Hurricane Ophelia (2005)
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season |
Hurricane Ophelia was a long-lived
Ophelia's erratic track prompted
Meteorological history
Background
The
Origins
On September 1, 2005, a
Fluctuation in strength and track
Early in the storm's lifecycle, meteorologists struggled with a complex track forecast as models depicted a wide-range of scenarios for the depression.
The hurricane's prolonged lack of movement resulted in the upwelling of cooler waters which in turn caused it to weaken back to a tropical storm early on September 9.[6][21] Later on September 9, Ophelia began moving slowly northeast in response to a mid-latitude trough.[22] The storm soon developed a 12 mi (19 km) wide eye and regained hurricane status around 18:00 UTC.[23][24] Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear and intrusions of dry air into the hurricane's core caused degradation of its structure.[25] However, Ophelia's structure once again improved late on September 10 with a 35 mi (55 km) wide eye developing;[26] this coincided with it regaining hurricane status for the third time.[6] Concurrently, it attained its lowest central pressure of 976 mbar (hPa; 28.82 inHg).[23] Over the next two days the hurricane executed a clockwise loop within an area of weak steering between two ridges. Its slow movement led to further upwelling of cooler waters even over the relatively warm Gulf Stream.[6][27] Gradual degradation of the hurricane's structure occurred as it looped back to the west-southwest, with meager convection unable to maintain vertical mixing.[28] Sea surface temperatures beneath the system had plummeted to an average of 74.3 °F (23.5 °C) by this time,[29] and with insufficient heat content convection within the eyewall collapsed. Slightly warmer waters farther from the center helped support a broken ring around the decaying center.[30] By 00:00 UTC on September 12, Ophelia weakened back to a tropical storm for the third time.[23] An unusual eyewall replacement cycle commenced with its inner core dissipating and a larger eye organizing around it; its radius of maximum wind doubled from about 30 mi (50 km) to 60 mi (100 km). This differed from classical replacement cycles as Ophelia never displayed defined concentric eyewalls, rather the inner one degraded as the outer one formed.[30] After completing the two-day-long loop, the storm proceeded along a slow northwest and later northward trajectory toward the Carolinas.[31]
North Carolina impact and extratropical transition
After remaining largely steady-state from September 12 into the early part of September 13,
The storm accelerated east late on September 16 as it became embedded within the mid-latitude westerlies.[40] An approaching baroclinic wave over the Great Lakes also induced a northward component to Ophelia's track.[41] Increasing shear displaced convection north of its center and caused its core to become vertically tilted.[40] After a brief resurgence in convection,[42] Ophelia began transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on September 17 as it interacted with an approaching trough. Its surface center became increasingly separated from the strongest winds and thunderstorm activity.[43] During this time the storm made its closest approach to Massachusetts, passing 70 mi (110 km) to the southeast of Cape Cod.[32] Ophelia completed its extratropical transition by 00:00 UTC on September 18 as it approached Nova Scotia.[32][23] The system remained just offshore, with its center scraping the coast of Guysborough County in the eastern portion of the island. It then traversed the Cabot Strait before making landfall in south-central Newfoundland around 18:00 UTC with maximum winds of 50 mph (85 km/h).[23][41] Ophelia traversed the island within six hours, emerging over the north Atlantic Ocean by September 19.[23][32] The cyclone continued along an east-northeast to northeast path for several days as it spun down. Ophelia ultimately dissipated on September 23 over the Norwegian Sea.[32]
Research
As part of their annual Hurricane Field Program, the
Preparations
Throughout the existence of Hurricane Ophelia, the NHC,
United States
With gas prices already elevated because of Hurricane Katrina's effects in the Gulf of Mexico, gas prices fluctuated due to disruptions from Hurricane Ophelia.[51][52] Prices initially rose in the southeast as the system was developing before dropping as the storm turned away from Florida.[52] They later rose in Maine as the system impacted North Carolina.[51]
Florida
Already suffering from a volley of six hurricane impacts since 2004, concerns were raised over Ophelia's potential effects in Florida. With an uncertain track, the main issue presented was beach erosion, especially in areas significantly affected by Hurricanes
The Carolinas
The South Carolina Emergency Management Division advised residents in flood-prone areas to remain abreast of the storm.
North Carolina Governor
Ferry service across the Pamlico Sound was suspended on September 12 due to high seas.[80] Both of the state's major ports were shut down.[81] Schools were closed across five counties on September 13.[82] Classes were suspended at the University of North Carolina Wilmington and East Carolina University.[77] The North Carolina National Guard deployed 300 troops to staging centers in eastern areas of the state. The National Guard was supplemented by 460 highway patrol officers, swift-water and urban search and rescue teams, and seven helicopters.[82][83] Two warehouses stocked with two days-worth of food for 10,000 people were readied.[80] FEMA deployed 250 personnel, a larger-than-normal response for a storm of Ophelia's intensity in light of the damage caused by Katrina.[73] Progress Energy mobilized at least 900 people to restore power, including 600 supplementary personnel.[84] Linemen originally sent to the Gulf Coast were recalled to the state and 140 additional workers from South Carolina Electric & Gas Company were provided.[77][85] The United States Department of Energy deployed personnel to assist local services. The Brunswick Nuclear Generating Station declared an "unusual event" as a precautionary measure.[86]
Elsewhere
Virginia Governor Mark Warner declared a state of emergency and activated the National Guard.[77] On September 13, 23 F-15 Eagles and 90 personnel were relocated from Langley Air Force Base to Eglin Air Force Base in Florida.[87] The Maryland Emergency Management Agency held daily briefings on the storm, though effects in the state were expected to be minimal. Concern was raised for the possibility of flooding along Chesapeake Bay.[88] Campgrounds throughout Cape Cod were shut down for the duration of the storm. Food and water were provided to 200 people who were displaced by Hurricane Katrina and living at Camp Edwards. Counselors were provided to assist anyone stressed from experiencing another storm.[89] In Chatham, Massachusetts, fishermen moved their boats to safety while the local harbormaster ensured docked vessels were properly secured.[90]
Canada
In Atlantic Canada, residents were extra cautious of the approaching storm, primarily because of memories of Hurricane Juan in 2003. Debris from Juan remained scattered across Nova Scotia two years after the storm.[91] The CHC initially forecast hurricane-force winds to impact parts of Nova Scotia, but later tempered expectations as Ophelia weakened on approach.[92] The Halifax Daily News described city residents as "surprisingly complacent", with media broadcasts "[not] ...hyped up at all".[93] Expected rainfall from the storm led to Nova Scotia's Department of Natural Resources ending a fire ban for western areas of the province on September 15.[94] Nova Scotia Power, criticized for its poor response after Juan, placed hundreds of workers on standby and requested additional personnel from other provinces.[95][96] Ahead of the storm's arrival, the Emergency Management Offices of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador Emergency Measures advised residents to take appropriate precautions to protect themselves and property. They highlighted the recent devastation wrought by Katrina in the United States and damaging events in Atlantic Canada over the past several years.[97][98] Residents across the region secured boats and stocked up on supplies.[99]
Impact
Southeastern United States
Meandering off eastern Florida for several days, Ophelia produced a prolonged period of increased swells across the state.
Effects from Ophelia in Georgia were limited to the immediate coastline, with these areas largely receiving 3 in (76 mm) of rain at most. Accumulations peaked at 3.15 in (80 mm) on
North Carolina
Meandering along the coastline for three days, Ophelia was a prolonged rain and wind event for North Carolina. Despite its long duration, damage from the hurricane was less than anticipated.[119][120] An initial insured damage estimate of $800 million, yielding an approximate $1.6 billion in total damage, was given soon after the storm. However, later assessments by the American Insurance Services Group gave an insured loss estimate of $35 million, yielding a total cost of $70 million.[121] The National Centers for Environmental Information tabulated damage at $62 million.[122] The state's agriculture industry suffered approximately $19.6 million in damage.[123] Annual beach nourishment projects are credited with reducing the severity of damage from the hurricane.[124] One indirect fatality was linked to the hurricane when a car hydroplaned on a rain-slicked road in Franklin County.[125] East Carolina University political scientist Carmine Scavo indicated that as a reactionary response to Katrina, the state was "possibly overprepared" for the hurricane.[126] At the storm's peak on September 14 to 15, over 240,000 customers were without power.[68] By September 16, only 5,700 homes remained without power.[127]
The hurricane's eyewall battered coastal areas from Wilmington to Cape Hatteras for up to 36 hours from September 14 to 15. Hurricane-force wind gusts with near-hurricane-force sustained winds occurred in these areas.
Persistent onshore flow resulted in the entire coastline experiencing a storm surge of at least 1 ft (0.30 m).
Heavy rainfall across Brunswick County caused widespread flooding. At least 200 homes were damaged on Bald Head Island and floodwaters briefly isolated 15 houses during the storm. Floodwaters reached a depth of 4 ft (1.2 m) in some locations, rendering roads impassable.[129] A 50 ft (15 m) section of coastal road was washed away in Ocean Isle.[73] Wind damage was confined to eastern areas of the county and consisted of minimal structural damage and downed trees.[129] Damage across Carteret County was primarily concentrated in coastal communities and barrier islands.[119] Numerous docks and piers were damaged or destroyed.[132] About 100 ft (30 m) of the 1,000 ft (300 m) long Bogue Inlet Pier was destroyed.[133] Six homes were destroyed and 120 others were damaged in Salter Path. In Emerald Isle, 25 people required rescue.[134] The county's beaches lost a total of 1,427,388 cubic yards (1,091,316 cubic meters) of sand, with Emerald Isle accounting for about one-third of this.[135]
Wind gusts up to 84 mph (135 km/h) in
Damage across Pender County reached $1.5 million, and was primarily concentrated in Surf City and on Topsail Island. Hurricane-force wind gusts caused minor damage to about 500 homes. Salt water flooding occurred along the backside of Topsail Island as water levels in the adjacent sound rose.[129] Some areas of Topsail Island lost 25 ft (7.6 m) of beach and were gouged up to 4 ft (1.2 m) vertically. Eight duplexes were undermined by the erosion, potentially rendering them uninhabitable.[139] On the mainland of Pender County, damage was relatively light, limited to some downed trees and minor flooding.[129] A total of 388 homes were damaged across Onslow County, five of which were condemned.[136] The Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune suffered $1.2 million in damage, with the majority coming from the 300 ft (91 m) Riseley Pier.[140] About 150 ft (46 m) of the pier was destroyed, and sand surrounding the support pillars was eroded to the point where the remaining structure was unstable. The pier was condemned in October and eventually slated for demolition in February 2010.[141]
Minor wind damage occurred in parts of Craven, Duplin, Jones, and Lenoir counties.[142] Persistent northeasterly flow caused flooding in low-lying areas of New Bern by September 12.[137] Inland counties, including Columbus, Duplin, and Samson, primarily suffered agricultural damage. Little damage occurred in Dare County, with preliminary losses reaching only $19,500.[136]
Elsewhere in the United States and Canada
Meteorologist Ted McIldoon at the CHC described Ophelia as a "typical storm for [Atlantic Canada]." Heavy rain affected much of Nova Scotia while the strongest winds remained offshore.[151] Winds in the province peaked at 50 mph (80 km/h) on Beaver Island.[152] Only one power outage occurred, affecting 130 residents in Stewiacke.[151] One person died after slipping off a ladder while checking his roof for leaks.[121][151] Much of Nova Scotia received 1 to 2 in (25 to 50 mm) of rain, with a swath of 2 to 3 in (50 to 70 mm) across the center of the province.[151][153] A peak of 3.46 in (87.9 mm) was measured on Cape Sable Island. In Newfoundland, over 2.0 in (50 mm) of rain fell over parts of the eastern region of the province. Farther west, portions of New Brunswick received up to 1 in (25 mm) of rain.[153]
Aftermath
On September 15, North Carolina Governor Easley requested assistance from the South Carolina Government. South Carolina Governor Sanford signed an
With funding from FEMA, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) restored 11 mi (18 km) of beaches along Emerald Isle, Indian Beach, and Pine Knoll Shores, North Carolina, between January 10 and March 29, 2007.[163][164] In total, 1,229,836 cubic yards (940,277 cubic meters) of sand was distributed at a cost of $13,773,768.[165] The USCAE conducted additional nourishment projects around Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.[166]
Ecological effects from the hurricane were largely minor. The influx of
See also
- Other storms with the same name
- List of Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes
- List of wettest tropical cyclones in North Carolina
- List of United States hurricanes:
Notes
- ^ All damage amounts are listed in their 2005 values unless otherwise indicated.
- Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the Atlantic Ocean (north of the equator) and northeast Pacific Ocean from the coast of Central America west until 140°W.[7]
- daylight savings time.[10]
References
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- ^ Beven et al. 2008, p. 1,110.
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- ^ Angel et al. 2005, p. 37.
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- ^ a b c Angel et al. 2005, p. 168.
- ^ a b c Beven & Cobb 2006, p. 11.
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