of Tucurinca flooded when the Magdalena River overtopped its banks; a nearby bridge collapsed, isolating some communities.[86] Approximately 73,000 people were affected by the floods.[85] The dangerous conditions produced by Matthew prevented thousands of people from voting in a peace agreement referendum.[87]
Jamaica
Jamaica suffered relatively minor effects, characteristic of tropical storm conditions. Along the coast, rip currents and beach erosion was reported, with additional flooding due to rainfall occurring. Strong wind gusts tore at the island's vegetation, causing minor damage.
Haiti
Large swells reached the outlying Haitian island of Île-à-Vache on October 2, prompting the evacuation of 89 people.[88] Despite boating bans, many fishermen continued work in rough conditions. Consequently, two fishermen went missing on the morning of October 3: one near Saint-Jean-du-Sud and the other near Aquin; one was later found dead.[41] Antecedent rainfall associated with the outer bands of Matthew triggered flooding in several towns in southern Haiti and the Dominican Republic.[40] A person was killed when a tree fell on his home in Port Salut, while a 26-year-old man drowned while trying to rescue a child from a rushing river.[89]
Striking the Tiburon Peninsula as a Category 4 hurricane on the morning of October 4, Matthew was the strongest storm to directly impact Haiti since Hurricane Cleo in 1964. An anemometer at Antoine-Simon Airport in Les Cayes, east of where Matthew made landfall, measured a gust of 107 mph (172 km/h) before the station went offline. Gusts in the nation's capital city of Port-au-Prince reached 60 mph (97 km/h).[90] Communications with areas in the direct path of Matthew were lost, and tens of thousands of people became isolated as roads and bridges were destroyed. A major bridge connecting parts of Grand'Anse to the rest of the country collapsed during a flash flood. 80% of Jérémie,[91] along the north shore of the Tiburon Peninsula, suffered tremendous damage; homes were flattened and medical facilities suffered major damage. A radio host in Port-au-Prince stated that Jérémie was "pretty much wiped out from the seaboard all the way to the cathedral".[92]
Officially, 546 deaths were attributed to the storm in Haiti,
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic reported significant rainfall and coastal flooding due to Matthew. An automated weather station in Cabo Rojo measured 8.43 in (214 mm) of rain by the afternoon of October 3.[100] Four people died after a house collapsed on top of them.[76] Damage of the flooding were about RD$20 billion (US$434 million).[77]
Cuba
Rank | Hurricane | Season | Damage | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Irma | 2017 | $13.2 billion | [101] |
2 | Ike | 2008 | $7.3 billion | [102] |
3 | Matthew | 2016 | $2.58 billion | [103] |
4 | Gustav | 2008 | $2.1 billion | [102] |
5 | Michelle | 2001 | $2 billion | [104] |
Sandy | 2012 | [105] | ||
7 | Dennis | 2005 | $1.5 billion | [106] |
8 | Ivan | 2004 | $1.2 billion | [107] |
9 | Charley | 2004 | $923 million | [107] |
10 | Wilma | 2005 | $700 million | [108] |
Coastal flooding began in Granma Province, Cuba, on October 2, affecting three towns along the Sierra Maestras.[45] Hurricane Matthew struck the easternmost province of Cuba during the evening of October 4 as a Category 4, causing tremendous damage. The coastal city of Baracoa suffered widespread damage from violent winds, and storm surge, the latter of which gutted countless buildings.[109] Despite the severity of damage, no fatalities were reported in the city. A communication tower in Majayara collapsed during the storm and a bridge spanning the Toa river was destroyed; several communities left isolated as a result.[110] Damages in Cuba amounted to US$2.58 billion; most of which occurred in the Guantánamo Province.[103]
Nearly two months later, on November 22, a municipal bridge in the city of Moa that was damaged by Hurricane Matthew collapsed, killing four employees of Canadian mining company Sherritt International. The employees were undertaking repairs to restore access between Moa and a mining site.[75]
Bahamas
Experiencing a direct hit from the eyewall of Matthew, Grand Bahama suffered extensive damage. An estimated 95 percent of homes in Eight Mile Rock and Holmes Rock sustained severe damage. Numerous trees and power lines were toppled by the storm's high winds, rendering roads impassable. Flooding-induced by the backside of the storm affected much of the western half of the island.[111] Total losses from Matthew in the Bahamas are estimated to be around $580 million.[73][112]
United States
State | Deaths | Damage | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
Florida | 12 | $2.77 billion | [113] |
Georgia | 3 | $90 million | [114] |
North Carolina | 26 | $1.6 billion | [115] |
South Carolina | 4 | $249.6 million | [116] |
Virginia | 2 | $58.14 million | [117] |
In total, the storm killed 47 people in the US, including 26 in North Carolina, 12 in Florida, 3 in Georgia, 4 in South Carolina, and 2 in Virginia.[118][119][120][121] According to the National Centers for Environmental Information, damage from Matthew across the United States reached approximately $10 billion. This ranked it the costliest national disaster in the country for 2016 alongside record floods in Louisiana.[122]
Florida and Georgia
As Hurricane Matthew traveled rapidly towards the southeastern region of the United States, it hit closely to the coasts of Florida, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina. On October 7 in Fernandina Beach, Florida, there was a peak surge of 9.88 ft (3.01 m) above normal. Additionally, in the St. Augustine area, water was reported to be 2.5 ft (0.76 m) above ground.[123]
As Matthew tracked parallel to the Florida coast, it left over one million people without power across the state of Florida.
Over 250,000 customers were left without power in Georgia after Hurricane Matthew affected the area. Roads were also blocked in the Brunswick, Georgia, area, where all access points to St. Simons Island were rendered impassable.[134]
North and South Carolina
Across South Carolina, at least 600,000 individuals lost power, where significant flooding was reported to have occurred in Charleston after a seawall was breached.[135] Hilton Head Island experienced widespread water, sewer and power outages for several days, and the only road onto the island was not re-opened to residents until October 11. It is estimated that over 120,000 trees were downed on the island, causing extensive tree-strike damage to residences and businesses. Over 2.1 million cubic yards of vegetative debris generated by the storm was collected. The Waccamaw River crested in Conway at 17.9 ft (5.5 m), breaking a record set by the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane. The Little Pee Dee River reached a record crest of 17.1 ft (5.2 m) at Galivant's Ferry, also breaking a 1928 record.[136]
Twenty-six people died in storm-related incidents across North Carolina.[115] 680,000 in North Carolina were without power at one point.[138] Sections of Interstate 95 in South Carolina and in North Carolina had to be shut down as a result of hurricane flooding.[139] The North Carolina section reopened October 17.[140] After 10 in (25 cm) of rain fell in Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore and Robeson Counties on September 28 causing flooding, Matthew dumped another 10 to 14 in (25 to 36 cm).[141] As a result, the Lumber River reached a record 24 ft (7.3 m) in the south end of Lumberton, breaking the record of 20.5 ft (6.2 m) feet.[142] Robeson County schools did not reopen until October 31.[143] In Smithfield, the Neuse River crested at 29.09 ft (8.87 m), 2 ft (0.61 m) higher than after Hurricane Fran.[144] In Kinston, the Neuse crested at 28.31 ft (8.63 m), a foot (300 mm) higher than the record set by Hurricane Floyd.[145] In Greenville, the Tar River crested at 24.5 ft (7.5 m).[137] Preliminary estimates indicate that roughly 100,000 structures were flooded across the state and damage reached US$1.5 billion.[146]
Virginia and the Northeast
When the hurricane hit Virginia, Matthew caused two deaths. Heavy wind gusts of up to 68 mph and more than 11 inches of rain led to hundreds of downed trees and severe street flooding in southern
Canada
Matthew's post-tropical remains were absorbed into a frontal zone off the coast of North Carolina. The humidity of the tropical system was drawn into the storm that was formed then. The latter gave heavy rain and strong winds in
In Nova Scotia, rain amounts were recorded from east to west as 8.85 in (224.8 mm) in
Newfoundland was even more affected with accumulations generally ranging from 3.9 to 5.9 in (100 to 150 mm) in the central, southern and western areas. Steady rain fell sometimes at a rate of 0.39 to 0.79 in (10 to 20 mm) per hour, and even 1.7 in (42 mm) per hour in Burgeo. A private station in that community recorded a total of 9.23 in (234.4 mm), while the official station of the Gander International Airport signaled 6.45 in (163.8 mm).[152][153]
The rain caused numerous landslides and swollen rivers cut roads. The state of emergency was declared in
The winds of over 56 mph (90 km/h) also caused many fallen trees and electric power outages. The official maximum winds were recorded in
Aftermath
Lesser Antilles
In Martinique, Électricité de France requested additional crews from Guadeloupe and French Guiana to help restore power. Members of the military and Forces françaises aux Antilles were deployed to assist in clearing debris from roadways.[83] The St. Lucia Red Cross distributed non-food items to 270 people affected by the storm.[155]
Haiti
On October 4, the United States prepared the aircraft carrier, the hospital ship
The bridge between the south and Port-au-Prince was destroyed. As a result, aid agencies reported they were having difficulty getting around to the most damaged and storm-affected parts of Haiti.[157]
The commander of U.S. forces in the Caribbean reported that troops and 6 helicopters from Joint Task Force-Bravo had been deployed to Haiti for the aftermath, and were expected to arrive on October 6. These are expected to help with search-and-rescue missions as well as providing medical assistance. In addition to his, a one-star navy admiral will also travel to lead the task force involved in the operations. More than 300 military personnel will most likely travel to Haiti, with 300 Marines on board on the ships sent out for aid from the U.S.[158]
A number of aid agencies deployed to Haiti to help with the aftermath:[159]
- Action Aid reported that over 50,000 people were in immediate need of clean water and shelters.
- World Nation also sent out helicopters, reporting difficulties and their concern about young children and food. They will be providing water and sanitation for over 50,000 people.
- The UN's World Food Program arranged for enough food to feed up to 300,000 people for a month. A further 34 tonnes are ready in Miami to be used if needed.
- UNICEF will be providing life-saving aid for 10,000 people.
- UN's Food and Agricultural Organisation said it would be helping farmers rebuild their businesses by providing seeds.
- The US Agency for International Development said it would provide $400,000 for aid to Jamaica and Haiti on October 3.[160]
- Red Cross launched a campaign to raise $9.6 million to provide water, shelter, and food for 50,000 people. They also sent a large number of local volunteers to the south.[91][161]
- Direct Relief delivered a large emergency medical aid airlift to Haiti. The organization used a 757 plane, donated by FedEx, that contained 16.7 tons of medicine and medical supplies.[162]
Cuba
The World Food Programme coordinated with the Government of Cuba to provide food to approximately 180,000 people in need across eastern provinces. The operation would span six months and cost US$4 million.[163]
Dominican Republic
The EU Caribbean Investment Facility and a €50 million loan from the European Investment Bank will finance the reconstruction of housing, but also other essential infrastructure lost including roads, bridges and urban infrastructure. Climate resilience will be improve through infrastructure being built to higher standards and through flood prevention and better use of land. Around 1,000 new house will be built for between 4 000 and 5 000 people with priority given to more economically vulnerable people.[164][165]
United States
In Georgia, the Governor retracted previous evacuations later, emphasizing that their lives could not be endangered for those who chose not to leave. 1,000 members of the National Guard were deployed for help later.[166]
In North Carolina, nearly 900 people had been rescued by boat crews by the morning of October 9.[167] In April 2017, North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper requested $929 million in federal funds. The following month, the Trump administration denied more than 99 percent of this request and only provided $6.1 million to the state.[168]
Retirement
Because of the extensive damage and loss of life the storm caused in multiple countries along its track, the name Matthew was retired in March 2017 by the World Meteorological Organization, and will never again be used to name an Atlantic tropical cyclone. It was replaced with Martin for the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season.[169][170]
See also
- List of Cuba hurricanes
- List of Florida hurricanes (2000–present)
- List of North Carolina hurricanes (2000–present)
- Hurricane Hazel – Took a similar track through the Caribbean in 1954, and struck North Carolina as a Category 4 hurricane.
- Hurricane David – Made landfall in the Dominican Republic as a Category 5 hurricane before skirting the eastern coast of Florida in 1979.
- Hurricane Tomas – Traced a slightly similar path in the Caribbean, but stayed out to sea rather than curving towards the United States after impacting Hispaniola in 2010.
- Hurricane Joaquin – Stalled in the Central Bahamas roughly a year before Matthew.
- Hurricane Dorian - Struck the northeastern Caribbean, devastated the northern Bahamas, and took a similar track up the southeastern United States in early September 2019.
Notes
- ^ Although Hurricane Sandy was significantly deeper and made landfall much farther north in late October 2012, it was an extratropical cyclone at the time of landfall.
References
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External links
- The NHC's advisory archive for Hurricane Matthew
- Taylor, SRA Mercedes (October 12, 2016). "Little Rock AFB provides humanitarian support". Armed Forces News Service. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
- Scalf, TSG Ralph (October 17, 2016). "US provides initial critical aid in Haiti". Armed Forces News Service. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
- "AF heads to Haiti for Matthew relief". Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst Public Affairs. October 7, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
- EMSR186: Tropical Cyclone Matthew in Southeastern United States (delineation maps) – Copernicus Emergency Management Service