Hurricane Nadine
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | September 10, 2012 |
Extratropical | October 3, 2012 |
Dissipated | October 4, 2012 |
Category 1 hurricane | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
Highest winds | 90 mph (150 km/h) |
Lowest pressure | 978 mbar (hPa); 28.88 inHg |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | None |
Damage | Minimal |
Areas affected | Azores, United Kingdom |
IBTrACS / [1] | |
Part of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season |
Hurricane Nadine was an erratic Category 1 hurricane that became the fourth-longest-lived Atlantic hurricane on record. As the fourteenth tropical cyclone and named storm of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season, Nadine developed from a tropical wave traveling west of Cape Verde on September 10. On the following day, it had strengthened into Tropical Storm Nadine. After initially tracking northwestward, Nadine turned northward, well away from any landmass. Early on September 15, Nadine reached hurricane status as it was curving eastward. Soon after, an increase in vertical wind shear weakened Nadine and by September 16 it was back to a tropical storm. On the following day, the storm began moving northeastward and threatened the Azores but late on September 19, Nadine veered east-southeastward before reaching the islands. Nonetheless, the storm produced tropical storm force winds on a few islands. On September 21, the storm curved south-southeastward while south of the Azores. Later that day, Nadine transitioned into a extratropical low pressure area.
Due to favorable conditions, the remnants of Nadine regenerated into a tropical cyclone on September 24. After re-developing, the storm executed a cyclonic loop and meandered slowly across the eastern Atlantic. Eventually, Nadine turned south-southwestward, at which time it became nearly stationary. By September 28, the storm curved northwestward and re-strengthened into a hurricane. The tenacious cyclone intensified further and peaked with winds of 90
Origin and meteorological history
A large
Although thunderstorm activity was initially minimal around the center of circulation, a convective band associated with the depression was becoming more organized.[4] Late on September 10, convection began to increase slightly near the center, but because Dvorak intensity T-numbers were between 2.0 and 2.5, the depression was not upgraded to a tropical storm.[5] However, dry air briefly caused showers and thunderstorms to decrease later that day. Initially, it headed just north of due west around the southern periphery of a large subtropical ridge. However, by September 11, the depression re-curved northwestward. Later that day, the depression began to regain deep convection. Geostationary satellite imagery and scatterometer data indicated that the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Nadine at 0000 UTC on September 12.[1]
Strengthening and initial peak intensity
By September 12, a
Although the storm was disorganized, a scatterometer pass indicated tropical storm force winds extended outward up to 230 miles (370 km). The satellite appearance of Nadine became more ragged by September 14. Despite this, the storm remained just below hurricane status and the National Hurricane Center noted the possibility of intensification if wind shear decreased in the next few days. Nadine turned northward on September 14 as it tracked along the periphery of a subtropical ridge.
Weakening and initial post-tropical transition
Late on September 15, National Hurricane Center forecaster Robbie Berg noted that Nadine began "to look a little more ragged", as microwave data observations noted shearing of deep convection to the northeast of the center.[15] Late on September 16, the eye became tilted and disappeared, convective bands began disorganizing, and the overall shower and thunderstorm activity waned since early that day.[16] Nadine weakened back to a tropical storm on September 17 and a trough reduced its satellite appearance.[1][17]
Dry air began impacting Nadine on September 17, though outflow from the storm prevented significant weakening.[18] Despite a large flare of deep convection over the northern semicircle, Nadine weakened slightly later that day.[19] Further weakening occurred on the following day, after the burst in deep convection on September 17 deteriorated.[20] Later on September 18, most of the deep convection dissipated. The strongest showers and thunderstorms that remained were in a band to the west and northwest of Nadine's center. [21]
Nadine threatened the Azores while moving northeastward and then northward between September 18 and September 19, though a blocking ridge prevented the storm from approaching closer to the islands. Its closest approach to the Azores was about 150 miles (240 km) south-southwest of Flores Island on September 19.[1] The storm then re-curved east-southeastward on September 20, after the ridge weakened and the mid- to upper-level trough deepened.[1] By late on September 21, much of the remaining deep convection was composed of only a ragged convective band with warming cloud tops.[22] Operationally, the National Hurricane Center re-classified Nadine as a subtropical storm at 2100 UTC on September 21, due to an above-average, asymmetrical wind field and an upper-level low pressure area near the center.[23] However, post-season analysis concluded that Nadine degenerated into a non-tropical low pressure area three hours earlier.[1]
Regeneration, peak intensity, and demise
Early on September 22, the National Hurricane Center noted that regeneration into a tropical cyclone was a distinct possibility.[24] The remnant low pressure area soon moved over warmer seas and a low-shear environment, causing deep convection to re-develop. Thus, Nadine became a tropical storm at 0000 UTC on September 23. Another blocking ridge over the Azores forced Nadine to move west-northwestward on September 24, causing it to execute a small cyclonic loop. Although winds increased to 60 mph (95 km/h), the storm weakened again and decreased to a 45 mph (72 km/h) tropical storm on September 25.[1] Despite this regression, satellite imagery indicated that Nadine developed an eye-like feature.[25] However, the National Hurricane Center later noted that it was a cloud-free region near the center of the storm.[26] By September 26, Nadine curved south-southwestward to southwestward around the southeastern portion of a mid- to upper-level ridge over the western Atlantic.[1]
After minimal change in strength for several days, Nadine finally began to intensify on September 27, due to sea surface temperatures warmer than 79 °F (26 °C). At 1200 UTC on September 28, Nadine re-strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane on the
After peak intensity, Nadine began weakening once again and deteriorated to a tropical storm at 1200 UTC, on October 1.[1] Northwesterly winds began to increase on October 3, after an upper-level trough that was causing low wind shear moved eastward.[31] A few hours later, the low-level center became partially exposed,[32] before becoming fully separated from the convection by 1500 UTC.[32] Due to strong wind shear and cold sea surface temperatures, showers and thunderstorms rapidly diminished, and by late on October 3, Nadine became devoid of any deep convection.[33] At 0000 UTC on October 4, Nadine transitioned into an extratropical low-pressure area, while about 195 miles (314 km) southwest of the central Azores. The low rapidly moved northeastward, degenerated into a trough of low pressure, and was absorbed by a cold front later that day.[1]
Impact and records
Precipitation | Storm | Location | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | mm | in | |||
1 | 150.0 | 5.91 | Bertha 2014 | Inverness, Highland | [34] |
2 | 135.0 | 5.31 | Charley 1986 | Abergwyngregyn, Gwynedd | [35] |
3 | 130.0 | 5.12 | Nadine 2012 | Ravensworth, North Yorkshire | [36] |
4 | 76.0 | 2.99 | Lili 1996 | Chale Bay, Isle of Wight | [37] |
5 | 61.7 | 2.43 | Zeta 2020 | Chipping, Lancashire | [38] |
6 | 48.8 | 1.92 | Grace 2009 | Capel Curig, Conwy | [39] |
7 | 42.2 | 1.66 | Gordon 2006 | Wainfleet All Saints, Lincolnshire | [40] |
8 | 38.0 | 1.50 | Gonzalo 2014 | Glenmoriston, Highland | [41] |
9 | 31.0 | 1.22 | Bill 2009 | Shap, Cumbria | [42] |
10 | 30.0 | 1.18 | Laura 2008 | Windermere, Cumbria | [43] |
Tropical cyclone warnings and watches were issued on two separate occasions as Nadine approached the Azores. At 1000 UTC on September 18, a tropical storm watch was issued for the islands of Flores and Corvo. Although the tropical storm watch was discontinued at 2100 UTC, a tropical storm warning was implemented at that time for the islands of Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, São Jorge, and Terceira. At 1500 UTC on September 19, a tropical storm warning was also issued for São Miguel and Santa Maria. All watches and warnings were discontinued by late on September 21. After re-generating, Nadine posed a threat to the Azores again, which resulted in a tropical storm watch for the entire archipelago at 1500 UTC on October 1. Nine hours later, 0000 UTC on the following day, the watch was upgraded to a tropical storm warning. After Nadine became extratropical, the warning was discontinued.[1] On the storm's second approach toward the Azores, schools were closed and flight were cancelled.[44]
Late on September 20, Flores reported a wind gust of 46 mph (74 km/h).
Nadine lasted a total of 24 days as a tropical, subtropical, and post-tropical cyclone, including 22.25 days as a tropical system. This makes it the fourth longest-lasting Atlantic tropical cyclone on record, only behind the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane at 28 days, Hurricane Ginger in 1971 at 27.25 days, and Hurricane Inga in 1969 at 24.75 days. When only counting time spent as a tropical storm or hurricane – 20.75 days – Nadine is the third longest-lasting, behind only Hurricane Ginger in 1971 and the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane.[1] When Nadine was upgraded to a hurricane at 1800 UTC on September 14, it marked the third-earliest forming eighth hurricane, behind only an unnamed system in 1893 and Ophelia in 2005.[49]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Daniel P. Brown (January 8, 2013). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Nadine (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. pp. 1–4, 6–8, 12. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
- ^ Robbie J. Berg (September 8, 2012). Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- ^ Daniel P. Brown (September 10, 2012). Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
- ^ a b Robbie J. Berg (September 11, 2012). Tropical Depression Fourteen Discussion Number 1 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
- ^ Robbie J. Berg (September 11, 2012). Tropical Depression Fourteen Discussion Number 2 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
- ^ John L. Beven II (September 12, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 4 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
- ^ John L. Beven II; David M. Roth (September 12, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 5 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
- ^ David M. Roth; Richard J. Pasch (September 12, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 6 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
- ^ Stacy R. Stewart (September 13, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 7 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
- ^ John L. Beven II (September 13, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 8 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
- ^ Patrick Burke; Richard J. Pasch (September 13, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 9 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ Richard J. Pasch; David Hamrick; Anthony Fracasso (September 14, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 13 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
- ^ a b Robbie J. Berg (September 14, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 14 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
- ^ Robbie J. Berg (September 15, 2012). Hurricane Nadine Discussion Number 17 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
- ^ Robbie J. Berg (September 15, 2012). Hurricane Nadine Discussion Number 18 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
- ^ Stacy R. Stewart (September 16, 2012). Hurricane Nadine Discussion Number 22 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ Daniel P. Brown (September 17, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 23 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ Stacy R. Stewart (September 17, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 25 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ Stacy R. Stewart (September 17, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 26 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ Daniel P. Brown (September 18, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 27 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ Robbie J. Berg (September 18, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 28 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ Michael J. Brennan (September 21, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 41 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ Eric S. Blake (September 21, 2012). Subtropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 42 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ John L. Beven II (September 22, 2012). Post-Tropical Cyclone Nadine Discussion Number 43 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
- ^ Stacy R. Stewart (September 25, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 51 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ Daniel P. Brown (September 25, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 52 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ John L. Beven II (September 28, 2012). Hurricane Nadine Discussion Number 64 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ Eric S. Blake (September 29, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 67 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ John L. Beven II (September 29, 2012). Hurricane Nadine Discussion Number 68 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ Lixion A. Avila (September 30, 2012). Hurricane Nadine Discussion Number 70 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ Stacy R. Stewart (October 3, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 82 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
- ^ a b John L. Beven II (October 3, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 83 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
- ^ Lixon A. Avila (October 3, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Discussion Number 85 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
- ^ "Ex-hurricane Bertha" (PDF). Met Office. Met Office. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ^ "Hydrological Data UK 1986 Yearbook" (PDF). Natural Environment Research Council. British Geological Survey Institute of Hydrology. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ^ "Hydrological Summary for the United Kingdom - September 2012" (PDF). Natural Environment Research Council. British Geological Survey Institute of Hydrology. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ISBN 9781438118796. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
- ^ Finch, Fiona. "Warning over cost of record rainfall in Lancashire". Lancashire Post. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ^ "Review of UK weather on 06/10/09". BBC Weather. 7 October 2009. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ "September 2006 UK Review". United Kingdom Met Office. 2006. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
- ^ "Top UK wind speeds as Gonzalo's remnants felt". Met Office Blog. Met Office. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ^ Laura Harding (August 27, 2009). "More rain expected in parts of UK". The Independent. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
- ^ "Tropical storm brings floods". Westmorland Gazette. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ^ "Nadine: Açores livram-se de tempestade recordista". Sol (in Portuguese). October 4, 2012. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
- ^ Richard J. Pasch (September 20, 2012). Tropical Storm Nadine Intermediate Advisory Number 37A (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ "Governo dos Açores decidiu adquirir Viatura SIV para o Pico" (in Portuguese). Rádio Atlântida. May 2, 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
- ^ "Tropical Storm Nadine finally breaks up". BBC. BBC Online. October 5, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- ^ October 2012 Weather Summary (Report). Exeter, Devon, England: United Kingdom Met Office. February 27, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- ^ Michael J. Brennan (September 15, 2012). Hurricane Nadine Discussion Number 15 (TXT) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 29, 2012.