Hyang
Hyang (
The Old Sundanese manuscript Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian,[3] has stated that Hyang can be interpreted as "Omnipotence". Similarly, in the highest Sunda Wiwitan Spirituality, Hyang is also referred to as Sang Hyang Kersa (the Powerful).[4]
In
Etymology
The term Hyang is Old Javanese in origin.[2] It means "god", "goddess", "deified being", or "divinity".[2] It remains in Javanese: ꦲꦾꦁ, romanized: Hyang and Balinese: ᬳ᭄ᬬᬂ, romanized: Hyang, which bears the same meaning. In Old Sundanese, the term "nga-hyang" means "disappear" or "unseen". In its development, the term "hyang" became the root word for many terms that are still known and used in modern Indonesian:[1]
- Reverence. If the word "hyang" is attached with prefixes attribute Sang-, Dang-, Ra-; to form the word Sanghyang, Danghyang, or Rahyang, the word itself is used to honor or revere Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, also contained the name "hyang" which suggested that he possessed supernatural power.
- Place. Kahyangan — later kayangan, from the prefix-suffix Pura or Balinese temple. For example, Pura kahyangan jagad is a Balinese temple located in the mountainous region as the counterparts of pura segara; a Balinese temple located by the sea.[6] Dieng Plateau in Central Javaalso shared the same origin, it is from the conjugation di-hyang which also means "hyang's place".
- Activity. The word sembahyang in salat ritual. It originated from the compound word sembah-hyang which means "worship the hyang".[7] One of the instances of sembahyang is the Balinese Sanghyang Dedari, a sacred dance that involves pre-pubescent girls performing complex dances in a trance state. Through complex rituals to summon the spirits, it is believed that the spirits possessed the girls and manifested in their dance.[8] Another example of the ritual is the Sanghyang Jaran, a Balinese version of the Kuda Lumpingdance ritual that also involves a form of spirit possession.
In Old Javanese, the term Hyang means "god", "goddess", "deified being", or "divinity".[2] It remains in Javanese: ꦲꦾꦁ, romanized: Hyang and Balinese: ᬳ᭄ᬬᬂ, romanized: Hyang, which bears the same meaning.[2]
Origin
The term hyang, now widely associated with
Before the adoption of
In ancient
Several ancient Indonesian inscriptions dated from the Hindu-Buddhist period (8th to 15th century) mentioned Hyang either as the name of the sanctuary or the name of a deity revered in multiple temples.[10]
Characteristics
"Hyangs" are said to only move in straight lines. Accordingly, traditional Balinese buildings have a wall called an aling-aling just inside the doorway, which keeps the spirits out because they only move in straight lines, and hence bounce off.[11] Similar walls can be seen at the entrance of some Javanese cemeteries. Parallel beliefs are found in other spiritual traditions, as in British corpse roads.
Hyang in native Indonesians' religions
The concept of hyang can be situated in native Indonesian religions in several ways:
- Balinism: It is Sang Hyang Widhi, the almighty God, the source of goodness brought by the Gods. Identified with Almighty Lord Paramasiwa.
- Gautama Buddha.
- Islam Nusantara: according to the teachings of Sunan Kalijaga (Tuban Javanese missionary man), the Sang Hyang is the archipelagic ancestor of Sang Hyang Adam, Sang Hyang Sita (prophet Seth), Sang Hyang Wanuh (prophet Noah), Sang Hyang Jawith (Japheth, son of Noah), Sang Hyang Jawana (believed as progenitor of the Javanese), Sang Hyang Jawata (another progenitor of the Javanese), Sang Hyang Bathara Guru, Sang Hyang Ismaya, Sang Hyang Bathara Wisnu, and so on, until the deceased parents are personified as the spiritual entity united with Sang Hyang.
See also
- Balinism
- Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
- Hinduism in Java
- Javanism
- Kaharingan
- Sunda Wiwitan
- Aitu
- Anito
- Atua
- Kami, similar concept in Japanese Shinto faith
- Kupua
- Shen, similar concept in Chinese folk religion
- Taotao Mona
References
- ^ a b c d "Penjelasan Lengkap Acintya (Sang Hyang Widhi atau Sang Hyang Tunggal) - Mantra Hindu Bali". Mantra Hindu Bali (in Indonesian). 2015-12-17. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
- ^ Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
- ^ Piliang, Santo Saba (2020-06-14). LEMURIA INDONESIA (in Indonesian). Santo Saba Piliang.
- ^ Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine. Arsa Raya Perdana. 2006.
- ^ Fadhil Nugroho Adi (2018-08-23). "Konsep Ketuhanan Menurut Ajaran Kejawen - suaramerdeka.com". www.suaramerdeka.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2020-04-21.
- ^ "Pura Kahyangan Jagat – Babadbali". new.babadbali.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2018-07-13.
- ^ "Sembahyang" (in Indonesian). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI). Retrieved 28 May 2015.
- ^ Khoiri, Agniya. "Jejak Terakhir Sanghyang Dedari, Tari Sakral di Bali". hiburan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2018-07-13.
- ISBN 978-979-462-904-8.
- ISBN 9004102159.
- ^ Bali Religion Archived 2010-07-04 at the Wayback Machine