Hurricane Ophelia (2005)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Hurricane Ophelia
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata

Part of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Ophelia was a long-lived

eyewall scraped the coastline for two days. The system degraded to tropical storm strength for a final time on September 16 as it began accelerating northeast. Becoming embedded within the westerlies, Ophelia transitioned into an extratropical cyclone the next day. Remaining on a steady east-northeast to northeast path for the next week, Ophelia traversed Atlantic Canada and the northern Atlantic Ocean before dissipating on September 23 over the Norwegian Sea
.

Ophelia's erratic track prompted

National Guard servicemen were deployed to North Carolina while thousands more were on standby there and in South Carolina. More than 2,000 people used public shelters as Ophelia approached land. As the hurricane's core remained largely offshore, its impacts were significantly less than feared. Some coastal locales saw heavy rain, notably more than 15 in (380 mm) in the Outer Banks of North Carolina. The greatest impacts were felt in North Carolina, where more than 240,000 people lost power and more than 1,500 homes were damaged. Total monetary losses in the state were estimated at $70 million.[nb 1] Extensive beach erosion occurred due to the hurricane's prolonged effects. Tropical storm-force wind gusts and heavy rain caused minor damage in Florida, Massachusetts, and South Carolina. Rough seas led to one fatality in Florida and left another person missing in South Carolina while rain-slicked roads contributed to a fatal accident in North Carolina. Atlantic Canada saw negligible effects as Ophelia's remnants traversed the region; one person died after falling from his roof while preparing for the storm. In the storm's wake, 37 of North Carolina's counties were declared disaster areas. The Federal Emergency Management Agency
provided roughly $5.2 million in public assistance and the National Guard assisted with distribution of relief supplies.

Meteorological history

A map plotting the path of Hurricane Ophelia from the Bahamas, along the United States' Eastern Seaboard, across Atlantic Canada, and over the northern Atlantic Ocean.
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Background

The

landfall on the East Coast of the United States and leading to a concentration of impacts farther west.[4] September saw considerable activity, with five hurricanes developing.[5]

Origins

On September 1, 2005, a

Settlement Point reached 30 mph (45 km/h).[11] Situated within a region of weak steering currents, the depression drifted generally north and later north-northwest, crossing Grand Bahama around 16:00 UTC.[6] Wind shear displaced convection north of the broad center as it traversed the northern Bahamas.[12] Initially, the system consisted of three defined mesoscale convective systems (MCS) spanning an area 120 mi (200 km) across, each producing areas of heavy rain. Throughout September 6, the MCSs congealed into a single spiral rainband and the precursor to an eyewall.[13]

Fluctuation in strength and track

Early in the storm's lifecycle, meteorologists struggled with a complex track forecast as models depicted a wide-range of scenarios for the depression.

subtropical ridge to the north as a strong trough moved off the eastern United States.[15] The system became more organized on September 7 and intensified into Tropical Storm Ophelia approximately 115 mi (185 km) east-southeast of Cape Canaveral, Florida.[6] This marked the earliest formation of a season's fifteenth named storm. This record was later tied by Hurricane Nate in 2011 and subsequently broken by Tropical Storm Omar on September 1, 2020.[16] Becoming embedded within a broad trough extending from Florida, through Ophelia and Nate, and all the way east to Hurricane Maria over the central Atlantic, Ophelia executed a slow counter-clockwise loop. During this time it steadily intensified as banding features coalesced around the storm.[6][17] High sea surface temperatures of 84 °F (29 °C) fueled bursts of deep convection throughout September 8. Following the formation of an eyewall and well-defined upper-level outflow,[18][19][20] Ophelia intensified into a hurricane around 21:00 UTC on September 8 with sustained winds reaching 75 mph (120 km/h).[6][20]

A map of the southeastern United States and far western Atlantic Ocean depicting the looping path of Hurricane Ophelia.
Hurricane Ophelia's track along the Southeastern coast of the United States

The hurricane's prolonged lack of movement resulted in the upwelling of cooler waters which in turn caused it to weaken back to a tropical storm early on September 9.[6][21] Later on September 9, Ophelia began moving slowly northeast in response to a mid-latitude trough.[22] The storm soon developed a 12 mi (19 km) wide eye and regained hurricane status around 18:00 UTC.[23][24] Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear and intrusions of dry air into the hurricane's core caused degradation of its structure.[25] However, Ophelia's structure once again improved late on September 10 with a 35 mi (55 km) wide eye developing;[26] this coincided with it regaining hurricane status for the third time.[6] Concurrently, it attained its lowest central pressure of 976 mbar (hPa; 28.82 inHg).[23] Over the next two days the hurricane executed a clockwise loop within an area of weak steering between two ridges. Its slow movement led to further upwelling of cooler waters even over the relatively warm Gulf Stream.[6][27] Gradual degradation of the hurricane's structure occurred as it looped back to the west-southwest, with meager convection unable to maintain vertical mixing.[28] Sea surface temperatures beneath the system had plummeted to an average of 74.3 °F (23.5 °C) by this time,[29] and with insufficient heat content convection within the eyewall collapsed. Slightly warmer waters farther from the center helped support a broken ring around the decaying center.[30] By 00:00 UTC on September 12, Ophelia weakened back to a tropical storm for the third time.[23] An unusual eyewall replacement cycle commenced with its inner core dissipating and a larger eye organizing around it; its radius of maximum wind doubled from about 30 mi (50 km) to 60 mi (100 km). This differed from classical replacement cycles as Ophelia never displayed defined concentric eyewalls, rather the inner one degraded as the outer one formed.[30] After completing the two-day-long loop, the storm proceeded along a slow northwest and later northward trajectory toward the Carolinas.[31]

North Carolina impact and extratropical transition

After remaining largely steady-state from September 12 into the early part of September 13,

Cape Lookout measured a peak two-minute sustained wind of 75 mph (121 km/h) while an unverified gust of 104 mph (167 km/h) was reported in Davis.[38] Ophelia once again became caught between two ridges on September 15 as it turned east.[39] Over a two-day period, Ophelia's eyewall impacted areas from Wilmington to Morehead City.[32] The combination of dry air coming from land and cooler shelf waters caused convection on the hurricane's west side to collapse; its proximity to the Gulf Stream enabled it to maintain convection elsewhere in its circulation.[39] Ophelia pulled away from North Carolina early on September 16 as it weakened to a tropical storm for the final time.[32]

The storm accelerated east late on September 16 as it became embedded within the mid-latitude westerlies.[40] An approaching baroclinic wave over the Great Lakes also induced a northward component to Ophelia's track.[41] Increasing shear displaced convection north of its center and caused its core to become vertically tilted.[40] After a brief resurgence in convection,[42] Ophelia began transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on September 17 as it interacted with an approaching trough. Its surface center became increasingly separated from the strongest winds and thunderstorm activity.[43] During this time the storm made its closest approach to Massachusetts, passing 70 mi (110 km) to the southeast of Cape Cod.[32] Ophelia completed its extratropical transition by 00:00 UTC on September 18 as it approached Nova Scotia.[32][23] The system remained just offshore, with its center scraping the coast of Guysborough County in the eastern portion of the island. It then traversed the Cabot Strait before making landfall in south-central Newfoundland around 18:00 UTC with maximum winds of 50 mph (85 km/h).[23][41] Ophelia traversed the island within six hours, emerging over the north Atlantic Ocean by September 19.[23][32] The cyclone continued along an east-northeast to northeast path for several days as it spun down. Ophelia ultimately dissipated on September 23 over the Norwegian Sea.[32]

Research

As part of their annual Hurricane Field Program, the

Hurricane Hunter mission corroborated the vehicle's measurements, and the project was considered a success.[47] This was followed two weeks later by the first successful Aerosonde core penetration of a tropical cyclone within Typhoon Longwang near Taiwan.[48] The final research mission into Ophelia was conducted on September 17, focusing on its extratropical transition. A collaborative effort between NOAA and Canada's Atmospheric Environment Service, two recon missions were flown into the storm to study structural changes during this transitory period. This marked the first detailed dynamic core structure of such a system.[49]

Preparations

A satellite image of a tropical cyclone featuring a round, dense area of clouds.
Tropical Storm Ophelia just east of Florida on September 8

Throughout the existence of Hurricane Ophelia, the NHC,

Canadian Hurricane Center (CHC), and Bahamas Department of Meteorology issued numerous tropical cyclone warnings and watches between September 6 and 17. The hurricane's erratic movement led to watches and warnings being issued for a much larger region than necessary across the East Coast of the United States, with some forecasts calling for landfalls that did not verify.[50]

United States

With gas prices already elevated because of Hurricane Katrina's effects in the Gulf of Mexico, gas prices fluctuated due to disruptions from Hurricane Ophelia.[51][52] Prices initially rose in the southeast as the system was developing before dropping as the storm turned away from Florida.[52] They later rose in Maine as the system impacted North Carolina.[51]

Florida

Already suffering from a volley of six hurricane impacts since 2004, concerns were raised over Ophelia's potential effects in Florida. With an uncertain track, the main issue presented was beach erosion, especially in areas significantly affected by Hurricanes

Red Cross facility. Schools in the county were closed on September 8 over flooding concerns. Fourteen ships departed Naval Station Mayport to avoid the storm.[53] Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission search and rescue teams previously sent to Mississippi returned to the state. Mariners as far west as Tallahassee were advised of possible adverse conditions.[55] Shipment of the Space Shuttle external tank to NASA's Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center was delayed in order to protect the equipment. The tank was originally meant to be delivered to a facility in New Orleans but that structure was closed indefinitely due to damage from Hurricane Katrina.[56][57] Concerns over flooding were raised in Polk County with areas already heavily saturated ahead of the storm. Pumping of water into Lake Rosalie was authorized by the South Florida Water Management District, but the pumps were unlikely to arrive in time. Similarly, water levels at Lake Griffin, Rock Lake, and Lake Irish in Seminole County were elevated and posed a flood risk.[58]

The Carolinas

A satellite image of a weakening hurricane, with more translucent cloud tops to its south and west and whiter ones to the north and east.
Hurricane Ophelia stalled off the Carolina coastline on September 11

The South Carolina Emergency Management Division advised residents in flood-prone areas to remain abreast of the storm.

Colombia. Any potential evacuees from Ophelia would be directed to hotels in the Midlands.[61] Although 1,650 members of the South Carolina National Guard were already deployed on anti-terror missions and Katrina-related relief, 7,100 remained in reserve if needed.[62] Eighty-five state troopers were deployed to coastal areas to assist local police.[63] The Red Cross opened shelters on September 10 in the Lowcountry, but closed them the following day due to lack of use.[64] Charleston County also opened public shelters before the issuance of any evacuation orders.[65] Voluntary evacuation orders were issued for barrier islands, coastal residents, those living in mobile homes, and people living in flood-prone areas of Horry and Georgetown counties on September 13.[66] The Red Cross opened three shelters across both counties; only 25 people used them.[67] Statewide, approximately 2,000 people sought refuge across 45 shelters.[68] Horry County officials revised evacuation procedures in light of the large loss of life from Katrina in the Gulf Coast, with emphasis placed on relocating poor, sick, and elderly persons.[69] Schools in Georgetown and Horry counties closed while Coastal Carolina University and Horry-Georgetown Technical College suspended classes.[70] Football and volleyball matches between Charleston Southern University and The Citadel on September 12 were postponed.[71] The Cougar Classic golf tournament at Yeamans Hall Club teed off early due to the storm.[72]

North Carolina Governor

Ocracoke Island on September 11.[74][75] The decision was made at least partly in response to the effects of Hurricane Alex the previous year. Communities elsewhere in the state were uncertain whether or not to issue evacuation orders.[76] Mandatory evacuations were issued for six counties, including Hatteras Island, while eight others had voluntary orders in place by September 14.[77] Sixty shelters were opened statewide.[78] At least 95 people used public shelters in Wilmington.[79] Evacuations were ordered for a 20-block area of Washington that had flooded during Hurricane Fran in 1996.[73]

Ferry service across the Pamlico Sound was suspended on September 12 due to high seas.[80] Both of the state's major ports were shut down.[81] Schools were closed across five counties on September 13.[82] Classes were suspended at the University of North Carolina Wilmington and East Carolina University.[77] The North Carolina National Guard deployed 300 troops to staging centers in eastern areas of the state. The National Guard was supplemented by 460 highway patrol officers, swift-water and urban search and rescue teams, and seven helicopters.[82][83] Two warehouses stocked with two days-worth of food for 10,000 people were readied.[80] FEMA deployed 250 personnel, a larger-than-normal response for a storm of Ophelia's intensity in light of the damage caused by Katrina.[73] Progress Energy mobilized at least 900 people to restore power, including 600 supplementary personnel.[84] Linemen originally sent to the Gulf Coast were recalled to the state and 140 additional workers from South Carolina Electric & Gas Company were provided.[77][85] The United States Department of Energy deployed personnel to assist local services. The Brunswick Nuclear Generating Station declared an "unusual event" as a precautionary measure.[86]

Elsewhere

Virginia Governor Mark Warner declared a state of emergency and activated the National Guard.[77] On September 13, 23 F-15 Eagles and 90 personnel were relocated from Langley Air Force Base to Eglin Air Force Base in Florida.[87] The Maryland Emergency Management Agency held daily briefings on the storm, though effects in the state were expected to be minimal. Concern was raised for the possibility of flooding along Chesapeake Bay.[88] Campgrounds throughout Cape Cod were shut down for the duration of the storm. Food and water were provided to 200 people who were displaced by Hurricane Katrina and living at Camp Edwards. Counselors were provided to assist anyone stressed from experiencing another storm.[89] In Chatham, Massachusetts, fishermen moved their boats to safety while the local harbormaster ensured docked vessels were properly secured.[90]

Canada

In Atlantic Canada, residents were extra cautious of the approaching storm, primarily because of memories of Hurricane Juan in 2003. Debris from Juan remained scattered across Nova Scotia two years after the storm.[91] The CHC initially forecast hurricane-force winds to impact parts of Nova Scotia, but later tempered expectations as Ophelia weakened on approach.[92] The Halifax Daily News described city residents as "surprisingly complacent", with media broadcasts "[not]  ...hyped up at all".[93] Expected rainfall from the storm led to Nova Scotia's Department of Natural Resources ending a fire ban for western areas of the province on September 15.[94] Nova Scotia Power, criticized for its poor response after Juan, placed hundreds of workers on standby and requested additional personnel from other provinces.[95][96] Ahead of the storm's arrival, the Emergency Management Offices of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador Emergency Measures advised residents to take appropriate precautions to protect themselves and property. They highlighted the recent devastation wrought by Katrina in the United States and damaging events in Atlantic Canada over the past several years.[97][98] Residents across the region secured boats and stocked up on supplies.[99]

Impact

Southeastern United States

A map of the Eastern United States and Atlantic Canada depicting rainfall accumulations associated with Hurricane Ophelia. Areas of Florida and North Carolina are punctuated with deeper colors, indicating greater rainfall totals.
Map of rainfall totals across the Eastern United States and Atlantic Canada during Hurricane Ophelia's passage from September 5 to 16

Meandering off eastern Florida for several days, Ophelia produced a prolonged period of increased swells across the state.

Mayport.[105] A small area along the east-central coast experienced tropical storm-force winds, with a NASA station in Cape Canaveral reporting sustained winds of 39 mph (63 km/h) and a gust to 60 mph (97 km/h).[38] On September 12, the body of a man was found in Palm Beach Shores near an empty boat; his death is presumed to be the result of rough seas produced by Ophelia.[106] The entire east coast saw at least 1 in (25 mm) of rain, with accumulations exceeding 5 in (130 mm) in northeastern coastal counties.[107] Accumulations were greatest in Flagler County where three-day rainfall totals reached 15.2 in (390 mm) in Palm Coast;[108] this was the highest total from Ophelia in the state.[109] Secondary roads saw up to 12 in (300 mm) of standing water in poor drainage areas in the city.[108] The collective effects of Ophelia and six other tropical cyclones that impacted Florida in 2005 led to the addition of 20.2 mi (32.5 km) of critically eroded beaches and 0.2 mi (0.32 km) of critically eroded inlet shorelines.[110] In South Florida, temperatures rose 3–5 °F (1.7–2.8 °C) above normal.[111]

Effects from Ophelia in Georgia were limited to the immediate coastline, with these areas largely receiving 3 in (76 mm) of rain at most. Accumulations peaked at 3.15 in (80 mm) on

Arthur Ravenel Bridge and 44 mph (71 km/h) in Charleston, Folly Beach, Myrtle Beach.[116][117] The winds downed trees in McClellanville and Mount Pleasant,[115] and some power outages were reported.[118] Heavy rainfall was concentrated along the state border with North Carolina; accumulations peaked at 6.3 in (160 mm) in North Myrtle Beach.[107][116] A peak storm surge of 2.81 ft (0.86 m) was observed in Springmaid Beach.[116] Coastal areas saw minor beach erosion.[115] Overall damage was limited across the state.[118] A teenage surfer went missing about 200 yd (180 m) off the coast of Folly Beach. Rescue operations for the surfer were suspended on September 14 due to continued rough seas.[70]

North Carolina

An image of multiple damaged buildings along a dock; one has collapsed on itself.
Numerous coastal structures suffered significant damage from prolonged exposure to hurricane-force winds and storm surge (effects in Bogue Banks, North Carolina, pictured).[119]

Meandering along the coastline for three days, Ophelia was a prolonged rain and wind event for North Carolina. Despite its long duration, damage from the hurricane was less than anticipated.[119][120] An initial insured damage estimate of $800 million, yielding an approximate $1.6 billion in total damage, was given soon after the storm. However, later assessments by the American Insurance Services Group gave an insured loss estimate of $35 million, yielding a total cost of $70 million.[121] The National Centers for Environmental Information tabulated damage at $62 million.[122] The state's agriculture industry suffered approximately $19.6 million in damage.[123] Annual beach nourishment projects are credited with reducing the severity of damage from the hurricane.[124] One indirect fatality was linked to the hurricane when a car hydroplaned on a rain-slicked road in Franklin County.[125] East Carolina University political scientist Carmine Scavo indicated that as a reactionary response to Katrina, the state was "possibly overprepared" for the hurricane.[126] At the storm's peak on September 14 to 15, over 240,000 customers were without power.[68] By September 16, only 5,700 homes remained without power.[127]

The hurricane's eyewall battered coastal areas from Wilmington to Cape Hatteras for up to 36 hours from September 14 to 15. Hurricane-force wind gusts with near-hurricane-force sustained winds occurred in these areas.

Cape Lookout.[38] A gust to 93 mph (150 km/h) was observed on Cedar Island.[119] A six-minute sustained wind of 68 mph (109 km/h) and gust to 79 mph (127 km/h) was observed in Wrightsville Beach. Additionally, there was an unverified measurement of a gust to 103 mph (166 km/h) in Davis.[38][119] Tropical storm-force wind gusts extended as far as 100 mi (155 km) inland.[119] Offshore, the ship Sanmar (callsign V2EX) measured sustained winds of 74 mph (119 km/h) about 85 mi (140 km) east-southeast of Morehead City.[38][128]

Persistent onshore flow resulted in the entire coastline experiencing a storm surge of at least 1 ft (0.30 m).

low tide.[129] A peak surge of 8 ft (2.4 m) occurred along Clubfoot Creek.[119] The displacement of water left parts of the Sound's seafloor exposed.[130] Ocean-facing coastlines of Carteret and Onslow Counties saw surges of 4 to 6 ft (1.2 to 1.8 m).[38] Near Atlantic Beach, two cannons, an anchor, and other debris from the Queen Anne's Revenge were uncovered by churning waters.[131] Heavy rain accompanied the storm's three-day impact, with the greatest totals occurring along the immediate coastline.[38] Peak accumulations were concentrated in Brunswick County, reaching a maxima of 17.5 in (440 mm) at the Oak Island water treatment plant.[38][129] Accumulations as much as 12 in (300 mm) extended northward to Oracoke Island.[119] Trace amounts of rain fell across half the state.[129]

A map of coastal North Carolina highlighting areas of differing storm surge heights.
Map of maximum storm surge values in North Carolina associated with Hurricane Ophelia

Heavy rainfall across Brunswick County caused widespread flooding. At least 200 homes were damaged on Bald Head Island and floodwaters briefly isolated 15 houses during the storm. Floodwaters reached a depth of 4 ft (1.2 m) in some locations, rendering roads impassable.[129] A 50 ft (15 m) section of coastal road was washed away in Ocean Isle.[73] Wind damage was confined to eastern areas of the county and consisted of minimal structural damage and downed trees.[129] Damage across Carteret County was primarily concentrated in coastal communities and barrier islands.[119] Numerous docks and piers were damaged or destroyed.[132] About 100 ft (30 m) of the 1,000 ft (300 m) long Bogue Inlet Pier was destroyed.[133] Six homes were destroyed and 120 others were damaged in Salter Path. In Emerald Isle, 25 people required rescue.[134] The county's beaches lost a total of 1,427,388 cubic yards (1,091,316 cubic meters) of sand, with Emerald Isle accounting for about one-third of this.[135]

Wind gusts up to 84 mph (135 km/h) in

force main in the Hewletts Creek watershed burst due to an influx of water from the hurricane, resulting in a 750,000 US gal (2,800,000 L) spill.[138]

Damage across Pender County reached $1.5 million, and was primarily concentrated in Surf City and on Topsail Island. Hurricane-force wind gusts caused minor damage to about 500 homes. Salt water flooding occurred along the backside of Topsail Island as water levels in the adjacent sound rose.[129] Some areas of Topsail Island lost 25 ft (7.6 m) of beach and were gouged up to 4 ft (1.2 m) vertically. Eight duplexes were undermined by the erosion, potentially rendering them uninhabitable.[139] On the mainland of Pender County, damage was relatively light, limited to some downed trees and minor flooding.[129] A total of 388 homes were damaged across Onslow County, five of which were condemned.[136] The Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune suffered $1.2 million in damage, with the majority coming from the 300 ft (91 m) Riseley Pier.[140] About 150 ft (46 m) of the pier was destroyed, and sand surrounding the support pillars was eroded to the point where the remaining structure was unstable. The pier was condemned in October and eventually slated for demolition in February 2010.[141]

Minor wind damage occurred in parts of Craven, Duplin, Jones, and Lenoir counties.[142] Persistent northeasterly flow caused flooding in low-lying areas of New Bern by September 12.[137] Inland counties, including Columbus, Duplin, and Samson, primarily suffered agricultural damage. Little damage occurred in Dare County, with preliminary losses reaching only $19,500.[136]

Elsewhere in the United States and Canada

Adirondacks on September 16 to 17, leading to localized flash floods.[146] Scattered thunderstorms, some severe, elsewhere in the state downed trees and power lines.[145] Rainfall directly associated with Ophelia's passage in New Jersey and New York reached 2.4 in (61 mm) and 1.8 in (46 mm), respectively.[147] Flash floods occurred in Fairfield and New London counties in Connecticut.[148] Rainfall directly associated with Ophelia reached 2.57 in (65 mm) in Stafford Springs.[149] Ophelia brought locally heavy rain and gusty winds to southeastern Massachusetts as it brushed the state late on September 16. Wind gusts on Nantucket reached 40 mph (64 km/h) while rainfall peaked at 3.62 in (92 mm) in Falmouth.[89][149] Offshore, waves reached 19 ft (5.8 m) high.[89] Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Virginia received minimal rainfall with state accumulations peaking at 1.5 in (38 mm), 0.89 in (23 mm), 1.84 in (47 mm), 0.6 in (15 mm), and 0.88 in (22 mm) respectively.[149][150]

Meteorologist Ted McIldoon at the CHC described Ophelia as a "typical storm for [Atlantic Canada]." Heavy rain affected much of Nova Scotia while the strongest winds remained offshore.[151] Winds in the province peaked at 50 mph (80 km/h) on Beaver Island.[152] Only one power outage occurred, affecting 130 residents in Stewiacke.[151] One person died after slipping off a ladder while checking his roof for leaks.[121][151] Much of Nova Scotia received 1 to 2 in (25 to 50 mm) of rain, with a swath of 2 to 3 in (50 to 70 mm) across the center of the province.[151][153] A peak of 3.46 in (87.9 mm) was measured on Cape Sable Island. In Newfoundland, over 2.0 in (50 mm) of rain fell over parts of the eastern region of the province. Farther west, portions of New Brunswick received up to 1 in (25 mm) of rain.[153]

Aftermath

An image of a beach with large amounts of sand cut away, leaving a cliff-like edge near the water.
Large stretches of coastline suffered significant erosion in North Carolina, requiring extensive re-nourishment (erosion on Topsail Island pictured).

On September 15, North Carolina Governor Easley requested assistance from the South Carolina Government. South Carolina Governor Sanford signed an

Salvation Army provided meals to 175 people in Morehead City.[160] Band Together, a nonprofit organization, held a disaster relief show for victims of Katrina and Ophelia on September 21; benefits went to the Food Bank of Central & Eastern North Carolina.[161] Construction companies in Carteret County were overwhelmed with requests to repair docks and piers in the month following Ophelia.[132] North Carolina Senate President Marc Basnight and North Carolina House Speaker James B. Black suggested building codes be reformed for all structures to have windows resistant to 200 mph (320 km/h) winds.[160] Basnight emphasized that "the kind of building that goes on the coast has to change ... [they] are catching damage each and every time."[162]

With funding from FEMA, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) restored 11 mi (18 km) of beaches along Emerald Isle, Indian Beach, and Pine Knoll Shores, North Carolina, between January 10 and March 29, 2007.[163][164] In total, 1,229,836 cubic yards (940,277 cubic meters) of sand was distributed at a cost of $13,773,768.[165] The USCAE conducted additional nourishment projects around Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.[166]

Ecological effects from the hurricane were largely minor. The influx of

dissolved oxygen levels and caused a significant fish kill event with an estimated 28,500 fish dying.[168] A 2008 study on the effects of Ophelia and Tropical Storm Ernesto in 2006 noted a significant increase in Vibrio spp. populations in relation to their passage.[169] Ecological biochemistry composition along the Neuse River estuary saw little disturbance; however, disruption to ferry services limited the sample frequency during data collection.[170]

See also

  • Other storms with the same name
  • List of Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes
  • List of wettest tropical cyclones in North Carolina
  • List of United States hurricanes:

Notes

  1. ^ All damage amounts are listed in their 2005 values unless otherwise indicated.
  2. Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the Atlantic Ocean (north of the equator) and northeast Pacific Ocean from the coast of Central America west until 140°W.[7]

References

  1. ^ Beven et al. 2008, p. 1,109.
  2. ^ Beven et al. 2008, p. 1,110.
  3. ^ Bell, Gerald D; Blake, Eric S.; Landsea, Christopher W.; Mo, Kingtse C.; Pasch, Richard J.; Chelliah, Muthuvel; Goldenberg, Stanley B. The 2005 North Atlantic Hurricane Season A Climate Perspective (PDF) (Report). United States Climate Prediction Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  4. ^ Smith et al. 2007, p. 1,404.
  5. ^ Cokinos, Samara (November 12, 2020). "Looking back at 2005, the last time hurricane season went Greek". WKMG-TV. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Beven & Cobb 2006, p. 1.
  7. ^ Landsea, Christopher (2014). "Subject: F1) What regions around the globe have tropical cyclones and who is responsible for forecasting there?". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  8. ^ Blake, Eric (September 3, 2005). Tropical Weather Discussion (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  9. ^ Formosa, Mike (September 5, 2005). Tropical Weather Discussion (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  10. ^ "What is UTC or GMT Time?". National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  11. ^ Formosa, Mike (September 6, 2005). Tropical Weather Discussion (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  12. ^ Avila, Lixion (September 6, 2005). Tropical Depression Sixteen Discussion Number 1 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  13. ^ a b c Houze et al. 2009, p. 2,782.
  14. ^ a b Stewart, Stacy (September 7, 2005). Tropical Storm Ophelia Discussion Number 4 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  15. ^ a b Beven, Jack (September 7, 2005). Tropical Depression Sixteen Discussion Number 3 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  16. ^ Hensen, Bob (September 2, 2020). "Typhoons Maysak and Haishen may deal South Korea a one-two punch". Yale Climate Connections. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  17. ^ Avila, Lixion (September 7, 2005). Tropical Storm Ophelia Discussion Number 5 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  18. ^ Beven, Jack (September 8, 2005). Tropical Storm Ophelia Discussion Number 7 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  19. ^ Pasch, Richard (September 8, 2005). Tropical Storm Ophelia Discussion Number 9 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  20. ^ a b Pasch, Richard (September 8, 2005). Hurricane Ophelia Discussion Number 10 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  21. ^ Franklin, James (September 9, 2005). Tropical Storm Ophelia Discussion Number 12 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  22. ^ Avila, Lixion (September 9, 2005). Tropical Storm Ophelia Discussion Number 13 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g Beven & Cobb 2006, p. 7.
  24. ^ Avila, Lixion (September 9, 2005). Hurricane Ophelia Discussion Number 14 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  25. ^ Knabb, Richard (September 10, 2005). Tropical Storm Ophelia Discussion Number 16 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  26. ^ Avila, Lixion (September 10, 2005). Hurricane Ophelia Discussion Number 18 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  27. ^ Beven, Jack (September 11, 2005). Hurricane Ophelia Discussion Number 19 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  28. ^ Pasch, Richard (September 12, 2005). Tropical Storm Ophelia Discussion Number 25 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  29. ^ Razin & Bell 2021, p. 2,155.
  30. ^ a b Razin & Bell 2021, p. 2,156.
  31. ^ Franklin, James (September 12, 2005). Tropical Storm Ophelia Discussion Number 27 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h Beven & Cobb 2006, p. 2.
  33. ^ Beven, Jack (September 13, 2005). Tropical Storm Ophelia Discussion Number 28 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  34. ^ Stewart, Stacey (September 13, 2005). Tropical Storm Ophelia Discussion Number 29 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  35. ^ Franklin, James (September 14, 2005). Hurricane Ophelia Discussion Number 32 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  36. ^ Stewart, Stacey (September 14, 2005). Hurricane Ophelia Discussion Number 34 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  37. ^ Stewart, Stacey (September 14, 2005). Hurricane Ophelia Discussion Number 35 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Beven & Cobb 2006, p. 3.
  39. ^ a b Stewart, Stacey (September 15, 2005). Hurricane Ophelia Discussion Number 38 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  40. ^ a b Beven, Jack (September 16, 2005). Tropical Storm Ophelia Discussion Number 42 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  41. ^ a b Fogarty, Chris (April 25, 2006). The extratropical transition of Tropical Storm Ophelia (2005): Summary of forecasts and meteorological observations. 27th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  42. ^ Beven, Jack (September 16, 2005). Tropical Storm Ophelia Discussion Number 43 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  43. ^ Knabb, Richard (September 17, 2005). Tropical Storm Ophelia Discussion Number 45 (Technical Discussion). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  44. ^ Rogers et al. 2006, pp. 1, 525–1, 527.
  45. ^ Houze et al. 2009, p. 2,780.
  46. ^ Houze et al. 2009, p. 2,778.
  47. ^ Rogers et al. 2006, pp. 1, 531–1, 532.
  48. ^ Lin & Lee 2008, p. 16.
  49. ^ Rogers et al. 2006, p. 1,536.
  50. ^ Beven & Cobb 2006, pp. 4, 16.
  51. ^ a b Trotter, Bill (September 15, 2005). "Gas prices down from $3 spike". The Bangor Daily News. p. A2. Retrieved October 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  52. ^ a b Read, Madlen (September 9, 2005). "Crude oil prices slip as Ophelia drifts away from coast". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
  53. ^ a b Bousquet, Steve (September 9, 2005). "Ophelia stronger, but just sits there". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  54. ^ Waymer, Jim (September 8, 2005). "Ophelia tests beaches". Florida Today. p. 3A. Retrieved November 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  55. ^ Morgan, Curtis (September 8, 2005). "Ophelia future track remains very uncertain". The Miami Herald. p. B4. Retrieved November 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  56. ^ Halvorson, Todd (September 8, 2005). "NASA keeps tank on barge". Florida Today. p. 3A. Retrieved November 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  57. ^ "NASA Puts Redesigned Space Shuttle External Tank to the Test". National Aeronautic and Space Administration. April 14, 2005. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  58. ^ Sellers, Laurin; Reed, Kristen (September 8, 2005). "Ophelia looks likely to lash Florida for days". The Orlando Sentinel. p. A19. Retrieved November 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  59. ^ "South Carolinians advised to monitor new hurricane". The Index-Journal. Associated Press. September 9, 2005. p. 6A. Retrieved November 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  60. ^ Burns, Randy (September 10, 2005). "Weather-watches keep eye on Ophelia". The Item. p. 1. Retrieved November 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  61. ^ Holleman, Joey (September 10, 2005). "Midlands can handle Ophelia evacuees". The State. p. 4A. Retrieved November 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  62. ^ Hoover, Dan (September 10, 2005). "Ophelia trains eye on state's coast". The Greenville News. p. 1A. Retrieved November 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  63. ^ Hoover, Dan (September 11, 2005). "Ophelia wanders away from state". The Greenville News. p. 1A. Retrieved November 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  64. ^ Crumbo, Chuck (September 11, 2005). "Under watch, Carolinas brace for storm's onslaught". The Times and Democrat. p. 1A. Retrieved November 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  65. ^ a b Crumbo, Chuck (September 10, 2005). "S.C may escape strike by Ophelia". The State. p. A10. Retrieved November 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  66. ^ "Gov. Sanford requests voluntary evacuation as Ophelia approaches". The Index-Journal. Associated Press. September 13, 2005. p. 6A. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  67. ^ Hoover, Dan (September 14, 2005). "Ophelia gets back up to speed". The Greenville News. p. 1A. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  68. ^ a b Kokai, Mitch (September 15, 2005). "Governor gives Ophelia progress report". News 14 Carolina. Archived from the original on November 29, 2005. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  69. ^ "Horry County learns from Katrina mistakes in pre-hurricane planning". The Herald. Associated Press. September 12, 2005. p. 2B. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  70. ^ a b Jordan, Jacob (September 14, 2005). "Campers head inland, others stay put for Ophelia's brush". The Times and Democrat. Associated Press. p. 7A. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  71. ^ "Citadel postpones soccer, volleyball matches". The State. September 12, 2005. p. C2. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  72. ^ "Golf: Furman women open season". The Greenville News. September 12, 2005. p. 7C. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  73. ^ a b c d e Nowell, Paul (September 15, 2005). "Heavy rain as Ophelia closes in on N.C." The Times and Democrat. Associated Press. p. 8A. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  74. ^ "Hurricane Ophelia Hangs Near Southeastern Coast". The Washington Post. Reuters. September 11, 2005. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
  75. ^ "Carolina residents wary of Ophelia". The Item. September 12, 2005. p. 9A. Retrieved November 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  76. ^ Barnes 2013, p. 270.
  77. ^ a b c d Burns, Randy (September 14, 2005). "Ophelia takes aim at N.C. coast". The Item. p. 7A. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  78. ^ Holleman, Joey (September 15, 2005). "Ophelia's wind, rain lash N.C." The State. p. A5. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  79. ^ a b Nowell, Paul (September 14, 2005). "Coastal islands empty as rain begins from slowly approaching Ophelia". The Times and Democrat. Associated Press. p. 7A. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  80. ^ a b Smolowitz, Pete; Weir, Kytja; Johnson, Mark (September 13, 2005). "Ophelia weakens, keeps coast on edge". The Charlotte Observer. p. 10A. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  81. ^ Nesbitt, Jim; Barrett, Barbara; Allegood, Jerry; Rawlins, Wade (September 14, 2005). "Ophelia taunts N.C. coast". The News and Observer. p. 1A. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  82. ^ a b c "Ophelia Weakens". The Index-Journal. Associated Press. September 13, 2005 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  83. ^ Bolton, Kerra (September 13, 2005). "Ophelia threatens N.C. coast". Asheville Citizen-Times. p. A1. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  84. ^ Hurricane Ophelia Situation Report #2 (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Energy. September 15, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  85. ^ "SCE&G workers aid Ophelia repairs". The State. September 16, 2005. p. D1. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  86. ^ Hurricane Ophelia Situation Report #1 (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Energy. September 14, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  87. ^ "Fighter jets leave Va. for Fla. to avoid storm". The Daily News Leader. Associated Press. September 14, 2005. p. A3. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  88. ^ Wyatt, Kristen (September 15, 2005). "Md. expected to escape brunt of hurricane". The Star-Democrat. Associated Press. p. A6. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  89. ^ a b c "Ophelia breezes past Massachusetts coast". The Denver Post. Associated Press. September 17, 2005. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  90. ^ Gelineau, Kristen (September 17, 2005). "Ophelia heads for New England coast". The Bangor Daily News. Associated Press. p. A3. Retrieved October 24, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  91. ^ "Atlantic Canada keeps close watch as Ophelia crawls north". Times Colonist. The Canadian Press. September 16, 2005. p. A7. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  92. ^ "Ophelia reaches Atlantic Canada". Calgary Herald. The Canadian Press. September 18, 2005. p. A6. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  93. ^ "Tropical storm Ophelia rains on Nova Scotia". The Ottawa Citizen. The Halifax Daily News. September 18, 2005. p. A8. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  94. ^ "Fire Ban Lifted Today" (Press release). Government of Nova Scotia. Department of Natural Resources. September 15, 2005. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  95. ^ "Ophelia lashes Atlantic Canada, stirs memories of Juan in 2003". Times Colonist. The Canadian Press. September 18, 2005. p. A4. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  96. ^ "Nova Scotia Power braced for Ophelia". Edmonton Journal. September 18, 2005. p. A5. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  97. ^ "Nova Scotians Monitor Ophelia" (Press release). Government of Nova Scotia. Emergency Measures Organization. September 15, 2005. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  98. ^ "Adverse weather conditions expected from Tropical Storm Ophelia" (Press release). Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Municipal and Provincial Affairs. September 16, 2005. Archived from the original on December 27, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  99. ^ "Nova Scotia braces for arrival of Ophelia". Star-Phoenix. The Canadian Press. September 17, 2005. p. A12. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  100. ^ Spratt, Scott; Dietzmann, Bud (2005). Hurricane Ophelia offshore East Central Florida September 7–9, 2005 (PDF) (Report). National Weather Service Forecast Office in Melbourne, Florida. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 23, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  101. ^ Angel et al. 2005, pp. 35–36.
  102. ^ a b Angel et al. 2005, p. 36.
  103. ^ Reed, Travis (September 9, 2005). "Ophelia intensifies; Florida keeps watch". The Atlanta Constitution. Associated Press. p. 3A. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  104. ^ Angel et al. 2005, p. 35.
  105. ^ Beven & Cobb 2006, p. 10.
  106. ^ Angel et al. 2005, p. 37.
  107. ^ a b c Roth, David M. (2005). "[Hurricane Ophelia Rainfall Summary Map]" (GIF). Weather Prediction Center. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  108. ^ a b c Angel et al. 2005, p. 34.
  109. ^ Roth, David M. (November 9, 2021). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for Florida". Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  110. ^ Critically Eroded Beaches in Florida (PDF) (Report). Florida Department of Environmental Protection. June 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  111. ^ Kaye, Ken (September 8, 2005). "Storm to heat things up a bit". South Florida Sun Sentinel. p. B1. Retrieved November 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  112. ^ Roth, David M. (2021). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeast". Weather Prediction Center. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  113. ^ Beven & Cobb 2006, p. 12.
  114. ^ Angel et al. 2005, pp. 38–39.
  115. ^ a b c Angel et al. 2005, p. 168.
  116. ^ a b c Beven & Cobb 2006, p. 11.
  117. ^ Malsick, Mark (2005). "Hurricane Ophelia". South Carolina State Climatology Office. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  118. ^ a b Jordan, Jacob (September 15, 2005). "Ophelia skirts the S.C. coast with little damage". The Times and Democrat. Associated Press. p. 8A. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  119. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Vincent, Brandon; Brandy, Rich (2005). "Hurricane Ophelia – September 14, 2005". National Weather Service Forecast Office in Newport/Morehead City, North Carolina. Archived from the original on November 3, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  120. ^ Johnson, Mark; Durhams, Sharif (September 17, 2005). "Ophelia's worst dodged". The Charlotte Observer. p. 3B. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  121. ^ a b Beven & Cobb 2006, p. 4.
  122. ^ Angel et al. 2005, pp. 149–150.
  123. ^ "Coastal towns need money to rebuild after Ophelia". Rocky Mount Telegram. Associated Press. September 19, 2005. p. 3A. Retrieved November 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  124. ^ Coburn 2012, p. 116.
  125. ^ "Rainy Day Accident Turns Tragic". The News and Observer. September 21, 2005. p. A1. Retrieved November 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  126. ^ "Readiness key in post-Katrina world". Rocky Mount Telegram. Associated Press. September 17, 2005. p. 3A. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  127. ^ a b c Allegood, Jerry; Rawlins, Wade; Nesbitt, Jim (September 17, 2005). "Coast cheers Ophelia's departure". The News and Observer. p. 17A. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  128. ^ Beven & Cobb 2006, p. 8.
  129. ^ a b c d e f g h Hurricane Ophelia on September 14, 2005 (Report). National Weather Service Forecast Office in Wilmington, North Carolina. 2005. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  130. ^ "Hurricane Ophelia temporarily drains the Pamlico Sound". The Charlotte Observer. September 20, 2005. p. 8E. Retrieved November 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  131. ^ "Ophelia unearths medical artifact frrom Blackbeard's ship". Asheville Citizen-Times. Associated Press. October 22, 2005. p. B3. Retrieved November 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  132. ^ a b "Ophelia has builders swamped with work". The News and Observer. Associated Press. October 16, 2005. p. 7B. Retrieved November 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  133. ^ Higgins, Tom (September 22, 2005). "Pier takes a licking, but anglers keep fishing". The Index-Journal. p. 5C. Retrieved November 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  134. ^ "Ophelia soaks coastal N.C." The Index-Journal. Associated Press. September 16, 2005. p. 5A. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  135. ^ Post-Ophelia Beach Changes Along Bogue Banks (PDF) (Report). Government of Carteret County, North Carolina. September 28, 2005. p. 7. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  136. ^ a b c Nesbitt, Jim (September 20, 2005). "Ophelia damage near $34 million, will rise". The News and Observer – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  137. ^ a b Bonner, Lynn (September 12, 2005). "Stronger Ophelia heads for N.C. coast". The News and Observer. p. 6A. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  138. ^ Cahoon, Lawrence B.; Mallin, Michael A.; Toothman, Byron; Ortwine, Michelle; Harrington, Renee; Gerhart, Rebecca; Gill, Stephen; Knowles, John (August 2007). Is there a Relationship Between Phosphorus and Fecal Microbes in Aquatic Sediments? (PDF) (Report). Water Resources Research Institute of The University of North Carolina. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  139. ^ Barrett, Barbara (September 17, 2005). "Beaches take a pounding". The News and Observer. p. 1A. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  140. ^ "Costs from Ophelia keep rising". The News and Observer. September 21, 2005. p. 5B. Retrieved November 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  141. ^ Wright, Jonathan G. (February 8, 2010). "Riseley Pier slated for removal". United States Marine Corps. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
  142. ^ Angel et al. 2005, p. 149.
  143. ^ Angel et al. 2005, p. 142.
  144. ^ Angel et al. 2005, p. 141.
  145. ^ a b Angel et al. 2005, p. 144.
  146. ^ Angel et al. 2005, p. 146.
  147. ^ Roth, David M. (2021). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Mid-Atlantic". Weather Prediction Center. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  148. ^ Angel et al. 2005, p. 33.
  149. ^ a b c Roth, David M. (2021). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for New England". Weather Prediction Center. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  150. ^ Roth, David M. (2022). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Mid-Atlantic". Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  151. ^ a b c d Doucette, Keith (September 19, 2005). "Ophelia lashes Newfoundland with strong winds, heavy rain". Times Colonist. The Canadian Press. p. A7. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  152. ^ Miller, Steve (January 15, 2014). "Canadian Tropical Cyclone Season Summary for 2005". Canadian Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  153. ^ a b Roth, David M. (2005). "[Hurricane Ophelia Rainfall in Canada]" (GIF). Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  154. ^ Sanford, Mark (September 15, 2005). "Executive order no. 2005-22" (PDF). Government of South Carolina. Office of the Governor. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  155. ^ "President Declares Major Disaster For North Carolina". Federal Emergency Management Agency. October 7, 2005. Archived from the original on May 7, 2009. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
  156. ^ "Easley seeks FEMA money for Ophelia damage". Rocky Mount Telegram. Associated Press. September 24, 2005. p. 3A. Retrieved November 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  157. ^ "Easley seeks help for Ophelia victims". The News and Observer. September 28, 2005. p. 5B. Retrieved November 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  158. ^ "Designated Counties for North Carolina Hurricane Ophelia". Federal Emergency Management Agency. October 7, 2005. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
  159. ^ "North Carolina Hurricane Ophelia EM-3254-NC". Federal Emergency Management Agency. March 20, 2020. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
  160. ^ a b Bolton, Kerra L. (September 17, 2005). "Battered N.C. coast finally rid of Ophelia". Asheville Citizen-Times. p. A3. Retrieved November 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  161. ^ "Hurricane Katrina: How to Help". The News and Observer. September 21, 2005. p. 4B. Retrieved November 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  162. ^ "Lawmakers mull building code changes for disasters". Rocky Mount Telegram. Associated Press. September 18, 2005. p. 2A. Retrieved November 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  163. ^ Bogue Banks Final EIS Section 3 Project Alternatives (PDF) (Report). United States Army Corps of Engineers. February 2018. p. 13. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  164. ^ Annual Sea Turtle Monitoring Report: Wilmington District (PDF) (Report). United States Army Corps of Engineers. 2007. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  165. ^ Bogue Banks Final EIS Section 2 Purpose and Need (PDF) (Report). United States Army Corps of Engineers. February 2018. p. 22. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  166. ^ Environmental Assessment for the Grand Strand Storm Damage Reduction Project (PDF) (Report). United States Army Corps of Engineers. June 2007. p. 1. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  167. . Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  168. ^ Fish Kill Events Reported to the North Carolina Division of Water Quality – 2005 (Report). North Carolina Division of Water Quality. 2005. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  169. ^ Wetz et al. 2008, p. 142.
  170. ^ Ensign & Paerl 2006, p. 404.

Bibliography

Sources

External links