Hurricane Rosa (2018)

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Hurricane Rosa
Baja California Peninsula, Northwestern Mexico, Southwestern United States
IBTrACS / [1]
Part of the 2018 Pacific hurricane season

Hurricane Rosa brought widespread flooding to northwestern

upper-level low
off the coast of California by October 3.

Rosa prompted the issuance of tropical storm watches and warnings along the coast of Baja California, as well as various flood watches and warnings throughout the Southwestern United States. The impact of Rosa was relatively minor, as a combination of wind shear and cooler seas had weakened the storm significantly by the time it made landfall. Widespread flooding throughout northwestern Mexico, mainly in Sonora and Baja California, led to one drowning and minor damage. In Arizona, rainfall peaked at 6.89 in (175 mm) and caused flash floods that killed two people. Flood damage from Rosa and its remnants totaled $50 million (2018 USD) in the Southwestern United States and $530,000 in Baja California.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Hurricane Rosa originated from a vigorous

Manzanillo, Mexico.[1]

At the time of its formation, the depression was located within a favorable

minimum central pressure of 936 mbar (27.6 inHg). This made Rosa the seventh Category 4 hurricane of the year's season.[1][8]

After Rosa reached its peak, the hurricane's eyewall – an inner ring of clouds around the eye, marked by high winds – began to warm considerably, signaling the start of an eyewall replacement cycle.[9] Rosa turned to the northwest on the afternoon of September 28 in response to an approaching mid- to upper-level trough, which would continue to influence the remainder of the hurricane's development.[10] Now tracking over cooler seas, Rosa steadily weakened down to Category 2  by 00:00 UTC, September 29, while undergoing its eyewall replacement.[11] Once the replacement cycle was completed, the storm briefly restrengthened because of its much-improved structure, with expanding outflow to the northeast of the eye.[1][12] However, Rosa began to experience impinging wind shear from the developing trough, causing a misalignment between the upper and lower levels of the hurricane,[13] as well as coinciding with a final weakening phase.[1][13]

Rosa turned to the north on September 29, ahead of the trough.

landfall about 70 mi (110 km) southeast of Punta San Antonio in Baja California,[1] becoming the first tropical cyclone to move over the state since Nora of 1997.[18][19] During its approach towards the Gulf of California, Rosa exhibited an increasingly unwound and diffuse structure, prompting the NHC to declassify it as a tropical cyclone at 15:00 UTC.[20] Shortly after, forecasters at the Weather Prediction Center (WPC) noted that the low- and mid-level circulations of Rosa's remnant had decoupled; the mid-level remnants proceeded into northeast Arizona, while the lower segment traced behind it over the Gulf of California.[21] On October 3, in their final advisory on the system, the WPC reported that the remnants had been absorbed into a deepening non-tropical low off the coast of California.[22]

Preparations, impact, and aftermath

Mexico

Baja California Peninsula
on September 29

The

states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, and Sinaloa.[26]

Because of its significant weakening before landfall, Rosa had a relatively minor impact in Mexico.

Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, rainstorms triggered power outages and floods swept away vehicles.[32] In Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, dozens of homes and businesses suffered from flooding after an estimated 4 in (100 mm) of rain fell. Many of the town's roads were closed, and four bridges became impassable.[33] A woman drowned in Caborca, Sonora, after being swept away by floodwaters.[34]

Farther south, in the state of Colima, floodwaters swept through the city of Manzanillo, causing sinkholes, rupturing underground pipes, and inundating buildings. Landslides in and around the city blocked roads and buried three vehicles in mud.[35] Throughout the state of Michoacán, the combined effects from Rosa and nearby Tropical Storm Sergio destroyed 86,000 acres (35,000 ha) of crops.[36] After Rosa's passage, states of emergency were issued for the cities of Ensenada, Mexicali,[25] and Puerto Peñasco.[33]

United States

Map of rainfall totals in Arizona for rain generated by Rosa's remnants from October 1–2
Rainfall totals for the second round of rain generated by Rosa's remnants, which lasted from October 1–2.

Exiting the Gulf of California, the remnants of Rosa tracked northward, spawning showers and thunderstorms in the Four Corners region.[37] Damage from flooding in the Southwestern United States totaled about $50 million (USD).[38][39] Flood watches and warnings were issued on September 30 for Southern California, Arizona, southwest Colorado, Utah, central Nevada, and a small portion of southeast Idaho.[40] Rosa dropped 5.9 in (150 mm) of rain on a two week old, 240 sq mi (610 km2) burn scar in central Utah. Samples taken from streams that received rainfall from Rosa showed that the wildfires had lowered the level of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.[41][42][43] On October 1, an interaction between Rosa's remnants and a Pacific low produced severe thunderstorms in San Bernardino County, California.[44] Surging floodwaters carried rocks onto portions of U.S. Route 95 and coated parts of state routes 62 and 127 in mud and debris.[34][44][45] Effects from the severe weather extended into Nevada, where flash floods inundated buildings and deposited rubble along Pioche's Main Street.[46]

By the time of Rosa's absorption on October 3, a total of 6.89 in (175 mm) of rain was recorded at Towers Mountain, Arizona, located about 85 mi (137 km) north of Phoenix; other areas throughout the state reported up to 5.5 in (140 mm) of rain.

Deer Valley, and Sun City[47] and knocked out power in Yuma.[34] As rainfall exceeded 2 in (50 mm), the National Weather Service issued a flash flood warning for the Phoenix area. Though over two dozen roads, as well as schools and businesses, had been closed, 80 car accidents occurred during the torrential rains.[48] Outside the Phoenix area, weather-related traffic accidents resulted in the deaths of a 26-year-old woman just north of Cameron and a 34-year-old man in Kingman.[49][50]

At Menagers Dam near Sells, Arizona, rainfall from Rosa brought the water level within 1 foot (0.30 m) of maximum capacity on October 2, raising concerns about the dam's structural integrity.[51] Saying dam failure was imminent, the National Weather Service in Tucson urged residents of Ali Chuk to evacuate immediately.[52] Later that day, 162 people were evacuated from Ali Chuk, as well as 32 from Kohatk and 23 from the Menagers Dam community.[51] Engineers were recruited to carry out assessments of the dam,[53] and authorities continued to monitor the water level for two weeks before allowing residents to return to their homes on October 17.[54] Water discharge rates on the Salt River reached 25,000 cu ft (710 m3) per second, requiring officials to release water from the Tempe Town Lake.[55]

The Federal Highway Administration announced on September 10, 2019, that it was providing $4.7 million to the state of Arizona to fund road and bridge repairs required as a result of Rosa.[56] Road crews worked to repair a hillside along Arizona State Route 87 that was compromised as a result of heavy rainfall during Rosa. The project involved cleaning ditches, creating new ditches, removing landslide material, depositing boulders to prevent erosion, and repairing pavement; the cost was pegged at $4.2 million.[57]

See also

References

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External links

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