Huvishka

Huvishka
Kushan emperor
Coin of Huvishka. Legend in Kushan language and Greek script (with the Kushan letter Ϸ "sh"): ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΟΟΗϷΚΙ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ ("Shaonanoshao Ooishki Koshano"): "King of kings, Huvishka the Kushan".
Reign	150–180 CE
Predecessor	Kanishka
Successor	Vasudeva I
Religion	Buddhism

Huvishka (

Kushan: Οοηϸκι, Ooēški, Brahmi: Hu-vi-ṣka, Huviṣka;^[1] Kharosthi: 𐨱𐨂𐨬𐨅𐨮𐨿𐨐 Hu-ve-ṣka, Huveṣka^[2]) was the emperor of the Kushan Empire from the death of Kanishka (assumed on the best evidence available to be in 150 CE) until the succession of Vasudeva I

His rule was a period of consolidation for the Empire. Huvishka's territory encompassed Balkh in Bactria to Mathura in India, locations where it is known that he minted his coinage. Gold coins and amulets in his effigy were found as far as Pataliputra and Bodh Gaya, including one such amulet as an offering under the Enlightenment Throne of the Buddha in Bodh Gaya, suggesting with other finds of Kushan coins in the area that Kushan rule may have extended this far east.^[3] His reign seems to have been essentially peaceful, consolidating Kushan power in northern India, and moving the centre of the Kushan Empire to the southern capital city of Mathura.^[4]

Religion

Huvishka was the son of Kanishka. His reign is also known as the golden age of Kushan rule.

Mahayana Buddhism

The reign of Huvishka corresponds with the first known epigraphic evidence of the Buddha

Some reliefs from Gandhara are also thought to portray Huvishka making donations to the Buddha.^[5]

Huvishka is widely attested to have supported Buddhism, but the Buddha does not appear on his coinage, possibly out of respect to the Buddha.^[9]

• 
  Earliest known "

  Amitabha Buddha" in the "year 26" (153 CE, first year of Huvishka)^[10]
• 
  First known Mahayana inscription: words

  Amitabha Buddha") in Brahmi script in the inscription.^[7]
• 
  Fragment of a Bodhisattva sculpture inscribed "in the year 33" (𑀲𑀁𑁝𑁔) of "the Great King, son of God, Huvishka" (Mahārājasya Devaputrasya Huviṣka, ), Art of Mathura.^[11]
• 
  Pedestal of a Buddha statue, with inscription in the name of Huvishka "in the year 45" (𑀲𑀁𑁞𑁔). Starts with Mahārājasya Huviṣkasya Devaputrasya..., ... Uttar Pradesh. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya Museum.

Graeco-Roman deities

Huvishka also incorporates in his coins for the first and only time in Kushan coinage the Hellenistic-Egyptian Serapis (under the name ϹΑΡΑΠΟ, "Sarapo").^[12][13] Since Serapis was the supreme deity of the pantheon of Alexandria in Egypt, this coin suggests that Huvishka had as strong orientation towards Roman Egypt, which may have been an important market for the products coming from the Kushan Empire.^[12]

• 
  Another coin of Huvishka holding a scepter, with, on the reverse, deity Serapis (ϹΑΡΑΠΟ, "Sarapo")
• 
  Coin of Huvishka. Obverse: ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΟΟΗϷΚΙ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ (Shaonanoshao Ooishki Koshano, "King of kings, Huvishka the Kushan"). Reverse:

  Herakles

  with legend ΗΡΑΚΙΛΟ (Erakilo).
• 
  Possible depiction of "Roma Aeterna". The legend has been variously read Riom (Greek: ΡΙΟΜ), or more recently

  Rishti

  (Greek: ΡΙϷΤ).

Iranian deities

Huvishka is also known to have included Iranian deities in his

• 
  Coin of Kushan ruler Huvishka diademed, with deity

  Pharro

  ("ΦΑΡΡΟ"). Circa CE 152-192
• 
  Coin of Kushan ruler Huvishka diademed, with deity

  Ardoxsho

  . Circa CE 152-192
• 
  Huvishka with

  Atosho (ΑΘΟϷΟ "The Royal fire").^[18]
• 
  Huvihska with

  Ahuramazda (ωΡΟΜ, Orom[zdo]).^[18]
• 
  Huvishka with

  Rishti.^[18]
• 
  Huvishka with "

  Asha Vahishta" (ΑϷΑΕΙΧϷΟ, Ashaiexsho).^[18]
• 
  Huvishka with the Lunar deity Mah (Mao). The lunar crescent appears behind the shoulders.^[18]
• 
  Huvishka with

  Khshathra Vairya).^[18]

Indian deities

Huvishka is known to have restored a temple in

Kushans became the suzerains of the Yaudheyas in the area.^[21][22]

In a departure from his predecessor Kanishka, Huvishka also added

Umā), the consort of Siva. This could suggest an evolution toward Indian deities among the Kushans, possibly motivated by the enlisting of Indian warriors.^[20]

• 
  Coin of Huvishka with the divine couple Ommo ("ΟΜΜΟ",

  Umā) holding a flower, and Oesho ("ΟΗϷΟ", Shiva) with four arms holding attributes. c. 150-180 CE.^[23][24]
• 
  Coin of Huvishka with Indian deity Maaseno (Old Indian Mahāsena).
• 
  Coin of Huvishka with Indian deities Skando-Komaro (Old Indian

  Viśākha

  )
• 
  Huvishka with Maaseno (Old Indian Mahāsena) and attendants

Coinage and statuary

The coinage of Huvishka is characterized by a great variety of designs and the large quantity of gold coins that were minted: more gold coins from Huvishka are known than from all other Kushan rulers combined.^[4] The locations of his mints were mainly in Balkh and Peshawar, with smaller mints in Kashmir and Mathura.^[4]

One of the great remaining puzzles of Huvishka's reign is the devaluation of his coinage. Early in his reign the copper coinage plunged in weight from a standard of 16g to about 10–11g. The quality and weight then continued to decline throughout the reign until at the start of the reign of Vasudeva the standard coin (a tetradrachm) weighed only 9g. The devaluation led to a massive production of imitations, and an economic demand for the older, pre-devaluation coins in the Gangetic valley. However, the motivation and some of the details of this devaluation are still unknown.

Huvishka

Kushan king or prince, said to be Huvishka, Gandhara art.[5] Painting of a Kushan ruler (probably Huvishka, seated) and attendants, Bactria.[25] Coin of Huvishka 126–163, with Kushan goddess Rishti, possibly depicted as Roma copied from a Roman coin.[26][27][28] Bodhisatva of Sravasti, inscribed "reign of Huvishka" (or possibly Kanishka).[29] Naga statue with inscription of "the 40th year of the reign of Huvishka". Mathura Museum . Kankali Tila elephant capital with inscription of "Huvishka in the year 39". Detail of the name Hu-vi-ṣka

References

Kushan emperors 30 CE–350 CE
Heraios 1–30 CE Kujula Kadphises 50–90 CE Vima Takto 90–113 CE Vima Kadphises 113–127 CE Kanishka I 127–151 CE Huvishka 151–190 CE Vasudeva I 190–230 CE Kanishka II 230–247 CE Vāsishka 247–267 CE Kanishka III 267–270 CE Vasudeva II 270–300 CE Mahi 300–305 CE Shaka 305–335 CE Kipunada 335–350 CE
v t e

1. ^ Epigraphia Indica Vol 8. p. 182.
2. ^ Konow, Sten, Kharoshṭhī Inscriptions with the Exception of Those of Aśoka, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. II, Part I. Calcutta: Government of India Central Publication Branch, p. 167
3. ^ Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad; Narain, Lala Aditya (1970). Pāṭaliputra Excavation, 1955-56. Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Bihar. p. 52-53.
4. ^ ^{a b c} Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). From the Kushans to the Western Turks. p. 202.
5. ^
   doi:10.3406/crai.2006.87101
   .
6. ISBN 978-90-04-18400-8
   .
7. ^ ^{a b} Schopen, Gregory (1987). "The Inscription on the Kuṣān Image of Amitābha and the Charakter of the Early Mahāyāna in India" (PDF). The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 10 (2): 99–138. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2019.
8. ^ Neelis, Jason. Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks. 2010. p. 141
9. ISBN 978-81-208-1408-0
   .
10. ISBN 978-90-04-18400-8
    .
11. ^ The inscription reads: "In the year 33 of the Maharaja, the Devaputra Huvishka ( Mahārājasya Devaputrasya Huviṣka) on the 8th day of the 1st summer (month), a Bodhisattva was set up at Madhuravanaka by the nun Dhanavati, the sister's daughter of the nun Buddhamitra, who knows the Tripitaka, a female pupil of the monk Bala, who knows the Tripitaka, together with her mother and father....". in Epigraphia Indica Vol 8. p. 182. Another similar inscription mentions "Huvihska in the year 26". in Sharma, R.C. (1994). The Splendour of Mathura Art and Museum. D. K. Printworld Pvt. Ltd. p. 142.
12. ^
    ISBN 978-81-208-1408-0
    .
13. ^ Serapis coin
14. ^ "Huvishka Rishti coin British Museum". The British Museum.
15. ^ Mario Bussagli, "L'Art du Gandhara", 225
16. JSTOR 25210545
    .
17. ^ "The name Riom as read by Gardner, was read by Cunningham as Ride, who equated it with Riddhi, the Indian goddess of fortune. F.W. Thomas has read the name as Rhea" in Shrava, Satya (1985). The Kushāṇa Numismatics. Pranava Prakashan. p. 29.
18. ^
    ISBN 978-81-208-1408-0
    .
19. ISBN 978-0-415-23902-8
    .
20. ^
    ISBN 978-81-208-1408-0
    .
21. ^ Classical Numismatics Group
22. ^ Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Pratapaditya Pal, University of California Press, 1986, p.78 [1]
23. ISBN 978-81-208-1408-0
    .
24. ^ "Ommo-Oesho coin of Huvishka British Museum". The British Museum.
25. ISSN 0065-0536
    .
26. ^ "Huvishka Rishti coin British Museum". The British Museum.
27. JSTOR 25210545
    .
28. ^ "The name Riom as read by Gardner, was read by Cunningham as Ride, who equated it with Riddhi, the Indian goddess of fortune. F.W. Thomas has read the name as Rhea" in Shrava, Satya (1985). The Kushāṇa Numismatics. Pranava Prakashan. p. 29.
29. ^ Epigraphia Indica Vol 8. p. 180.

Sources

• Bivar, A. D. H. (2004). "HUVIŠKA". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 6. pp. 583–585.

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External links

• Online Catalogue of Huvishka's Coinage
• Coins of Huvishka
• [2] Archived 2020-02-05 at the Wayback Machine Was Huvishka sole king of the Kushan Empire
• [3] Archived 2018-09-25 at the Wayback Machine The Devaluation of the Coinage of Kanishka

Preceded by Kanishka

Kushan Ruler 150–183 CE

Succeeded by Vasudeva I