Hurricane Sandy
Mid-Atlantic States), Bermuda, eastern Canada | |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane and 2012–13 North American winter seasons | |
History
Effects Other wikis |
Hurricane Sandy (unofficially referred to as Superstorm Sandy)
Sandy developed from a
In Jamaica, winds left 70 percent of residents without electricity, blew roofs off buildings, killed one person, and caused about $100 million (2012 USD) in damage. Sandy's outer bands brought flooding to Haiti, killing at least 54, causing food shortages, and leaving about 200,000 homeless; the hurricane also caused two deaths in the Dominican Republic. In Puerto Rico, one man was swept away by a swollen river. In Cuba, there was extensive coastal flooding and wind damage inland, destroying some 15,000 homes, killing 11, and causing $2 billion (2012 USD) in damage. Sandy caused two deaths and an estimated $700 million (2012 USD) in damage in The Bahamas.
In the United States, Hurricane Sandy affected 24 states, including the entire eastern seaboard from Florida to Maine and west across the Appalachian Mountains to Michigan and Wisconsin, with particularly severe damage in New Jersey and New York. Its storm surge hit New York City on October 29, flooding streets, tunnels and subway lines and cutting power in and around the city.[13][14] Damage in the United States amounted to $65 billion (2012 USD).[15] In Canada, two were killed in Ontario, and the storm caused an estimated $100 million (2012 CAD) in damage throughout Ontario and Quebec.[16]
Meteorological history
Hurricane Sandy began as a low pressure system which developed sufficient organized
After Sandy exited Cuba, the structure of the storm became disorganized,[23] and it turned to the north-northwest over the Bahamas.[24] By October 27, Sandy was no longer fully tropical, as evidenced by the development of frontal structures in its outer circulation.[8] Despite strong shear, Sandy maintained its convection due to influence from an approaching trough; the same that turned the hurricane to the northeast.[25] After briefly weakening to a tropical storm,[26] Sandy re-intensified into a Category 1 hurricane,[27] and on October 28, an eye began redeveloping.[28] The storm moved around an upper-level low over the eastern United States and also to the southwest of a ridge over Atlantic Canada, turning it to the northwest.[29]
Sandy briefly re-intensified to Category 2 intensity on the morning of October 29, around which time it had become an extremely large hurricane, with a record gale-force wind diameter of over 1,150 miles (1,850 km),
Forecasts
On October 23, 2012, the path of Hurricane Sandy was correctly predicted by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) headquartered in Reading, England nearly eight days in advance of its striking the American East Coast. The computer model noted that the storm would turn west towards land and strike the New York/New Jersey region on October 29, rather than turn east and head out to the open Atlantic as most hurricanes in this position do. By October 27, four days after the ECMWF made its prediction, the National Weather Service and National Hurricane Center confirmed the path of the hurricane predicted by the European model. The National Weather Service was criticized for not employing its higher-resolution forecast models the way that its European counterpart did. A hardware and software upgrade completed at the end of 2013 enabled the weather service to make predictions more accurate and farther in advance than the technology in 2012 had allowed.[35]
Relation to global warming
According to
As they move north, Atlantic hurricanes typically are forced east and out to sea by the
Preparations
Caribbean and Bermuda
After the storm became a tropical cyclone on October 22, the
The
At 1515 UTC on October 26, the Bermuda Weather Service issued a tropical storm watch for Bermuda, reflecting the enormous size of the storm and the anticipated wide-reaching impacts.[53]
United States
Much of the East Coast of the United States, in Mid-Atlantic and New England regions, had a good chance of receiving
Through regional offices in
Southeast
Florida
Schools on the Treasure Coast announced closures for October 26 in anticipation of Sandy.[67]
Carolinas
At 0900 UTC on October 26, a tropical storm watch was issued from the mouth of the
Mid-Atlantic
Virginia
On October 26, Governor of Virginia Bob McDonnell declared a state of emergency. The U.S. Navy sent more than twenty-seven ships and forces to sea from Naval Station Norfolk for their protection.[72] Governor McDonnell authorized the National Guard to activate 630 personnel ahead of the storm.[73] Republican Party presidential candidate Mitt Romney canceled campaign appearances scheduled for October 28 in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and New Hampshire October 30 because of Sandy. Vice President Joe Biden canceled his appearance on October 27 in Virginia Beach and an October 29 campaign event in New Hampshire.[74] President Barack Obama canceled a campaign stop with former President Bill Clinton in Virginia scheduled for October 29, as well as a trip to Colorado Springs, Colorado, the next day because of the impending storm.[75]
Washington, D.C.
On October 26,
Maryland
Governor of Maryland Martin O'Malley declared a state of emergency on October 26.[72] By the following day, Smith Island residents were evacuated with the assistance of the Maryland Natural Resources Police, Dorchester County opened two shelters for those in flood prone areas, and Ocean City initiated Phase I of their Emergency Operations Plan.[81][82][83] Baltimore Gas and Electric Co. put workers on standby and made plans to bring in crews from other states.[84] On October 28, President Obama declared an emergency in Maryland and signed an order authorizing the Federal Emergency Management Agency to aid in disaster relief efforts.[85] Also, numerous areas were ordered to be evacuated including part of Ocean City, Worcester County, Wicomico County, and Somerset County.[86][87] Officials warned that more than a hundred million tons of dirty sediment mixed with tree limbs and debris floating behind Conowingo Dam could eventually pour into the Chesapeake Bay, posing a potential environmental threat.[88]
The Maryland Transit Administration canceled all service for October 29 and 30. The cancellations applied to buses, light rail, and Amtrak and MARC train service.[89] On October 29, six shelters opened in Baltimore, and early voting was canceled for the day.[80] Maryland Insurance Commissioner Therese M. Goldsmith activated an emergency regulation requiring pharmacies to refill prescriptions regardless of their last refill date.[90] On October 29, the Chesapeake Bay Bridge over the Chesapeake Bay and the Millard E. Tydings Memorial Bridge and Thomas J. Hatem Memorial Bridge over the Susquehanna River were closed to traffic in the midday hours.[91]
Delaware
On October 28, Governor Markell declared a state of emergency, with coastal areas of Sussex County evacuated.[92] In preparation for the storm, the Delaware Department of Transportation suspended some weekend construction projects, removed traffic cones and barrels from construction sites, and removed several span-wire overhead signs in Sussex County.[93] Delaware Route 1 through Delaware Seashore State Park was closed due to flooding.[92] Delaware roads were closed to the public, except for emergency and essential personnel,[94] and tolls on I-95 and Delaware Route 1 were waived.[95] DART First State transit service was also suspended during the storm.[96]
New Jersey
Preparations began on October 26, when officials in
On October 28,
Pennsylvania
Preparations in Pennsylvania began when
New York
New York City began taking precautions on October 26. Governor Cuomo ordered the closure of
Later on October 28, officials activated the coastal emergency plan, with subway closings and the evacuation of residents in areas hit by
New England
Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick ordered state offices to be closed October 29 and recommended schools and private businesses close. On October 28, President Obama issued a Pre-Landfall Emergency Declaration for Massachusetts. Several shelters were opened, and many schools were closed.[130] The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority shut down all services on the afternoon of October 29.[131] On October 28, Vermont Governor Peter Shumlin, New Hampshire Governor John Lynch, and Maine's Governor Paul LePage all declared states of emergency.[80][132][133]
Appalachia and the Midwest
The National Weather Service issued a storm warning for Lake Huron on October 29 that called for wave heights of 26 feet (7.9 m), and possibly as high as 38 feet (12 m). Lake Michigan waves were expected to reach 19 feet (5.8 m), with a potential of 33 feet (10 m) on October 30.[134] Flood warnings were issued in Chicago on October 29, where wave heights were expected to reach 18 to 23 feet (5.5 to 7.0 m) in Cook County and 25 feet (7.6 m) in northwest Indiana.[135] Gale warnings were issued for Lake Michigan and Green Bay in Wisconsin until the morning of October 31, and waves of 33 feet (10 m) in Milwaukee and 20 feet (6.1 m) in Sheboygan were predicted for October 30.[136] The actual waves reached about 20 feet (6.1 m) but were less damaging than expected.[137][138] The village of Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin urged a voluntary evacuation of its lakefront area, though few residents signed up, and little flooding actually occurred.[136][138]
Michigan was impacted by a winter storm system coming in from the west, mixing with cold air streams from the Arctic and colliding with Hurricane Sandy.[134] The forecasts slowed shipping traffic on the Great Lakes, as some vessels sought shelter away from the peak winds, except those on Lake Superior.[139][140] Detroit-based DTE Energy released 100 contract line workers to assist utilities along the eastern U.S. with storm response, and Consumers Energy did the same with more than a dozen employees and 120 contract employees.[141] Due to the widespread power outages, numerous schools had to close, especially in St. Clair County and areas along Lake Huron north of Metro Detroit.[142]
As far as Ohio's western edge, areas were under a wind advisory.[143] All departing flights at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport were canceled until October 30 at 3 p.m.[144]
In Great Smoky Mountains National Park, in Tennessee, several inches of snow led to the closure of a major route through the park on Sunday, October 28, and again, after a brief reopening, on Monday, October 29, 2012.[147]
Canada
The
Date | Time | Warning type | Areas |
---|---|---|---|
October 22 | 15:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Watch | Jamaica |
October 23 | 09:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning | Jamaica |
Hurricane Watch | Jamaica | ||
Tropical Storm Watch | Haiti | ||
15:00 UTC | Hurricane Warning | Jamaica | |
Tropical Storm Watch | Southeastern and Central Bahamas
| ||
Hurricane Watch discontinued | Jamaica | ||
Hurricane Watch | Guantánamo, Cuba
| ||
18:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning | Haiti | |
21:00 UTC | Hurricane Warning | Camagüey to Guantánamo, Cuba | |
Tropical Storm Watch | Northwestern Bahamas | ||
October 24 | 03:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning | Central Bahamas |
09:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Watch | Jupiter Inlet to Ocean Reef, Florida
| |
Tropical Storm Watch | Ocean Reef to Craig Key, Florida
| ||
12:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning | Northwestern Bahamas | |
15:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Watch | Volusia/Brevard County Line to Ocean Reef, Florida | |
Hurricane Watch | Central and Northwestern Bahamas | ||
21:00 UTC | Hurricane Warning | Central and Northwestern Bahamas | |
Tropical Storm Watch | Ocean Reef to Craig Key, Florida | ||
Tropical Storm Watch | Sebastian Inlet to Flagler Beach, Florida | ||
Tropical Storm Warning | Ocean Reef to Sebastian Inlet, Florida | ||
Hurricane Watch discontinued | All | ||
October 25 | 03:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning | Southeastern Bahamas |
Tropical Storm Warning | Lake Okeechobee | ||
Hurricane Warning | Ragged Island, Bahamas | ||
09:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Watch | Flagler Beach to Fernandina Beach, Florida | |
Tropical Storm Warning | Ocean Reef to Flagler Beach, Florida | ||
Hurricane Warning discontinued | Jamaica | ||
15:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning discontinued | Haiti | |
Hurricane Warning discontinued | Camagüey to Guantánamo, Cuba | ||
October 26 | 03:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning | Central Bahamas |
Tropical Storm Warning discontinued | Southeastern Bahamas | ||
Hurricane Warning discontinued | Ragged Island, Bahamas | ||
Hurricane Warning | Northwestern Bahamas | ||
06:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning | Andros Island , Bahamas
| |
09:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Watch | Savannah River, Georgia/South Carolina to Oregon Inlet, North Carolina | |
15:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning | Northwestern Bahamas except Grand Bahama Island
| |
Tropical Storm Warning discontinued | Ocean Reef to Craig Key, Florida | ||
Tropical Storm Watch | Bermuda | ||
Tropical Storm Warning discontinued | Central Bahamas and Andros Island | ||
Tropical Storm Warning | Great Abaco to Grand Bahama Island | ||
18:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning | Deerfield Beach to Flagler Beach, Florida | |
Tropical Storm Warning discontinued | Northwestern Bahamas except Great Abaco and Grand Bahama Island | ||
21:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Watch | St. Augustine to Fernandina Beach, Florida | |
Tropical Storm Watch | Savannah River, Georgia/South Carolina to South Santee River , South Carolina
| ||
Tropical Storm Warning | Deerfield Beach to St. Augustine, Florida | ||
Tropical Storm Warning discontinued | Lake Okeechobee | ||
Tropical Storm Warning | South Santee River, South Carolina to Duck, North Carolina | ||
October 27 | 00:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning | Jupiter Inlet to St. Augustine, Florida |
09:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning | Sebastian Inlet to St. Augustine, Florida | |
15:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Watch discontinued | St. Augustine to Fernandina Beach, Florida | |
Tropical Storm Warning discontinued | Sebastian Inlet to St. Augustine, Florida | ||
21:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning | Bermuda | |
Tropical Storm Warning discontinued | Great Abaco and Grand Bahama Island | ||
October 28 | 03:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Watch discontinued | All |
09:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning | Cape Fear to Duck, North Carolina | |
21:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning | Surf City to Duck, North Carolina | |
October 29 | 15:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning discontinued | Bermuda |
21:00 UTC | Tropical Storm Warning discontinued | All |
Impact
Country | Fatalities | Missing | Damage 2012 (USD) |
Ref(s) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Direct | Indirect | N/A | ||||
Bermuda | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Minimal | [8] |
The Bahamas | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | $700 million | [6][156][157] |
Canada | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | $100 million | [158][159][160] |
Cuba | 11 | 6 | 0 | 5 | 0 | $2 billion | [6][156][161][162] |
Dominican Republic | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | $30 million | [6][156][163] |
Haiti | 54 | 20 | 0 | 34 | 21 | $750 million | [164][165][166] |
Jamaica | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | $100 million | [6][156][167] |
United States | 158 | 72 | 85 | 1 | 0 | $65 billion | [8][15] |
U.S. offshore | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | [8] |
Totals: | 233 | 106 | 87 | 40 | 21 | $68.7 billion |
At least 233 people were killed across the United States, the Caribbean, and Canada, as a result of the storm.[168][169][170]
Caribbean
Jamaica
Jamaica was the first country directly affected by Sandy, which was also the first hurricane to make landfall on the island since
Hispaniola
In Haiti, which was still recovering from both the
In the neighboring Dominican Republic, two people were killed and 30,000 people evacuated.[156] An employee of CNN estimated 70% of the streets in Santo Domingo were flooded.[180] One person was killed in Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico after being swept away by a swollen river.[156]
Cuba
Rank | Hurricane | Season | Damage | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Irma | 2017 | $13.2 billion | [181] |
2 | Ike | 2008 | $7.3 billion | [182] |
3 | Matthew | 2016 | $2.58 billion | [183] |
4 | Gustav | 2008 | $2.1 billion | [182] |
5 | Michelle | 2001 | $2 billion | [184] |
Sandy | 2012 | [185] | ||
7 | Dennis | 2005 | $1.5 billion | [186] |
8 | Ivan | 2004 | $1.2 billion | [187] |
9 | Charley | 2004 | $923 million | [187] |
10 | Wilma | 2005 | $700 million | [188] |
At least 55,000 people were evacuated before Hurricane Sandy's arrival.[189] While moving ashore, the storm produced waves up to 29 feet (8.8 meters) and a 6-foot (1.8-meter) storm surge that caused extensive coastal flooding.[190] There was widespread damage, particularly to Santiago de Cuba where 132,733 homes were damaged, of which 15,322 were destroyed and 43,426 lost their roof.[161] Electricity and water services were knocked out, and most of the trees in the city were damaged. Total losses throughout Santiago de Cuba province is estimated as high as $2 billion (2012 USD).[162] Sandy killed 11 people in the country – nine in Santiago de Cuba Province and two in Guantánamo Province; most of the victims were trapped in destroyed houses.[191][192] This makes Sandy the deadliest hurricane to hit Cuba since 2005, when Hurricane Dennis killed 16 people.[193]
Bahamas
A
Bermuda
Owing to the sheer size of the storm, Sandy also impacted Bermuda with high winds and heavy rains. On October 28, a weak
United States
Rank | Hurricane | Season | Damage |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 3 Katrina | 2005 | $125 billion |
4 Harvey | 2017 | ||
3 | 4 Ian | 2022 | $113 billion |
4 | 4 Maria | 2017 | $90 billion |
5 | 4 Ida | 2021 | $75 billion |
6 | ET Sandy | 2012 | $65 billion |
7 | 4 Irma | 2017 | $52.1 billion |
8 | 2 Ike | 2008 | $30 billion |
9 | 5 Andrew | 1992 | $27 billion |
10 | 5 Michael | 2018 | $25 billion |
A total of 24 U.S. states were in some way affected by Sandy. The hurricane caused tens of billions of dollars in damage in the United States, destroyed thousands of homes, left millions without electric service,[200] and caused 71 direct deaths in nine states, including 49 in New York, 10 in New Jersey, 3 in Connecticut, 2 each in Pennsylvania and Maryland, and 1 each in New Hampshire, Virginia and West Virginia.[6] There were also 2 direct deaths from Sandy in U.S. coastal waters in the Atlantic Ocean, about 90 miles (140 km) off the North Carolina coast, which are not counted in the U.S. total. In addition, the storm resulted in 87 indirect deaths.[8] In all, a total of 160 people were killed due to the storm, making Sandy the deadliest hurricane to hit the United States mainland since Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the deadliest to hit the U.S. East Coast since Hurricane Agnes in 1972.[201]
Due to flooding and other storm-related problems,
On October 31, over 6 million customers were still without power in 15 states and the
The New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq reopened on October 31 after a two-day closure for the storm.[207] More than 1,500 FEMA personnel were along the East Coast working to support disaster preparedness and response operations, including search and rescue, situational awareness, communications and logistical support. In addition, 28 teams containing 294 FEMA Corps members were pre-staged to support Sandy responders. Three federal urban search and rescue task forces were positioned in the Mid-Atlantic and ready to deploy as needed.[208] Direct Relief provided medical supplies to community clinics, non-profit health centers, and other groups in areas affected by Hurricane Sandy, and mapped pharmacies, gas stations, and other facilities that remained in the New York City area despite power outages.[209]
On November 2, the American Red Cross announced they had 4,000 disaster workers across storm damaged areas, with thousands more en route from other states. Nearly 7,000 people spent the night in emergency shelters across the region.[210]
Hurricane Sandy: Coming Together, a live telethon on November 2 that featured rock and pop stars such as Bruce Springsteen, Billy Joel, Jon Bon Jovi, Mary J. Blige, Sting and Christina Aguilera, raised around $23 million for American Red Cross hurricane relief efforts.[211]
At the time, the National Hurricane Center ranked Hurricane Sandy the second-costliest U.S. hurricane since 1900 in constant 2010 dollars, and the sixth-costliest after adjusting for inflation, population and property values.[212] Scientists at the University of Utah reported the energy generated by Sandy was equivalent to "small earthquakes between magnitudes 2 and 3".[213]
Southeast
Florida
In South Florida, Sandy lashed the area with rough surf, strong winds, and brief squalls. Along the coast of
In east-central Florida, damage was minor, though the storm left about 1,000 people without power.
Two panther kittens escaped from the White Oak Conservation Center in Nassau County after the hurricane swept a tree into the fence of their enclosure; they were missing for 24 hours before being found in good health.[citation needed]
North Carolina
On October 28, Governor Bev Perdue declared a state of emergency in 24 western counties, due to snow and strong winds.[221]
There were three Hurricane Sandy-related deaths in the state.[6][223]
On October 29, the
Mid-Atlantic
Virginia
On October 29, snow was falling in parts of the state.[146] Shenandoah National Park, buried under about a foot of snow by October 31, was closed starting October 28, and would remain closed for at least several days.[229][230] Gov. Bob McDonnell announced on October 30 that Virginia had been "spared a significant event", but cited concerns about rivers cresting and consequent flooding of major arteries. Virginia was awarded a federal disaster declaration, with Gov. McDonnell saying he was "delighted" that President Barack Obama and FEMA were on it immediately. At Sandy's peak, more than 180,000 customers were without power, most of whom were located in Northern Virginia.[206][231] There were three Hurricane Sandy-related fatalities in the state.[6][170]
Maryland and Washington, D.C.
The
At least 100 feet (30 m) of a fishing pier in
Workers in
Delaware
By the afternoon of October 29, rainfall at
New Jersey
A 50-foot (15 m) piece of the Atlantic City Boardwalk washed away. Half the city of
Pennsylvania
New York
Mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg announced that New York City public schools would be closed on Tuesday, October 30 and Wednesday, October 31, but they remained closed through Friday, November 2.[254] The City University of New York and New York University canceled all classes and campus activities for October 30.[255] The New York Stock Exchange was closed for trading for two days, the first weather closure of the exchange since 1985.[256] It was also the first two-day weather closure since the Great Blizzard of 1888.[257]
The East River overflowed its banks, flooding large sections of
After receiving many complaints that holding the marathon would divert needed resources, Mayor Bloomberg announced late afternoon November 2 that the New York City Marathon had been canceled. The event was to take place on Sunday, November 4. Marathon officials said that they did not plan to reschedule.[264]
Gas shortages throughout the region led to an effort by the U.S. federal government to bring in gasoline and set up mobile truck distribution at which people could receive up to 10 gallons of gas, free of charge. This caused lines of up to 20 blocks long and was quickly suspended.
On November 26, Governor Cuomo called Sandy "more impactful" than Hurricane Katrina, and estimated costs to New York at $42 billion.[267] Approximately 100,000 residences on Long Island were destroyed or severely damaged, including 2,000 that were rendered uninhabitable.[268] There were 53 Hurricane Sandy-related deaths in the state of New York.[269] In 2016, the hurricane was determined to have been the worst to strike the New York City area since at least 1700.[270]
New England
Wind gusts to 83 mph were recorded on outer
The flooding caused by Hurricane Sandy overwhelmed water treatment infrastructure on the northeast coast of the United States. More than 200 wastewater treatment plants and over 80 drinking water facilities along the coast of the Tri-State area had been damaged beyond function, with a statement from Governor Cuomo that damage in New York treatment plants alone could reach $1.1 billion. The resulting damage caused more than 10 billion gallons of raw sewage to be released into New York and New Jersey water sources. This contamination resulted in the shutting down of several drinking-water facilities.[276]
The contamination caused by this incident resulted in the EPA issuing a warning that all individuals should avoid coming into contact with the water in Newark Bay and New York Harbor, due to the increased presence of fecal coliform, a bacteria that is associated with human waste. Similar warnings were issued for water sources in both the Westchester and Yonkers areas.[277]
Appalachia and Midwest
West Virginia
Sandy's rain became snow in the Appalachian Mountains, leading to blizzard conditions in some areas, especially West Virginia,[8] when a tongue of dense and heavy Arctic air pushed south through the region. This would normally cause a Nor'easter, prompting some to dub Sandy a "nor'eastercane" or "Frankenstorm".[278] There was 1–3 feet (30–91 cm) of snowfall in 28 of West Virginia's 55 counties.[8][279] The highest snowfall accumulation was 36 inches (91 cm) near Richwood.[8] Other significant totals include 32 inches (81 cm) in Snowshoe, 29 inches (74 cm) in Quinwood,[280] and 28 inches (71 cm) in Davis, Flat Top, and Huttonsville.[281] By the morning of October 31, there were still 36 roads closed due to downed trees, powerlines, and snow in the road.[280] Approximately 271,800 customers lost power during the storm.[206]
There were reports of collapsed buildings in several counties due to the sheer weight of the wet, heavy snow.
Ohio
Wind gusts at Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport were reported at 68 miles per hour (109 km/h).[286] On October 30, hundreds of school districts canceled or delayed school across the state with at least 250,000 homes and businesses without power.[287] Damage was reported across the state including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame which lost parts of its siding.[286] Snow was reported in some parts of eastern Ohio and south of Cleveland. Snow and icy roads also were reported south of Columbus.[287]
Michigan
The US Department of Energy reported that more than 120,000 customers lost power in Michigan as a result of the storm.[206] The National Weather Service said that waves up to 23 feet (7.0 m) high were reported on southern Lake Huron.[142]
Kentucky
More than one foot (300 mm) of snow fell in eastern Kentucky as Sandy merged with an Arctic front.[288] Winter warnings in Harlan, Letcher, and Pike County were put into effect until October 31.[289]
Tennessee
Mount Le Conte, Tennessee, in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, was blanketed with 32 inches (81 cm) of snow, an October record.[290]
Canada
The remnants of Sandy produced high winds along
Aftermath
Relief efforts
Several media organizations contributed to the immediate relief effort:
On November 6, the United Nations and World Food Programme promised humanitarian aid to at least 500,000 people in Santiago de Cuba.[301]
On December 12, 2012, the 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Various television channels in the United States and internationally aired the four-hour concert which was expected to reach over 1 billion people worldwide, featuring many famous performers including Bon Jovi, Eric Clapton, Dave Grohl, Billy Joel, and Alicia Keys. Web sites including Fuse.tv, MTV.com, YouTube, and the sites of AOL and Yahoo! planned to stream the performance.[302]
The U.S. Government mobilized several agencies and departments to mitigate the effects of the Hurricane in the most afflicted areas. The response to the storm on the part of the government was of particular urgency owing to the possible fallout of a poor response on the part of the Obama administration during the upcoming U.S. presidential elections. These sentiments were characterized in the President's speech in the days following the impact, stating the government's response was "not going to tolerate any red tape. We're not going to tolerate any bureaucracy".[303]
Anticipating the destruction of the Atlantic storm, states on the U.S. East Coast, especially in heavily populated regions like in the New York metropolitan area, began to prepare. As the tropical depression strengthened to a hurricane, the Department of Defense formed Joint Task Force Sandy on October 22, 2012.[303] Gathering humanitarian supplies and disaster recovery equipment, the DOD prepared to carry out DSCA (Defense Support of Civil Authorities) operations across the eastern seaboard. In the aftermath of the calamity, thousands of military personnel provided vital assistance to affected communities. On the first night of the aftermath, 12,000 National Guard members across the East Coast worked to assuage the destruction.[304] President Obama mandated the Defense Logistics Agency to supply over 5 million gallons Department of Energy-owned ultra-low sulfur diesel.[305]
On December 28, 2012, the
In January 2013, The New York Times reported that those affected by the hurricane were still struggling to recover.[311]
In June 2013, NY Governor Andrew Cuomo set out to centralize recovery and rebuilding efforts in impacted areas of New York State by establishing the Governor's Office of Storm Recovery (GOSR). He aimed to address communities' most urgent needs, and to identify innovative and enduring solutions to strengthen the State's infrastructure and critical systems. Operating under the umbrella of New York Rising, GOSR utilized approximately $3.8 billion in flexible funding made available by the
On December 6, 2013, an analysis of Federal Emergency Management Agency data showed that fewer than half of those affected who requested disaster recovery assistance had received any, and a total of 30,000 residents of New York and New Jersey remained displaced.[313]
In March 2014,
As of March 2014[update], the GOSR released a press statement, that the New York Rising Community Reconstruction Program had distributed more than $280 million in payments to 6,388 homeowners for damage from Hurricane Sandy, Hurricane Irene or Tropical Storm Lee. Every eligible homeowner who had applied by January 20, 2014, had been issued a check for home reconstruction, including over 4,650 Nassau residents for over $201 million and over 1,350 Suffolk residents for over $65 million. The state also had made offers over $293 million to buy out homes of 709 homeowners.[317]
Political impact
Hurricane Sandy sparked much political commentary. Many scientists said warming oceans and greater atmospheric moisture were intensifying storms while rising sea levels were worsening coastal effects. November 2012 Representative
The storm hit the United States one week before its general
In his news conference on November 14, 2012, President Obama said, "we can't attribute any particular weather event to climate change. What we do know is the temperature around the globe is increasing faster than was predicted even 10 years ago. We do know that the Arctic ice cap is melting faster than was predicted even five years ago. We do know that there have been extraordinarily — there have been an extraordinarily large number of severe weather events here in North America, but also around the globe. And I am a firm believer that climate change is real, that it is impacted by human behavior and carbon emissions. And as a consequence, I think we've got an obligation to future generations to do something about it."[329]
On January 30, 2015, days after the
Financial markets impact
Power outages and flooding in the area closed the New York Stock Exchange and other financial markets on both October 29 and 30, a weather-related closure that last happened in 1888.[331] When markets reopened on October 31, investors were relieved that it closed relatively flat that day. A week later, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners Capital Markets Bureau noted a slight uptick in the market (0.8%) and suggested that the negative economic impact of Hurricane Sandy was offset by the expected positive impacts of rebuilding.[332]
Infrastructure impact
The destruction of physical infrastructure as a result of Sandy cost impacted states, including New York and New Jersey, tens of billions of dollars.[333] EQECAT, a risk-modeling company that focuses on catastrophes, approximated that impacted regions lost between $30 billion to $50 billion in economic activity. The economic loss was attributed to the massive power outages, liquid fuel shortages, and a near shutdown of the region's transportation system.[334]
- Energy: Roughly 8.5 million customers were impacted due to power outages, including many businesses that were hard-pressed to deliver products and services in a timely manner.[335] Breaks in gas lines also caused fires in many locations, prompting explosions and destruction of a large number of residences. Locating gas and diesel fuel proved difficult immediately after Sandy hit, which harmed transportation access for many people.[336] The impairment of the ability to obtain fuel was due to flooding damage in crucial terminals and harbors in areas of New Jersey bordering the Arthur Kill. The shortage of fuel held up first responders as well as other response and recovery officials. Therefore, portable generators remained unutilized, resulting in long lines at fueling stations while individuals were unable to differentiate between the stations that did not hold power from the gas stations that were operational.
- Communications: Telecommunications infrastructure was heavily disrupted, impacting millions of people and thousands of businesses, destabilizing the economy of one of the biggest cities in the world. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) found that roughly 25% of cell towers across 10 states were out of service at the peak of the storm.[337]
- Green Infrastructure: Hurricane Sandy's storm surge caused erosion of the beaches and dunes, island breaches, and overwash along the coast of New England down all the way to Florida. Flooding along the coast generated substantial erosion of previous natural infrastructure, flooding of wetland habitats, coastal dune destruction or erosion, decimation of coastal lakes, and novel inlet creation.[338]
- Transportation: Throughout the history of the country, the nation had not witnessed a worse disaster for public transit systems, including buses, subway, and commuter rail, than when Sandy struck. The morning after the storm hit, on October 30, 2012, more than half of the country's daily public transportation riders were unable to commute due to inoperable service.[340] The New York City subway system was shut down two days prior to the storm due to necessary precautions and remained closed through November 1.[341] During that short amount of time, one of the world's largest financial centers experienced immense traffic jams. Those who were able to arrive at work experienced commutes of several hours.[342] Eight New York City subway tunnels were flooded due to a seawater breach which flowed through the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, impacting various transportation systems throughout the region.[343]
- Stormwater Management and Wastewater Treatment Systems: There was a massive failure in wastewater treatment facilities all around the mid-Atlantic coast due to floodwaters, large storm runoff, wind damage, and electricity loss.[344] The region's waterways were hit with billions of gallons of raw and partially treated sewage, adversely affecting the health of the public, as well as ocean habitats and other important resources.[344] There was also a public health concern about the threat of contaminated water filling the pipes and wells that supplied potable water to large parts of the region. Large water utility companies experienced power outages, disrupting their ability to provide safe drinking water. Advisories had to be sent out to many parts of New York and New Jersey for customers to warn them of the potential of their water being contaminated.[345] The "boil water" advisories were later lifted, however, when it was proven that none of the water was contaminated or held the potential for any ill effects.
- Public Medical Facilities and Schools: A variety of New York City hospitals and other medical facilities, including the Bellevue Medical Center and Coney Island hospital, were shut down as a result of flooding from the storm. In many parts of the hospitals, there was considerable damage to research, medical, and electrical equipment which was located on lower floors for ease of access.[346] In New Jersey, medical facilities were also severely affected. In sum, the hospitals in the state reported an estimated $68 million in damage. Hudson County had to force closure due to the extensive damage done by the hurricane.[347] Hurricane Sandy also caused schools to close for about a week on average immediately following the storm. During the period of closure, schools attempted to regain control of electrical operations that were impaired by the aftermath.[348]
Insurance fraud claims
Thousands of homeowners were denied their flood insurance claims based upon fraudulent engineers' reports, according to the whistleblowing efforts of Andrew Braum, an engineer who claimed that at least 175 of his more than 180 inspections were doctored.[349][350] As a result, a class-action racketeering lawsuit has been filed against several insurance companies and their contract engineering firms.[351] As of 2015[update], the Federal Emergency Management Agency planned to review all flood insurance claims.[352]
Baby boom
New Jersey hospitals saw a spike in births nine months after Sandy, causing some to believe that there was a post-Sandy baby boom. The Monmouth Medical Center saw a 35% jump, and two other hospitals saw 20% increases.[353] An expert stated that post-storm births that year were higher than in past disasters.[354]
Name retirement
Because of the severe damage and number of deaths caused by the storm in several countries, the name Sandy was later retired by the World Meteorological Organization in April 2013, and will never be used again for a North Atlantic tropical cyclone. The name was replaced with Sara for the 2018 season.[355][356][357]
Media coverage
As Hurricane Sandy approached the United States, forecasters and journalists gave it several different unofficial names, at first related to its projected snow content, then to its proximity to Halloween, and eventually to the overall size of the storm. Early nicknames included "Snowicane Sandy"
The severe and widespread damage the storm caused in the United States, as well as its unusual merger with a frontal system, resulted in the nicknaming of the hurricane "Superstorm Sandy" by the media, public officials, and several organizations, including U.S. government agencies.[368][369][370][371] This persisted as the most common nickname well into 2013. The term was also embraced by climate change proponents as a term for the new type of storms caused by global warming,[372] while other writers used the term but maintained that it was too soon to blame the storm on climate change.[373][374] Meanwhile, Popular Science called it "an imaginary scare-term that exists exclusively for shock value".[375]
See also
- 1938 New England hurricane
- 1991 Perfect Storm
- Hurricane Irene (2011)
- Tropical Storm Fay (2020)
- Hurricane Ida (2021)
- Other storms named Sandy
- Hurricane Sandy IRS tax deduction
- List of Atlantic hurricane records
- List of Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes
- List of Cuba hurricanes
- List of New Jersey hurricanes
- List of New York hurricanes
- Superstorm
- Timeline of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season
- Typhoon Jongdari – A Pacific typhoon in 2018 which executed a similar turn into Japan.
References
Informational notes
- ^ The storm category color indicates the intensity of the hurricane when landfalling in the U.S.
Citations
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Irene .. one foot short of paralyzing transportation
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Further reading
- Ian Roulstone; John Norbury (August 1, 2013). "How Math Helped Forecast Hurricane Sandy". PMID 23923198.
External links
- Archived information on Hurricane Sandy from the National Hurricane Center
- Radar loop of Hurricane Sandy making landfall on YouTube
- Satellite imagery and data of Hurricane Sandy from NASA
- Google Crisis Map for Hurricane Sandy
- Hurricane information and live coverage from The Weather Channel from Weather Underground
- Superstorm Sandy at The Weather Channel
- Hurricane Sandy: Guidelines for Providing Assistance by American Radio Relay League
- Monitoring Storm Tide and Flooding from Hurricane Sandy along the Atlantic Coast of the United States, October 2012 from the United States Geological Survey
- Recovering from Superstorm Sandy: Rebuilding Our Infrastructure U.S. Senate Hearing, December 20, 2012