Hyang

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Javanese Script
"Hyang"
Acintya, Sang Hyang Widhi Yasa as supreme God in Balinist belief.

Hyang (

Kejawen (a.k.a. non-monotheistic Javanism), Kapitayan (a.k.a. monotheistic Javanism), and Gama Tirta (a.k.a. Balinism). The realm where Hyang resides is called the Kahyangan, which is an Old Javanese term that means "the abode of Hyang", "part of Hyang", or "heaven".[2]

The Old Sundanese manuscript Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian,[3] has stated that Hyang can be interpreted as "Omnipotence". Similarly, in the highest Sunda Wiwitan Spirituality, Hyang is also referred to as Sang Hyang Kersa (the Powerful).[4]

masculine form. A Hyang's arrival in a person's life is reputed to give great contentment and happiness to the person. Indonesians generally recognize this term to refer to the cause of beauty, the cause of all existence (creator), or simply to refer to God.[1]

In

Kejawen a.k.a. Javanism, the concept of the monotheistic God is described as the Sang Hyang Tunggal or Sang Hyang Wenang. Raden Ngabehi Ranggawarsita in his book, Paramayoga, detailed the names and designations for Javanese concept of God as the objective of worship, including Sang Hyang Suksma Kawekas, Sang Hyang Suksmesa, Sang Hyang Amurbeng Rat, Sang Hyang Sidhem Permanem, Sang Hyang Maha Luhur, Sang Hyang Wisesaning Tunggal, Sang Hyang Wenanging Jagad, Sang Hyang Maha Tinggi, Sang Hyang Manon, Sang Hyang Maha Sidhi, Sang Hyang Warmana, Sang Hyang Atmaweda, etc.[5]

Etymology

The sacred Balinese dance Sanghyang Dedari involved girls being possessed by hyangs.

The term Hyang is Old Javanese in origin.[2] It means "god", "goddess", "deified being", or "divinity".[2] It remains in Javanese: ꦲꦾꦁ, romanized: Hyang and Balinese: ᬳ᭄ᬬᬂ, romanized: Hyang, which bears the same meaning. In Old Sundanese, the term "nga-hyang" means "disappear" or "unseen". In its development, the term "hyang" became the root word for many terms that are still known and used in modern Indonesian:[1]

  • Reverence. If the word "hyang" is attached with prefixes attribute Sang-, Dang-, Ra-; to form the word Sanghyang, Danghyang, or Rahyang, the word itself is used to honor or revere
    Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa
    , also contained the name "hyang" which suggested that he possessed supernatural power.
  • Place. Kahyangan — later kayangan, from the prefix-suffix
    Pura or Balinese temple. For example, Pura kahyangan jagad is a Balinese temple located in the mountainous region as the counterparts of pura segara; a Balinese temple located by the sea.[6] Dieng Plateau in Central Java
    also shared the same origin, it is from the conjugation di-hyang which also means "hyang's place".
Kramaning sembah worship gesture during Hindu Balinese sembahyang at Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta

In Old Javanese, the term Hyang means "god", "goddess", "deified being", or "divinity".[2] It remains in Javanese: ꦲꦾꦁ, romanized: Hyang and Balinese: ᬳ᭄ᬬᬂ, romanized: Hyang, which bears the same meaning.[2]

Origin

Sanghyang Tapak inscription from West Java dated 952 saka (1030 CE) mentioned Sanghyang Tapak sacred sanctuary believed to be the abode of hyang spirits

The term hyang, now widely associated with

dharmic religions
.

Before the adoption of

Papuan ethnic groups, as well as many ethnic groups in Indonesia
.

In ancient

volcanoes. These mountainous regions are considered sacred realms, as the abode of gods and the resting place for the soul
of the ancestors.

Several ancient Indonesian inscriptions dated from the Hindu-Buddhist period (8th to 15th century) mentioned Hyang either as the name of the sanctuary or the name of a deity revered in multiple temples.[10]

Characteristics

Aling-aling obstruction structure behind candi bentar split gate in Pura Dharma Sabha in Badung, Bali

"Hyangs" are said to only move in straight lines. Accordingly, traditional Balinese buildings have a wall called an aling-aling just inside the doorway, which keeps the spirits out because they only move in straight lines, and hence bounce off.[11] Similar walls can be seen at the entrance of some Javanese cemeteries. Parallel beliefs are found in other spiritual traditions, as in British corpse roads.

Hyang in native Indonesians' religions

The concept of hyang can be situated in native Indonesian religions in several ways:

  • Balinism: It is Sang Hyang Widhi, the almighty God, the source of goodness brought by the Gods. Identified with Almighty Lord Paramasiwa.
  • Gautama Buddha
    .
  • Islam Nusantara: according to the teachings of Sunan Kalijaga (Tuban Javanese missionary man), the Sang Hyang is the archipelagic ancestor of Sang Hyang Adam, Sang Hyang Sita (prophet Seth), Sang Hyang Wanuh (prophet Noah), Sang Hyang Jawith (Japheth, son of Noah), Sang Hyang Jawana (believed as progenitor of the Javanese), Sang Hyang Jawata (another progenitor of the Javanese), Sang Hyang Bathara Guru, Sang Hyang Ismaya, Sang Hyang Bathara Wisnu, and so on, until the deceased parents are personified as the spiritual entity united with Sang Hyang.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Penjelasan Lengkap Acintya (Sang Hyang Widhi atau Sang Hyang Tunggal) - Mantra Hindu Bali". Mantra Hindu Bali (in Indonesian). 2015-12-17. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
  2. ^
    Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
  3. ^ Piliang, Santo Saba (2020-06-14). LEMURIA INDONESIA (in Indonesian). Santo Saba Piliang.
  4. ^ Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine. Arsa Raya Perdana. 2006.
  5. ^ Fadhil Nugroho Adi (2018-08-23). "Konsep Ketuhanan Menurut Ajaran Kejawen - suaramerdeka.com". www.suaramerdeka.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  6. ^ "Pura Kahyangan Jagat – Babadbali". new.babadbali.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2018-07-13.
  7. ^ "Sembahyang" (in Indonesian). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI). Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  8. ^ Khoiri, Agniya. "Jejak Terakhir Sanghyang Dedari, Tari Sakral di Bali". hiburan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2018-07-13.
  9. .
  10. .
  11. ^ Bali Religion Archived 2010-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
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