Hybrid electric bus

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article deals with hybrid combustion / battery hybrid buses. For alternately powered buses, see
all-electric buses, see electric bus
.
See also: Hybrid electric vehicle
A Hino Blue Ribbon City hybrid Diesel–electric bus

A hybrid electric bus is a bus that combines a conventional internal combustion engine propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. These type of buses normally use a Diesel–electric powertrain and are also known as hybrid Diesel–electric buses.

The introduction of hybrid electric vehicles and other green vehicles for purposes of public transport forms a part of sustainable transport schemes.

Powertrain

Types of hybrid vehicle drivetrain

Main article: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

A hybrid electric bus may have either a parallel powertrain (e.g., Volvo B5LH)[1][2] or a series powertrain (e.g., some versions of the Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC).[3]

Plug-in hybrid

Main article: Plug-in hybrid

A plug-in hybrid school bus effort began in 2003 in Raleigh, NC,[4] when Advanced Energy began working between districts across the country and manufacturers to understand the needs of both. The effort demonstrated both a technical[5] and business feasibility[6] and as a result was able to secure funding in 2005[7] from NASEO to purchase up to 20 buses. The resulting RFP from Advanced Energy was won by IC Bus using a product jointly produced with Enova for a 22-mile plug-in hybrid product with a $140k premium over existing buses.[8] The buses performed well in testing with 70% reductions in fuel usage[9] although only in specific conditions.

The

electric range. Travel beyond the 40-mile (64 km) range will be facilitated by a clean Diesel engine capable of running on renewable fuels. The DOE funding will cover up to half of the project's cost and will be provided over three years, subject to annual appropriations.[10]

Tribrid Bus

See also: Solar bus
  • Tribrid buses have been developed by the
    ultracapacitors.[11]

Air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

Main article:
Global warming

A report prepared by Purdue University suggests introducing more hybrid Diesel–electric buses and a fuel containing 20% biodiesel (BD20) would further reduce greenhouse emissions and petroleum consumption.[12]

Manufacturers

See also: List of hybrid vehicles
Hybrid buses
BRT hybrid
An OBI Orion VII OG HEV 07.501 in service with the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in New York City

Current manufacturers of

Mitsubishi Fuso, MAN,[13] Designline, BAE Systems, Volvo Buses, VDL Bus & Coach, Wrightbus, Castrosua, Tata Hispano[14]
and many more.

Toyota claims to have started with the Coaster Hybrid Bus in 1997 on the Japanese market. Since 1999, Hybrid electric buses with gas turbine generators have been developed by several manufacturers in the US and New Zealand, with the most successful design being the buses made by Designline of New Zealand. The first model went into commercial service in Christchurch since 1999, and later models were sold for daily service in Auckland, Hong Kong, Newcastle upon Tyne, and Tokyo. The Whispering Wheel bus is another HEV using in-wheel motors. It was tested in winter 2003–04 in Apeldoorn in the Netherlands.[15]

In Japan,

Mitsubishi Fuso have developed a diesel engine hybrid bus using lithium batteries in 2002, and this model has since seen limited service in several Japanese cities. The Blue Ribbon City Hybrid bus was presented by Hino
, a Toyota affiliate, in January 2005.

For the North American transit bus market,

gear shifters on the market in 2005. Several hundreds of those buses have entered into daily operation in the U.S. In 2006, Nova Bus, which had previously marketed the RTS
hybrid before that model was discontinued, added a Diesel–electric hybrid option for its LFS series.

In the United Kingdom,

lithium ion battery
pack. The use of a 1.9-litre Diesel instead of the typical 7.0-litre engine in a traditional bus demonstrates the possible advantages of serial hybrids in extremely traffic-dense environments. Based on a London test cycle, a reduction in CO2 emissions of 31% and fuel savings in the range of 40% have been demonstrated, compared with a "Euro-4" compliant bus.

Former hybrid bus manufacturers

Conversions

retrofit conversions), from combustion buses and conventional hybrid electric buses into plug-in buses.[18]

List of transit authorities using hybrid electric buses

Transit authorities that use hybrid electric buses:[19]

North America

United States

New Flyer Industries hybrid-electric articulated bus on the University of Massachusetts Amherst
campus, operated by the school

Federal funding generally comes from the federal Diesel Emissions Reduction Act.

A Gillig 40 foot hybrid-electric bus equipped with a Voith DIWAhybrid transmission, operated by CyRide.

Canada

OC Transpo hybrid bus, Ottawa

Asia

A Tata Marcopolo CNG Hybrid bus in Mumbai

China

Hong Kong

India

Iran

Pakistan

Japan

A hybrid electric bus in Hamamatsu, Japan

etc.

Philippines

Singapore

Thailand

Hino HU2ASKP-VJT in Bangkok, Thailand, operator by BMTA

Europe

AKSM-4202K Vitovt Hybrid in Minsk, Belarus

Belarus

Germany

A hybrid electric bus in Lübeck, Germany

Hungary

Norway

Romania

UK

Bath, England
See also: Low emission buses in London

The Green Bus Fund is a fund which is supporting bus companies and local authorities in the UK to help them buy new electric buses.[35]

Spain

Castrosua Tempus hybrid city bus at the 2008 FIAA (International Bus and Coach Fair) in Madrid

Sweden

Other European countries

Other countries

Egypt IMUT: http://www.i-mut.net/en/about-us.

Hybrid biodiesel–electric buses provide feeder services in some routes of Curitiba's Rede Integrada de Transporte, Brazil.

See also

References

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  2. ^ "XL3 Hybrid Electric" (PDF). Retrieved 3 February 2018.[permanent dead link]
  3. ^ "Double Deck (2 axle)". Alexander-dennis.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
  4. ^ Dulaney. "Hybrid School Bus Presentation" (PDF).
  5. doi:10.4271/2005-01-3615.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
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  6. ^ Pritchard, Ewan; Zickefoose, P.; Dulaney, Ken (2019-10-03). HYBRID ELECTRIC SCHOOL BUS PRELIMINARY BUSINESS FEASIBILITY REPORT (Report).
  7. ^ "Hybrid-electric project gains grant - Safety - School Bus Fleet". www.schoolbusfleet.com. Archived from the original on 2019-09-27. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  8. ^ "Pioneering Plug-In Hybrids - Alternative Fuels - School Bus Fleet". www.schoolbusfleet.com. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  9. ^ "Enova Systems Announces Plug-In Hybrid School Bus Testing Shows 70 Percent Improved Fuel Economy and Significantly Reduced Emissions". www.businesswire.com. 2008-04-29. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
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  12. ^ "Energycurrent.com". Energycurrent.com. Archived from the original on 2008-09-22. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
  13. ^ "Munich starts using the first MAN hybrid city bus | Frontier India Aerospace, Land and Marine". Frontierindia.net. 2010-05-25. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
  14. ^ "tatahispano.com". Tata Hispano. Archived from the original on 2016-01-12. Retrieved 2013-08-05.
  15. ^ Hasslberger, Sepp (December 27, 2003). "The Whispering Wheel - Electric Diesel Hybrid". New Media Explorer. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  16. ^ "Series-E: Electric Propulsion and Power System" (PDF). BAE Systems. September 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  17. ^ "Allison Hybrids Deliver Advanced Technology And Proven Reliability" (PDF). Allison Transmission. 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
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  25. ^ "Ann Arbor campus welcomes three more hybrid buses". The Regents of the University of Michigan. 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
  26. ^ "Service Summary - June 21, 2020 to September 5, 2020" (PDF). Toronto Transit Commission. p. 73.
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  39. ^ "Oxford Bus Company". www.oxfordbus.co.uk. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
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  44. ^ "First hybrid Postbus". Postauto.ch. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2010-11-27.

External links

Media related to Hybrid-powered buses at Wikimedia Commons

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