Hurricane Patricia
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | October 20, 2015 |
Dissipated | October 24, 2015 |
Category 5 hurricane | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
Highest winds | 215 mph (345 km/h) |
Lowest pressure | 872 mbar (hPa); 25.75 inHg (Record low in Western Hemisphere; second-lowest globally) |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | 8 direct, 5 indirect (13 total) |
Damage | $463 million (2022 USD) |
Areas affected | Mexico, Texas |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 2015 Pacific hurricane season |
Hurricane Patricia was the most powerful
Late on October 23, dramatic weakening ensued and Patricia made landfall near Cuixmala, Jalisco, with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h). This still made it the strongest landfalling Pacific hurricane on record at the time, until it was surpassed by Hurricane Otis in 2023. Patricia continued to weaken extremely quickly, faster than it had intensified, as it interacted with the mountainous terrain of Mexico. Within 24 hours of moving ashore, Patricia weakened into a tropical depression and dissipated soon thereafter, late on October 24.
The precursor to Patricia produced widespread flooding rains in Central America. Hundreds of thousands of people were directly affected by the storm, mostly in Guatemala. At least six fatalities were attributed to the event: four in El Salvador, one in Guatemala, and one in Nicaragua. Torrential rains extended into southeastern Mexico, with areas of Quintana Roo and Veracruz reporting accumulations in excess of 19.7 in (500 mm). Damage in Chetumal reached MX$1.4 billion (US$85.3 million).[nb 3]
As a tropical cyclone, Patricia's effects in Mexico were tremendous; however, the affected areas were predominantly rural, lessening the number of people directly impacted. Violent winds tore roofs from structures and stripped coastal areas of their vegetation. Preliminary assessments indicated hundreds of homes to be destroyed; seven fatalities were linked to the hurricane directly or indirectly, including one during evacuations. Total damage from Patricia was estimated to be at least $462.8 million (2015 USD); the damage in Mexico alone was estimated to be in excess of MX$5.4 billion (US$325 million), with agriculture and infrastructure comprising the majority of losses. Flooding partially associated with remnant moisture from Patricia inflicted US$52.5 million in damage across Southern Texas.
Meteorological history
On October 11, 2015, an area of disturbed weather traversed Central America and emerged over the eastern Pacific Ocean. The disturbance moved slowly over the next few days, later merging with a
Development was initially slowed by locally cooler
By the early hours of October 23, a clear northward turn took place followed by acceleration northeast.
Later on October 23, rapid weakening ensued as an eyewall replacement cycle took shape and wind shear increased. In the five hours up until landfall in Mexico, Patricia weakened at an unprecedented rate while still over water. However, upon moving ashore around 23:00 UTC near Cuixmala, Jalisco, it remained a strong Category 4 hurricane, with sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and an analyzed pressure of 932 mbar (hPa; 27.52 inHg). This made Patricia the most intense landfalling Pacific hurricane on record, until Hurricane Otis surpassed it in October 2023. Once onshore, the high terrain of the Sierra Madre mountains accelerated Patricia's weakening. The low- and mid-level circulations of the tropical cyclone decoupled, with the latter accelerating northeast, and Patricia dissipated on October 24 over central Mexico, less than 18 hours after moving ashore.[1]
Records
Hurricane Patricia set multiple records for maximum strength, rate of intensification, and rate of weakening throughout its relatively short existence. With maximum sustained winds of 215 mph (346 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 872 mbar (hPa; 25.75 inHg), Patricia is the most intense tropical cyclone ever observed in the Western Hemisphere. In terms of central pressure, it is also the second-most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded worldwide, just shy of Typhoon Tip in 1979 which had a minimum pressure of 870 mbar (hPa; 25.69 inHg).[1]
Patricia's one-minute maximum sustained winds ranked as the highest ever reliably observed or estimated in a tropical cyclone, surpassing Typhoon Haiyan of 2013.[7] The magnitude of Patricia's rapid intensification is among the fastest ever observed. In a 24-hour period, 06:00–06:00 UTC October 22–23, its maximum sustained winds increased from 85 to 205 mph (137 to 330 km/h), a record increase of 120 mph (190 km/h). During the same period, Patricia's central pressure fell by 95 mbar (hPa; 2.81 inHg). Despite record over-water weakening prior to striking Mexico, Patricia became the most intense Pacific hurricane to make landfall, with a pressure of 932 mbar (hPa; 27.52 inHg),[1] until Otis surpassed this intensity with a pressure of 929 mbar (hPa; 27.43 inHg).
Preparations
Before Hurricane Patricia arrived, the
Following Patricia's upgrade to Category 5 status, the National Hurricane Center called the storm "potentially catastrophic",[8] a source of criticism and praise from various media.[9] Citing the relatively limited damage and loss of life, some outlets, including the Associated Press,[10] claimed the agency was exaggerating the danger posed by the storm. However, most outlets praised them for effectively communicating the dire threat and potentially saving lives from an exceptionally powerful hurricane.[9][11]
Across Michoacán, Colima, Jalisco, and Nayarit, 1,782 shelters were opened on October 22 with a collective capacity of 258,000 people.
Approximately 30,000 kg (66,000 lb) of aid was prepositioned in Colima for distribution after the hurricane's passage. The Electric Federal Commission dispatched 2,500 crewmen, 152 cranes, 15 all-terrain vehicles, 4 helicopters, and 84 generators to cope with potential power outages.[20] Mexican authorities received praise for effectively carrying out emergency preparations.[22]
Impact from precursor disturbance
The precursor of Patricia was a large and sprawling system that affected much of Central America with heavy rain for several days.
The aforementioned rains extended into Southwestern and Northeastern Mexico, falling from October 18–20; precipitation was enhanced by another tropical disturbance over the northwestern Caribbean Sea. Portions of
Impact as a tropical cyclone
Mexico
Hurricane Patricia made landfall in Jalisco as a Category 4 hurricane during the evening of October 23. The 15 mi (24 km) wide core of Patricia largely avoided populated centers, passing through areas with a population density of less than 30 people per square mile. This, alongside effective evacuations, is credited for the relatively low death toll, despite the hurricane's intensity. Several small communities along the path sustained tremendous damage, however.[41] Had the hurricane moved farther east or west, the densely populated areas surrounding Manzanillo or Puerto Vallarta would have suffered a direct hit.[22]
Throughout the affected region, the storm's powerful winds left 261,989 people without electricity.
Jalisco
Striking Jalisco as a strong Category 4 hurricane, Patricia wrought tremendous damage, though the most extreme effects were relatively localized. In the small community of Emiliano Zapata, the hurricane's violent winds tore roofs off homes and business. Countless trees were defoliated, stripped of their branches, snapped, or uprooted. Hillsides along the immediate landfall area were largely stripped of vegetation. Storm chaser Josh Morgerman described the aftermath: "... the tropical landscape was transformed into something barren and wintry."[51] Furthermore, the winds toppled concrete power poles and crumpled transmission towers.[51]
A total of six deaths in incidents related to Patricia were reported in the state.
Hurricane | Season | Wind speed | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Otis | 2023 | 160 mph (260 km/h) | [53] |
Patricia | 2015 | 150 mph (240 km/h) | [54] |
Madeline | 1976 | 145 mph (230 km/h) | [55] |
Iniki | 1992 | [56] | |
Twelve | 1957 | 140 mph (220 km/h) | [57] |
"Mexico" | 1959 | [57] | |
Kenna | 2002 | [58] | |
Lidia | 2023 | [59] |
Throughout Jalisco, approximately 9,000 homes were damaged or destroyed.[60] The coastal hamlet of Chamela, home to 40 families, was completely flattened.[61] More than 24,000 ha (59,000 acres) of crops were affected across the state: 10,684 ha (26,400 acres) sustained total losses while 13,943 ha (34,450 acres) were partially so. Damage from agriculture amounted to roughly MX$168 million (US$10.1 million).[62] Total damage reached to MX$1.139 billion (US$68.6 million).[47] A cargo ship—the 735 ft (224 m) bulk carrier Los Llanitos[63]—was shifted off-course by the hurricane and grounded near Barra de Navidad, Jalisco. Her 27 crew were unharmed but required rescue by a military helicopter.[64] The ship was subsequently deemed a total loss and crews began scrapping the vessel on-site in February 2016.[65]
Colima and Michoacán
In nearby Colima, preliminary surveys indicated localized but severe damage. A total of 200 schools, 107 health facilities, 34 sport facilities, and 11,645 ha (28,780 acres) of agriculture was affected by the storm.[66] Severe damage was incurred by the banana crops, with losses from the fruit alone estimated at MX$500 million (US$30.1 million).[17] Total damage in the state reached MX$1.7 billion (US$102.5 million).[48]
Although Patricia made landfall farther west, damage across Michoacán was severe. Numerous communities were temporarily isolated as roads were either rendered impassible or washed away altogether by floods.[67] A total of 1,512 homes were damaged and another 127 were destroyed across the state,[68] including 600 in Coahuayana.[69] The storm severely damaged 150 homes in the Arteaga Municipality. A portion of Highway 200 was shut down in Aquila.[67] Agriculture sustained extensive damage with 10,000 ha (25,000 acres) of crops destroyed; losses in the sector amounted to MX$2.5 billion (US$150.7 million). In Coahuayana alone, 5,600 ha (14,000 acres) of bananas were ruined, the greatest loss of crops in the municipality's history;[49] thousands of residents lost their jobs as a result of the damage.[69] Losses to health facilities in the state reached MX$13.5 million (US$814,000).[50]
Other states
The hurricane produced large swells along the shores of Guerrero on October 22, causing damage to coastal structures.[70] The remnants of Patricia brought heavy rain to much of northern Mexico on October 24. Up to 7.6 in (193 mm) of rain was observed in Tamaulipas, resulting in flooding. Dozens of structures sustained damage and hundreds were left without power, with areas in Reynosa and Río Bravo particularly affected.[71]
United States
Patricia's direct effects in Texas were limited to southern areas of the state. Moisture associated with the hurricane streamed ahead of its circulation and interacted with a frontal boundary over the region.[72] Antecedent rains saturated the region and produced severe flooding, with cars flooded and a train derailed.[73] Fears arose that the collective effects of these storms would produce deadly floods, similar to those in May earlier in the year; however, no deaths resulted.[74] Houston received 9.38 in (238 mm) of rain during a 24-hour span from October 24–25,[75] and a brief tornado caused minor damage near the city.[76] Rain fell at rates of 1 to 2 in (25 to 51 mm) per hour in southern Hidalgo County, leading to damaging flash floods. An estimated 10 to 12 in (250 to 300 mm), or more, accumulated across the Progreso–Weslaco area. Several feet of water rendered roads impassible, stranded cars, and affected more than 500 homes. Twenty-six water rescues were conducted in the area. Damage was estimated at $50 million.[77] Several roads in and around Corpus Christi were inundated,[78] including part of Interstate 37.[79] Two hours of "blinding rains" flooded the majority of eastern Willacy County, prompting multiple water rescues, and leaving $2.5 million in damage.[80] Remnant moisture then moved north and northwest through the Great Lakes, Appalachia and Mid-Atlantic states, and Florida Panhandle before exiting the nation.[81][82][83][84] In Louisiana, the storm caused 1,200 customers to lose power.[85]
Aftermath
In the aftermath of the hurricane, 5,791 marines from Mexico's
The
In January 2016, the Michoacán Ministry of Social Development enacted a MX$10 million (US$603,000) rehabilitation program to build 605 homes in affected communities.[92]
Retirement
Due to the hurricane's extreme intensity and the damages caused in Mexico, the name Patricia was retired by the World Meteorological Organization in April 2016. It was replaced with the name Pamela for the 2021 season.[93]
See also
- Weather of 2015
- Tropical cyclones in 2015
- List of the most intense tropical cyclones
- List of tropical cyclone records
- List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes
- Typhoon Nancy (1961) – strongest one-minute maximum sustained winds on record prior to Patricia (tied)
- Typhoon Tip (1979) – most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded
- Hurricane Linda (1997) – strongest and most intense Pacific hurricane prior to Patricia
- Hurricane Kenna (2002) – Category 5 hurricane, made landfall at Category 4 intensity north of where Patricia made landfall
- Hurricane Willa (2018)– Category 5 hurricane, made landfall at Category 3 intensity north of where Patricia made landfall.
- Hurricane Lidia (2023) – Category 4 hurricane, made landfall at peak intensity north of where Patricia made landfall.
- Hurricane Otis (2023) - another rapidly intensifying Category 5 that broke Patricia's record as the most intense landfalling Pacific hurricane
Notes
- ^ All winds are one-minute sustained unless otherwise noted.
- kilometers), following the convention used in the National Hurricane Center's products. Direct wind observations are rounded to the nearest whole number. Atmospheric pressures are listed to the nearest millibar and nearest hundredth of an inch of mercury.
- ^ All monetary totals are in 2015 values of their respective currency unless otherwise noted.
References
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- ^ Amanda K. Fanning (October 24, 2015). Storm Summary Number 10 for Southern Plains Heavy Rainfall (Report). College Park, Maryland: Weather Prediction Center. Archived from the original on June 7, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
- ^ Amanda K. Fanning (October 24, 2015). Storm Summary Number 15 for Southern Plains Heavy Rainfall (Report). College Park, Maryland: Weather Prediction Center. Archived from the original on October 26, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
- ^ "NASA Sees Post-Patricia Moisture, Winds Stalking the Mid-Atlantic". October 21, 2015. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ^ "Patricia Remnants Bring Flood Threat to Midwest, Northeast". NBC News. October 27, 2015. Archived from the original on October 24, 2018. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
- ^ Remnants of Hurricane Patricia causing power outages in Shreveport, KSLA, October 28, 2015
- Terra Networks. October 25, 2015. Archived from the originalon December 22, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
- ^ Jorge Velazco (October 29, 2015). "Darán 76 millones a Jalisco por huracán "Patricia"". Milenio (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. Archived from the original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
- ^ Angélica Enciso Landeros (October 28, 2015). "Destinarán $34 millones a afectados en Colima por 'Patricia': Meade". La Jordana (in Spanish). Manzanillo, Mexico. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
- ^ "Sector ambiental presenta reporte de daños en Colima por 'Patricia'" (in Spanish). Ángel Guardian. October 27, 2015. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
- ^ "Declaran desastre en 15 municipios; aumentan daños registrados en casas". El Informador (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. October 28, 2015. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
- ^ "Apoya INADEM a afectados por huracán". Milenio (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. January 21, 2016. Archived from the original on January 23, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
- ^ Angelina Arredondo Elizalde (January 11, 2016). "Continúa el apoyo a afectados por huracán "Patricia"". Provincia (in Spanish). Morelia, Mexico. Archived from the original on August 13, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization retires storm names Erika, Joaquin and Patricia" (Press release). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 25, 2016. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
External links
- The National Hurricane Center's advisory archive for Hurricane Patricia
- The National Hurricane Center's advisory graphics archive for Hurricane Patricia
- The National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Report for Hurricane Patricia
- ReliefWeb page for Hurricane Patricia