Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy | |
|---|---|
হোসেন শহীদ সোহরাওয়ার্দী حسین شہید سہروردی | |
Earl Mountbatten | |
| Preceded by | Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished (Khawaja Nazimuddin as Chief Minister of East Bengal) (Prafulla Chandra Ghosh as Premier of West Bengal) |
| 2nd President of Awami League | |
| In office 27 July 1956 – 10 October 1957 | |
| General Secretary | Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |
| Preceded by | Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani |
| Succeeded by | Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 8 September 1892 m. 1940; div. 1951) |
| Children | Begum Akhtar Sulaiman (daughter), Rashid Suhrawardy (son) |
| Parents |
|
| Relatives | Suhrawardy family,
Polysci and BCL ) |
| Profession | Lawyer, politician |
| Independence of Bangladesh |
|---|
 |
| Events |
| Organisations |
| Key persons |
| Related |
 Bangladesh portal |
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (
Bengali barrister and politician. In Bangladesh, Suhrawardy is remembered as a pioneer of Bengali civil rights movements, later turned into Bangladesh independence movement, and the mentor of Bangladesh's founding leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He is also remembered for his performance as the Minister for Civil Supply during the Bengal famine of 1943.[1][2] In India, he is seen as a controversial figure; directly responsible for the 1946 Calcutta Killings,[3][4][5] for which he is often referred as the "Butcher of Bengal" in West Bengal.[6]
He served as the
separate homeland for the Muslims, especially for Bengali Muslims, for which he is revered as one of the founding statesmen
of Pakistan.
Suhrawardy was a scion of one of
Great Calcutta Killings.[6] Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the Muslim League, supported an independent Bengal; this was strongly opposed by the Congress Party.[7][1][2] In 1947, the Bengal Assembly voted to partition the territory. Suhrawardy briefly remained in India after partition to attend to his ailing father and manage his family's property. He eventually moved to Pakistan and divided his time between Karachi (Pakistan's federal capital) and Dhaka (capital of East Pakistan
).
In Dhaka, Suhrawardy emerged as the leader of the
Maulana Bhashani forming the break-away pro-Maoist National Awami Party. Suhrawardy's premiership lasted for a year. His central cabinet included figures like Sir Feroz Khan Noon as Foreign Minister and Abul Mansur Ahmad as Trade Minister. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was considered Suhrawardy's chief political protégé.[8]
Suhrawardy was premier under Pakistan's first
mausoleum in Dhaka; and streets, dormitories and memorials across Bangladesh. The Suhrawardy family home in modern-day Kolkata has been leased as a Library and Information Centre of the Bangladesh High Commission in India by the city's Waqf
board.
Family and early life
Bar of England and Wales at Gray's Inn
The
Bengali Renaissance and buried beside the Lalbagh Fort.[13] His father Justice Sir Zahid Suhrawardy was a Judge of the Calcutta High Court. His brother Hasan Shaheed Suhrawardy was a linguist, poet, art-critic and diplomat. His uncles included Lieutenant Colonel Hassan Suhrawardy and Sir Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy. His cousin Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah was one of South Asia's pioneering women in public service. His first wife was Begum Niaz Fatima, the daughter of Justice Sir Abdur Rahim, a member of the Governor's Executive Council and Speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly. Begum Niaz Fatima died in 1922.[14] His second wife was Begum Veera Suhrawardy
, a Russian actress of Polish descent.
A young Huseyn studied in
Bar of England and Wales through Gray's Inn in 1922–23.[17]
His first son Shahab died of pneumonia.Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan; the late Bangladeshi barrister Salma Sobhan; and the film-maker Naz Ikramullah.
Political career
Political organizer
Suhrawardy was credited as a pioneering modern political organizer in Bengal. He created 36 trade unions among sailors, railway employees, jute and cotton mills workers, rickshaw pullers, cart drivers and other working class groups dominated by Bengali Muslims.[19]
Deputy Mayor of Calcutta (1924-1926)
Suhrawardy joined the
Muslim League
which his father Zahid had earlier helped create in 1912.
Bengali Muslim groups
Suhrawardy formed several Bengali Muslim political groups, including the Calcutta Khilafat Committee during the 1920s amid the dissolution of the Ottoman caliphate and the Turkish War of Independence;[20] the Bengal Muslim Election Board; the United Muslim Party; and the Independent Muslim Party.[19]
Bengal Legislative Assembly and WWII
In 1937, Suhrawardy was elected to the newly formed
advances in the East and supervised to burn thousand fishing boats to block any potential movement of invading Japanese Army troops.[23]: 533–535 These measures aggravated starvation and famine and the relief was only ordered when Lord Wavell became the Viceroy, using the Indian Army to organise relief.[23] However, by that time, the winter crop had arrived and famine conditions had already eased, after millions had earlier perished.[23]: 534 Calcutta's Hindu-owned newspapers had become very critical of his role and the Bengali Hindus held him directly responsible for the famine.[24]
Prime Minister of Bengal (1946-1947)
During the
Mohammad Ali of Bogra as finance, health and local government minister; Syed Muazzemuddin Hossain as education minister; Ahmed Hossain
as agriculture, forest and fisheries minister; Nagendra Nath Roy as judicial and legislative minister; Abul Fazal Muhammad Abdur Rahman as cooperatives and irrigation Minister; Abul Gofran as civil supplies minister; Tarak Nath Mukherjee as waterways minister; Fazlur Rahman as land minister; and Dwarka Nath Barury as works minister.
Direct Action riots
Suhrawardy's tenure as premier saw the
Hindu-Muslim unity
in British India.
Troubles started on the morning of 16 August. Even before 10 o'clock Police Headquarters at Lalbazar had reported that there was excitement throughout the city, that shops were being forced to close, and that there were many reports of brawls, stabbing and throwing of stones and brickbats. These were mainly concentrated in the North-central parts of the city like Rajabazar, Kelabagan, College Street, Harrison Road, Colootolla and Burrabazar. In these areas the Hindus were in a majority and were also in a superior and powerful economic position. The trouble had assumed the communal character which it was to retain throughout.[25]
The meeting began around 2 pm though processions of Muslims from all parts of Calcutta had started assembling since the
Khwaja Nazimuddin in his speech preached peacefulness and restraint but spoilt the effect and flared up the tensions by stating that till 11 o'clock that morning all the injured persons were Muslims, and the Muslim community had only retaliated in self-defence.[25]
The Special Branch of
Muslim gangsters armed with brickbats and bottles as weapons and attacking Hindu-owned shops.[27]
Metiabruz
.A 6 pm curfew was imposed in the parts of the city where there had been rioting. At 8 pm forces were deployed to secure main routes and conduct patrols from those arteries, thereby freeing up police for work in the slums and the other underdeveloped sections.[28]
United Bengal
In
Governor of Bengal Frederick Burrows, Sarat Chandra Bose of the Indian National Congress, Kiran Shankar Roy of the Congress Parliamentary Party, Satya Ranjan Bakshi, Secretary of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League Abul Hashim
, Bengal Finance Minister Mohammad Ali Chaudhury, Bengal Revenue Minister Fazlur Rahman and Tippera politician Ashrafuddin Chowdhury. Suhrawardy stated the following:-
Let us pause for a moment to consider what Bengal can be if it remains united. It will be a great country, indeed the richest and the most prosperous in India capable of giving to its people a high standard of living, where a great people will be able to rise to the fullest height of their stature, a land that will truly be plentiful. It will be rich in agriculture, rich in industry and commerce and in course of time it will be one of the powerful and progressive states of the world. If Bengal remains united this will be no dream, no fantasy.[29]
On 20 May 1947, a five-point plan was outlined for a "Free State of Bengal", echoing the legacy of the name of the
State Department about the matter.[31]
Partition of India
On 20 June 1947, the
Noakhali district. Suhrawardy traveled to Noakhali with Mahatma Gandhi to restore order; Gandhi and Suhrawardy also had deliberations in Calcutta. After the transfer of power on 14–15 August 1947, Suhrawardy continued to remain in India for a few years where he attended to ailing members of his family. He eventually settled down in the Dominion of Pakistan, with residences in the federal capital Karachi and the provincial capital Dhaka. His cousin Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah called for Pakistan's constituent assembly to convene in Dacca as East Bengal was home to the majority of Pakistan's population.[33]
Awami League
Suhrawardy joined the
Krishak Praja Party of A. K. Fazlul Huq. Suhrawardy's chief protégé in East Bengal was Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
, to whom Suhrawardy delegated political responsibilities.
Law Minister of Pakistan
Suhrawardy was appointed law minister in 1953 in the cabinet of Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra. He was in charge of drafting Pakistan's constitution.[34]
United Front
One of the highlights of Suhrawardy's political career was leading the United Front campaign during the 1954 East Bengali election which booted the Muslim League out of power.
Leader of the Opposition
At the federal level, Suhrawardy served as Leader of the Opposition in the parliament of Pakistan in 1955. His position was bolstered by the landslide victory in East Bengal in 1954.
Prime Minister of Pakistan (1956-1957)
Iskander Mirza and Zhou Enlai
In 1956, the Awami League formed a coalition with Pakistan's
Abul Mansur Ahmed
among others.
One Unit
Initially promising to review the
North West Frontier Province. Large rallies were held in West Pakistan against the One Unit.[37][36] Prime Minister Suhrawardy, however, did not pay attention to the issue.[35] While East Pakistanis also objected to the One Unit for renaming East Bengal as East Pakistan, opposition among ethnic groups to the One Unit was stronger in West Pakistan.[35][36]
Joint electorate
Suhrawardy's one-year tenure was unable to introduce the joint electorate. Since 1932, elections in Pakistan's provinces were held under the "separate electorate" system of dividing seats in parliament among religious groups in accordance with the colonial-era Communal Award. Abolishing the joint electorate was a key demand of the Awami League. At the
joint electorate system but faced opposition from the Muslim League.[37]
Nuclear energy
Suhrawardy established the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). He appointed Dr. Nazir Ahmad as its chairman.[38] Suhrawardy supported the Atoms for Peace initiative.[38] Suhrawardy also released funds to import a nuclear swimming pool reactor from America in 1956.[38]
Economic policy and foreign aid
In 1956, Prime Minister Suhrawardy halted the
taxed revenue equally between East and West Pakistan.[citation needed] A poor harvest led to heavy imports that year, mostly in the form of foreign aid, to meet food shortages. The United States agreed to sell $46.4 million in rice, wheat, and other farm products, about 80% of which was covered by aid grants or loans.[39]
The
Mirza to address their concerns and issues.[37]
Foreign policy
Suhrawardy in 1957 described
Maulana Bhasani leaving to form the National Awami Party (NAP).[45]
Prime Minister Suhrawardy was invited by the Soviet Union for an informal visit but he declined.SEATO and continued to call for decolonization.[49]
Resignation
Suhrawardy's short-lived premiership came to an end when he resigned under pressure from President
Iskander Mirza in 1957.[50]
Post-coup life
Suhrawardy was arrested by the martial law government after the
1958 military coup in Pakistan. While in jail, he wrote to his niece Salma Sobhan on the occasion of her wedding to Rehman Sobhan, calling Salma "preternaturally transcendentally intelligent".[9]
Criticism
 |
Suhrawardy is often subjected to criticism by in India for failing to prevent the
Khwaja Nazimuddin and Suhrawardy,[25][55][56][57] in the city in order to enforce the declaration by the Muslim League that Muslims were to 'suspend all business' to support their demand for an independent Pakistan.[25][55][58][59] However, supporters of the Muslim League believed that the Congress Party was behind the violence[60] in an effort to weaken the fragile Muslim League government in Bengal, further generating the controversy about the real culprits.[25] Historian Joya Chatterji allocates much of the responsibility to Suhrawardy, for setting up the confrontation and failing to stop the rioting, but points out that Hindu leaders were also culpable.[61] A senior intelligence operative wrote to a senior British officer based at Fort William after the 'Great Calcutta Killings' after the Calcutta riots: "There is hardly a person in Calcutta who has a good word for Suhrawardy, respectable Muslims included. For years he has been known as "The king of the goondas" and my own private opinion is that he fully anticipated what was going to happen, and allowed it to work itself up, and probably organised the disturbance with his goonda gangs as this type of individual has to receive compensation every now and again."[62] According to Tathagata Roy, Suhrawardy had pre-planned the riot long back, evident from the fact that demographic changes were being made in the Calcutta Police constabulary.[63] Recently, Polish scholar Tomasz Flasiński expressed another opinion about Suhrawardy. His research proved, inter alia, that Suhrawardy's famous speech during the first day of Calcutta Riot urged Muslims to come back to their homes instead of (as it was often suggested) encouraging them to riot, and in fact the Prime Minister asked the British Army to intervene against hooligans even before that speech. Making use of recently disclosed or hitherto unused sources, he also revealed that Suhrawardy was at odds with Muslim League's radical fraction also after Noakhali riots; however, in some other cases of the Hindu-Muslim armed fights (primarily in Calcutta during Spring 1947) he did less to stop the acts of violence than he could, what made him - according to Flasiński - guilty by negligence.[64]
Death
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Suhrawardy died in Beirut, Lebanon in 1963 due to a heart attack.[65] Many Bengalis were - and some still are - convinced that he was killed on Ayub Khan's order, as his popularity may have made him a powerful rival to Ayub in the upcoming presidential elections.[66] He was buried in Dhaka beside Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin and A. K. Fazlul Huq, signifying his towering stature in Bengali politics as one of the three leading Bengali statesmen of the early 20th century.
Legacy
- Suhrawardy Udyan, a historic maidan in Dhaka (formerly the Ramna Race Course).
- Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital, a major government hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Government Shaheed Suhrawardy College, a public college, located in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Government Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy College, a government college in Magura, Bangladesh
- Khayaban-e-Suhrawardy (lit. Garden of Suhrawardy), is one of the main thoroughfares of the Pakistani capital of Islamabad.[67]
- Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Hall(East Pakistan Agricultural University, now Bangladesh Agricultural University)
- In 2004, Suhrawardy was ranked number 19 in the BBC's poll of the Greatest Bengali of all time.[68]
See also
- Bengali nationalism in Pakistan
- Conservatism in Pakistan
- Bengali culture in Pakistan
- American lobby in Pakistan
- Pakistan–United States relations
References
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- ^ ISBN 978-1-902669-59-5. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
- ISBN 978-81-7211-061-1.
- ^ Tomasz Flasinski. "Dr. Jekyll, Mr Hyde or Bengali Hamlet? Hussein Shaheed Suhrawardy as the last Prime Minister of undivided Bengal*" (PDF). Journals PAS.
- ISBN 978-93-81699-33-1. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
- ^ a b Neha Banka (7 February 2020). "Streetwise Kolkata: Suhrawardy Avenue... no, not named after the 'Butcher Of Bengal'". The Indian Express.
- ISBN 978-0-521-45850-4.
The Hindu Mahasabha's demand for partition ... Suhrawardy's only hope was ... asking for an united and independent Bengal. Paradoxically he had a greater chance of getting Jinnah's endorsement for this scheme than of getting it ratified by the Congress High Command ... Jinnah told Mountbatten ... 'What is the use of Bengal without Calcutta; they had better remain united and independent.'
- ^ a b "An unlikely partnership: Bangabandhu and Suhrawardy". Dhaka Tribune (opinion). 6 December 2019.
- ^ a b "Remembering Salma Sobhan". The Daily Star. 29 December 2014.
- ISBN 978-984-506-111-7.
- ISBN 978-0-521-52328-8. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
- ^ "Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy–Former Prime Minister of Pakistan". Story of Pakistan. Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan: Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ a b c "The Unforgettable Suhrawardys of Bengal". The Daily Star. 9 November 2020.
- ^ a b c "Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy | Making Britain". www.open.ac.uk.
- ISBN 978-0-19-547722-1.
Later he entered the Calcutta Aliya Madrasah and graduated with honours in science from St Xavier's College.
- ISBN 9789843323231. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-85043-149-7. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
- ^ "The curtain falls for Rashid Suhrawardy". Dhaka Tribune (opinion). 11 February 2019.
- ^ a b c "Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed". Banglapedia.
- ^ "Turkey-Bangladesh Relations: A Growing Partnership between Two Friendly Nations". Middle East Institute.
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- ^ ISBN 978-0-14-306881-5. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-521-52328-8. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Burrows, Frederick (1946). Report to Viceroy Lord Wavell. The British Library IOR: L/P&J/8/655 f.f. 95, 96–107.
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Suhrawardy ... proclaimed a public holiday. The police too, he implied, would take the day off. Muslims, rallying en masse for speeches and processions, saw this as an invitation; they began looting and burning such Hindu shops as remained open. Arson gave way to murder, and the victims struck back ... In October the riots spread to parts of East Bengal and also to UP and Bihar ... Nehru wrung his hands in horror ... Gandhi rushed to the scene, heroically progressing through the devastated communities to preach reconciliation.
- ^ Bourke-White, Margaret (1949). Halfway to Freedom: A Report on the New India in the Words and Photographs of Margaret Bourke-White. Simon and Schuster. p. 17.
... Seven lorries that came thundering down Harrison Road. Men armed with brickbats and bottles began leaping out of the lorries—Muslim 'goondas,' or gangsters, Nanda Lal decided, since they immediately fell to tearing up Hindu shops.
- OCLC 937426955.
At 6 p.m. curfew was clamped down all over the riot-affected districts. At 8 p.m. the Area Commander ... brought in the 7th Worcesters and the Green Howards from their barracks ... [troops] cleared the main routes ... and threw out patrols to free the police for work in the bustees.
- ^ a b Shoaib Daniyal (6 January 2019). "Why did British prime minister Attlee think Bengal was going to be an independent country in 1947?". Scroll.in. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Misra, Chitta Ranjan. "United Bengal Movement". Banglapedia. Bangladesh Asiatic Society. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
- ^ a b "UK PM Attlee believed Bengal may opt to be a separate country - Newspaper". Dawn. 28 December 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
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- ^ "International relations, Foreign Affairs & policy , Benazir Bhutto - PIIA".
- ISBN 9788176484695. Retrieved 1 February 2018
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19023-518-5.
Bengalis were not above factional battles motivated by personal interest. Suhrawardy thus backed the One-Unit Scheme to ... become prime minister at the expense of his province's [East Pakistan's] interests ... Suhrawardy thus tried to break free from Mirza's control by seeking a vote of confidence from the Assembly. Mirza, unwilling to acknowledge the Assembly's power to approve and dismiss governments, refused to convoke it.
- ^ a b c "West Pakistan Established through One Unit". Story of Pakistan. June 2003. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- ^ a b c d "The H.S. Suhrawardy government". Story of Pakistan. July 2003. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- ^ a b c Mir, Hamid (9 June 2011). "A Hope is still alive..." Hamid Mir.... Penmanship. Hamid Mir. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
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- ISBN 978-1-56858-734-9.
- JSTOR 4371213.
- OCLC 461951628.
- ^ Balouch, Akhtar (21 July 2015). "The political victimisation of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy". Dawn. Pakistan. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
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- ^ JSTOR 41393806.
- ^ Balouch, Akhtar (21 July 2015). "The political victimisation of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy". Dawn.
- ISBN 978-1-135-76812-6.
- ^ a b "Programme for Direct Action Day". Star of India. 13 August 1946.
- ISBN 978-0-521-41128-8.
Hindu culpability was never acknowledged. The Hindu press laid the blame for the violence upon the Suhrawardy Government and the Muslim League.
- OCLC 607413832.
- ^ a b Das, Suranjan (2012). "Calcutta Riot, 1946". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- S2CID 144646764.
- ISBN 978-0-415-32889-0.
The immediate provocation of a mass scale riot was certainly the afternoon League meeting at the Ochterlony Monument ... Major J. Sim of the Eastern Command wrote, 'there must have [been] 100,000 of them ... with green uniform of the Muslim National Guard' ... Suhrawardy appeared to have incited the mob ... As the Governor also mentioned, 'the violence on a wider scale broke out as soon as the meeting was over', and most of those who indulged in attacking Hindus ... were returning from [it].
- ISBN 978-0-415-33254-5.
- ^ "Direct Action". Time. 26 August 1946. p. 34. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
Moslem League Boss Mohamed Ali Jinnah had picked the 18th day of Ramadan for "Direct Action Day" against Britain's plan for Indian independence (which does not satisfy the Moslems' old demand for a separate Pakistan).
- ISBN 978-0-415-32889-0.
Having seen the reports from his own sources, he [Jinnah] was persuaded later, however, to accept that the 'communal riots in Calcutta were mainly started by Hindus and ... were of Hindu origin.'
- ISBN 978-0-521-41128-8.
Both sides in the confrontation came well-prepared for it ... Suhrawardy himself bears much of the responsibility for this blood-letting since he issued an open challenge to the Hindus and was grossly negligent ... in his failure to quell the rioting ... But Hindu leaders were also deeply implicated.
- ^ "National Archives of the UK".
- ISBN 9789350488812.
- ^ Flasiński, Tomasz (2020). "Dr. Jekyll, Mr Hyde, or Bengali Hamlet? Hussein Shaheed Suhrawardy as the last Prime Minister of undivided Bengal". Rocznik Orientalistyczny. 2/2020.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
- ^ Ahsan, Syed Badrul (7 December 2018). "What if Suhrawardy had not died?". Dhaka Courier. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ "Khayaban-e-Suhrwardy". Google Maps. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
- ^ "Listeners name 'greatest Bengali'". BBC News. 14 April 2004. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
Further reading
- Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy: A Biography by Begum Shaista Ikramullah(Oxford University Press, 1991)
- Freedom at Midnight by Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins
- Gandhi's Passion by Stanley Wolpert (Oxford University Press)
- The Last Guardian: Memoirs of Hatch-Barnwell, ICS of Bengal by Stephen Hatch-Barnwell (University Press Limited, 2012)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy.
- Works by or about Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy at Internet Archive
- Prime Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy of Pakistan on Face the Nation, 14 July 1957
- The Complete Politician, an article published in Time on Suhrawardy on 24 September 1956
- Suhrawardy Becomes Prime Minister
- Chronicles Of Pakistan
- Glimpses on Suhrawardy, an article published on The Daily Star on 23 June 2009
- Suhrawardy meets Eisenhower Archived 15 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, video footage from British Pathé
- Speech by Suhrawardy on Kashmir Archived 15 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, video footage from British Pathé
- Commonwealth Ministers at No 10 Archived 15 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, video footage from British Pathé
